CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


! 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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I.I 


1.25 


I^IM  IIIIIM 
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1^  1^ 


Ui        iBit 


1.4 


2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent    xiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  ftlmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


D 


Couverture  endommag^e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographir.|ues  en  couleur 


□    Colourad  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

0    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
0 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  fapon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

l/ 

T 

12X 


'.'X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

4 

Legislative  Library  of 
British  Columbia 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit4  de: 

Legislative  Library  of 
British  Columbia 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'sxemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
P"ir  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  ies  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  cr  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  'w  symbole  ^^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
sym.  '^le  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  has,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^w^ 


BUTTERFLIES   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


VOLUME  n. 


w 


M 


THE 


BUTTERFLIES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


BT 


WILLIAM  H.  EDWARDS 


SECOND  SERIES 


RIirZRENCE 


BOSTON 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 

New  York:  11  East  Seventeenth  Street 
C6e  Bttorratlie  {Dreea,  Cambrifisr 

1884 


REFLkENCE 


What  a  do  was  there  made  in  London  at  a  certein  man  bccaufc  he  fayd,  and  in  dedc 
at  that  time  on  a  iuft  caufe.  Burgefles  quod  he,  na  butterflies.  Lorde  what  a  do  there 
was  for  yat  worde.  And  yet  would  God  they  were  no  worfe  then  butterflies.  lUitterflycs 
do  but  thcyre  nature,  the  butterflye  is  not  couetoufe,  is  not  gredye  of  other  mens  goodes, 
is  not  ful  of  enuy  and  hatered,  is  not  malicious,  is  not  cruel,  is  not  mercilelTe.  — Latimer. 


..'  i'' 


PREFACE. 


rlc 
re 
cs 
-s, 


Ix  the  present  Volume  will  be  found  much  original  matter  on  the  early  stages 
of  the  species  treated  of,  and  in  consequence  of  this  the  labor  of  preparing  and 
coloring  tlie  Plates  has  been  very  much  greater  than  it  was  in  the  first  Volume. 
Hence  the  delay  in  the  issue  of  the  several  Parts.  I  have  been  seconded  to  the 
utmost  by  Mrs.  Mary  Peart,  who  has  not  only  drawn  the  early  stages  on  the 
stone,  but  previously  on  paper,  making  in  each  case  colored  figures ;  and  in 
order  to  do  this  has  had  to  aid  in  rearing  the  larvfc,  and  to  take  a  vast  amount 
of  trouble  upon  herself.  Of  the  one  hundred  and  one  Plates  in  the  two  Volumes, 
ninety-eight  have  been  done  by  Mrs.  Peart,  with  a  fidelity  to  nature  that  cannot 
be  surpassed  ;  and  of  the  total  number  one  hundred  have  been  colored  by  Mrs. 
Lydia  Bowen  and  her  sister,  Mrs.  Leslie,  to  whom  I  am  under  great  obligations 
for  the  interest  they  have  constantly  taken  in  all  that  concerned  their  depart- 
ment.    Their  skill  and  patient  care  every  Plate  bears  witness  to. 

I  have  received  valuable  aid  in  obtaining  eggs  or  larvae  from  many  correspon- 
dents, whose  names  will  be  found  mentioned. 

In  the  Advertisement  to  the  first  Volume,  1868,  regret  was  expressed  that 
in  so  few  instances  anything  could  be  said  of  the  larvas :  "  Even  among  our  old 
and  common  species,  the  larvo3  are  but  little  more  known  than  in  the  days  of 
Abbot,  seventy  years  ago."  All  that  is  changed,  and  to-day  it  can  be  said  that 
the  preparatory  stages  of  North  American  butterflies  as  a  whole  are  better  known 
than  are  those  of  Europe ;  and  so  many  zealous  workers  are  now  busy  in  the 
field  that  another  period  of  sixteen  years  may  leave  comparatively  little  to  be 
done  in  these  investigations. 

I  hope,  after  an  interval  of  a  few  months,  to  proceed  with  a  third  Volume,  for 

which  I  have  in  hand  abundant  materials. 

WILLIAM  H.  EDWARDS. 

CoALBUROH,  W.  Va.,  1  November,  1884. 


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PAPILIO    I. 


PAPILIO   EURYMEDON,  1-3. 

PapUto  Eurymedon  (Eii-rym'-e-don),  Boisiliival,  Ann.  Soo.  Kiit.  .1,-  France,  18o2. 
Var.  Alhanux,  Felder,  Zool.  Noviira  Kxpod,,  pi.  71. 

Male.  —  Expands  about  3.5  inches. 

Upi)or  side  pale  oehraceous-yellow,  or  often  white    with  a  buft"  tint,  banded 
with  bhick ;  co.sta  of  primaries  black,  sprinkled  near  base  with  yellow  scales ; 
a  narrow  band  covers  the   bases   of  wings  and  abdominal  margin;    a  second, 
proceeding  from  costa  against  middle  of  cell,  crosses  both  wings  and  intersects 
the  abdominal  and  marginal  bands  at  lower  median  nervule,  broad  anteriorly, 
tapering   gradually  towards    its   other   extremity;    a   third,    nearly   parallel  to 
second,  crosses   primaries  to  sub-median;    a   fourth   lies  outside  tlie  disco-cel- 
lular nervules,  stopping  at  n^edian ;  and  the  fifth,  abbreviated,  triangular,  reaches 
only  the   second  discoidal   nervule;    the    disco-central   nervules   of  secondaries 
edged  within  by  a  black  stripe,  varying  in  individuals  from   a  line   to  a  heavy 
hand  ;  hind  margins  bordered  by  a   wide   band,  within  which,  on  primaries,  is 
a  sub-marginal  .series  of  separated,  long,  yellow  spots,  widest  apically,  gradually 
narrowing  towards   inner  angle,  and  sometimes   obsolete    below  middle  of  the 
wing  ;    on   secondaries,    anterior  to   the    tail  are    three    narrow   bars,   yellow, 
usually  more  or  less  tinted  with  orange,  a  lunate  spot  at  base  of  tail,  and  another 
near  angle,  small,  often  wanting;  these  two  deep  orange  ;  the  margin,  above  the 
angle,  excised,  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  curve  an  orange  lunule  ;  above  this 
on   the   black  ground,  a  lunate  spot  composed  of  blue  .scales,  and  still  higher  a 
small  yellow  spot ;  on  the  lower  median  interspace,  in  the  middle  of  the°black 
band,  is  a  large  patch  of  blue  .scales,  and  small  clusters  of  similar  scales  are  found 
ou  the  two  preceding  interspaces,  but  are  often  wanting  ;  that  portion  of  the  mar- 
ginal band  which  lies  within   the  median  interspaces,  next  the  yellow  ground, 
sprinkled  with  yellow  scales  ;  tail  'nng,  slightly  spatulate,  edged  posteriorly  by 
yellow;   fringe  of  primaries  black,  ot   secondaries  black   at  ends  of  nervules, 
yel'ow  in  the  emarginatious. 

Tinder  side  paler,  the  black  markings  repeated  ;  the  sub-marginal  spots  of 
primaries  enlarged,  forming  a  continuous  stripe,  interrupted  onlyliy  the  black 
oervules;   anterior  to  this  stripe  a  wavy  line  of  yellow  scales;  a  similar   line 

1 


P*«OVlNc(A'      \  i«r. 


B.  C 


PAPILIO   I. 


within  the  marginal  band  of  secondaries,  edging  posteriorly  a  line  of  blue  luna- 
tions ;  the  yellow  ground  beyond  cell  tinted  with  orange  ;  the  sub-marginal  spots 
enlarged,  and  all  more  or  less  orange. 

Body  above  black  ;  a  yellow  line  passes  along  the  thorax  from  head  to 
insertion  of  secondaries ;  beneath,  thorax  yellow  in  front,  alternately  yellow  and 
black  at  sides  in  oldiquo  bands;  abdomen  yellow  with  one  lateral  and  two  ventral 
bla(;k  lines ;  legs  black  ;  palpi  yellow ;  frontal  hairs  short,  black ;  antennie  and 
club  black. 

Female.  —  Expands  about  4  inches. 

Color  ocliraceous-yellow,  in  markings  similar  to  the  male. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.7  inch.  Cylindrical,  thickest  at  fifth  segment, 
tapering  rapidly  to  the  last ;  head  small,  ob-ovate,  pinkish-brown ;  body  apple- 
green  al)ove,  greenish-white  beneath,  as  are  the  logs  and  pro-legs  ;  on  the  fourth 
segment  are  six  small,  yellow  spots,  two  dorsal  in  advance  of  the  others,  which 
last  are  near  together,  one  pair  on  either  side,  and  ringed  with  black  ;  the  fifth 
segment  edged  postei'iorly  by  a  broad  yellow  band,  which  joins  a  black  band  in 
front  of  sixtli,  the  two  terminating  evenly  half  way  down  the  sides ;  fronting 
them  is  a  doi'sal  row  of  four  small,  angular,  black  spots  ;  on  the  eighth  to  elev- 
cntli  segments  inclusive,  is  a  lateral  row  of  black  dots  parallel  to  the  spiracles, 
which  also  are  black  ;  retractile  horns  bright  orange. 

The  (igui'es  of  larvse  from  which  the  drawings  on  the  Plate  were  taken.  I  owe 
to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  R.  H.  Stretch,  of  San  Francisco. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  1.3  inch.  Cylindrical,  greatest  diameter  at  seventh 
segment,  tapering  slightly  towards  head,  and  rapidly  towards  last  segment  ; 
surface  rough,  the  abdominal  segments  tuberculaied  dorsally ;  head  case  long, 
corrugated,  the  palpi  cases  prominent,  pyramidal ;  mesonotal  process  similar  to 
palpi  ca.ses,  but  little  smaller,  and  the  ocellar  projections  of  same  general  form  ; 
color  pale  fawn,  streaked  irregularly  with  l;lack  and  brown  over  entire  surfiice  ; 
on  either  side  a  dark  brown  band  along  the  wing  cases  and  down  the  abdomen 
to  last  segment ;  tuljcrcles  and  spiracles  black.  Mr.  Hejiry  Edwards,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, states  (Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  1873)  that  in  some  individuals  the  ground 
color  of  the  chrysalis  is  pale  green.  In  this  respect  this  chrysalis  resembles  that 
of  Pcqnllo  TttrmiH.  which  is  occasionally  green,  though  the  usual  shade  is 
brown.  Mr.  Edwards  gives  Framjula  CnUfornica  as  the  food-plant  of  the 
caterpillar.  Dr.  Behr  informs  me  that  the  chrysalis  is  often  found  by  gardeners 
among  their  plants :  and  it  is  prol)able  that  the  species  feeds  upon  many  plants, 
as  does  Tiirmis,  which  is  to  be  found  upon  apple,  thorn,  cherry,  ash,  tulip,  birch, 
and  others. 

Individuals  of  this  species  vary  much  in  the  breadth  of  the  black  bands  and  in 


PAPILIO   I. 

the  shade  of  ^iie  groumJ  color.  Thowe  from  elevated  regions  are  undersized,  and 
the  bands  are  broader  in  proportion.  At  the  same  time  the  ground  color  is 
paler.     It  is  this  upland  form  that  has  been  named  Alhanus. 

Eurymedon  is  found  over  the  Pacific  slope  from  Mexico  to  the  borders  of 
Aliaska.  Also  in  Vancouver's  Island,  and  inland  throughout  all  the  Territories 
as  far  as  Colorado,  where  it  has  cro.ssed  the  "  divide  "  and  made  itself  a  home  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Platte  and  Arkansas.  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  who  collected  in  Colo- 
rado, in  1871,  considers  this  a  rare  species  in  that  State.  Ho  writes:  "A  few 
Eurymedon  were  seen  near  Turkey  Creek  during  the  first  week  in  June,  re- 
sorting with  Rutulus  to  the  open  woods  and  hill- sides  where  flowers  were 
abundant." 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  says  of  this  species  :  "  It  is  especially  common  in  all  the 
cafions  of  the  Coast  Range  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In  Cali- 
fornia it  is  double -brooded,  the  first  appearing  from  February  to  April,  and  the 
second  from  August  to  the  last  of  September.  In  the  warm  days  of  March,  it 
may  be  seen  flying  quietly  along  the  margins  of  the  streams  which  flow  from 
the  mountains.  It  is  rather  a  shy  insect,  but  occasionally  a  cloud  of  them  nmy 
be  seen  settled  on  the  edge  of  a  mud-pool,  their  wings  erect  and  swayed  aboui 
by  the  wind  like  a  fleet  of  boats  with  their  sails  set.  In  this  crndition,  it  is 
easily  approached  and  captured,  but  once  alarmed,  it  makes  a  bol  i  dash  for  the 
tops  of  the  trees,  and  is  soon  out  of  danger.  I  am  led  to  believe  that  this  but- 
terfly is  extremely  rare  east  of  this  range  of  mountains." 

Eurymedon  in  all  respects,  save  in  color,  is  wonderfully  like  Turnus.  The 
shape  is  the  same,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  bands  and  the  form  and  disposition 
of  the  spots.  The  caterpillars  are  however  distinct.  The  two  species  are  part 
of  a  sub-group  related  to  each  other,  as  are  the  several  species  of  Grapta  that 
are  allied  to  C.  album. 


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PAPILIO    II. 


PAPILIO   DAUNUS,   1—3. 

Pnpilio  Daunus,  Boisduval,  Spec.  (ien.  (lis  Lcipid.  I.  p.  312,  I8.')(i,     Hidings,  Proc.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.  ISlii, 
p.  278. 

Size  and  general  form  of  Turimn  ;  primaries  more  produced,  more  falcated  ; 
secondaries  deeply  dentated,  many-tailed. 

Male.  —  Expands  about  4  inches. 

Up]ier  side  bright  yellow,  banded  with  black  after  the  same  pattern  as  TuruKx 
and  Enn/medon;  the  costal  and  discal  bands  more  delicate  than  in  tiiose  species  ; 
(^osta  of  primaries  black,  sprinkled  with  yellow ;  a  narrow  band  covers  the  base.s 
of  wings  and  the  abdominal  margin  ;  a  second,  proceeding  from  costa  at  about 
two  fifths  the  length  of  cell,  crosses  both  wings  and  joins  the  first  at  lower  branch 
of  median  neivure,  broad  anteriorly,  tapering  gradually,  sometimes  restricted  to 
a  narrow  stripe  or  a  line  on  secondaries ;  a  third  crosses  the  cell  to  sub-median 
nervure,  but  often  is  more  or  less  ob.soletc  below  the  cell,  or  represented  by  a 
few  scales  only  ;  a  fourth  covers  the  arc ;  in  the  costal  interspace  a  club-shaped 
spot,  inclosing  a  yellow  stripe,  and  lying  along  the  costal  nervure,  ending  at  the 
marginal  border;  sometimes  black  patches  on  the  discoidal  nervules ;  hind  mar- 
gins bordered  by  a  broad  common  band,  within  which,  on  primaries,  is  a  narrow 
yellow  band,  tiipering  from  costa  to  inner  angle,  divided  into  spots  by  the  black 
nervules  ;  anterior  to  this  a  line  of  grayish-green  scales,  sometimes  wanting  ;  on 
secondaries  are  four  wedge-shaped  or  lunate,  sub-marginal,  yellow  spots,  the  one 
at  outer  angle  small,  sometimes  a  point  only;  a  fiftli  spot  on  second  median  in- 
terspace, lunate,  somewhat  washed  with  iulvous ;  and  a  sixth,  also  lunate,  wholly 
fulvous,  near  angle;  above  the  angle  the  margin  is  excised  and  edged  with 
fulvous ;  above  this,  on  the  black  ground,  a  small  cluster  of  blue  scales,  and  an 
orange  spot;  in  the  median  interspaces,  within  the  marginal  band,  are  patches  of 
l)lue  scales,  and  sometimes  smaller  clusters  are  found  in  each  interspace  to  cos- 
tal edge;  the  disco-cellular  nervules  more  or  less  edged  on  the  inner  side  by 
black ;  the  exterior  tail  is  long,  narrow,  convex  outwardly ;  the  second  is  two 
fifths  the  length  of  the  first,  straight,  narrow ;  the  third,  at  the  angle,  is  half  the 
length  of  the  second ;  fringe  of  primaries  black,  of  secondaries  black  at  ends  of 
nervules,  yellow  in  the  emarginations. 


PAPILIO  II. 

Under  side  pnler,  the  black  markings  repeated ;  the  sub-marginal  yellow  band 
uninterrupted,  dilated;  the  line  of  gray  scales  distinct;  the  sub-marginal  spots  on 
secondaries  much  enlarged  and  the  black  ground  next  anti^rior  to  these  densely 
covered  with  olive-green  scales,,  on  the  inner  edge  of  which  are  l>lue  stripes  and 
lunations;  the  yellow  ground  in  the  median  interspaces  and  near  the  niarginiil 
band  washed  with  fulvous ;  the  two  upper  branches  of  median  edged  with  black 
next  the  (!ell. 

Body  above  black,  a  yellow  stripe  passing  along  thorax  from  head  to  inserticm 
of  secondaries ;  beneath,  thorax  yellow  in  front,  alternately  yellow  and  black  at 
sides  in  oblicpie  bands  ;  abdomen  yellow  with  two  ventral  and  one  lateral  black 
line,  the  foi-mer  coalescing  at  last  segment,  the  lateral  curving  downward  and 
toucliing  the  ventral  at  middle  of  the  abdomen  ;  legs  black  ;  palpi  yellow  ;  frontal 
hairs  short,  Idack,  next  the  eyes  yellow ;  antennte  and  club  black. 

Female.  —  Expands  4.5  inches. 

Color  deeper  yellow  than  in  the  male ;  the  black  markings  heavier ;  the  line 
of  greeni.sh  scales  dilated  to  a  broad  stripe;  otherwise  very  much  as  in  the  male. 

Larva  unknown. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  says  of  this  species :  "  It  is  found  in  rather  high  regions. 
I  have  seen  it  most  abundant  at  Virginia  City,  where  it  flies  in  the  mountain 
canons,  as  litttuhis  does  in  those  of  the  valley.  I  have  also  taken  it  on  the  coast 
range  in  Napi  County,  and  near  Mt.  Diable,  and  have  some  beautiful  specimens 
which  I  found  at  the  Dalles,  Oregon.  I  did  not  see  it  in  Vancouver.  It  may  be 
regarded  as  one  of  our  rarities." 

Daunus  has  been  brought  from  Southern  Utah  and  Arizona  by  Lieutenant 
Wheeler's  expeditions,  and  from  Montana  by  those  of  Dr.  Hayden.  According 
to  Mr.  Ridings,  the  specimen  described  by  him  was  taken  in  Kansas. 


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PAPILIO  III.,  IV.,  V. 


PAPILIO    TURNUS. 

Papilio  Turnus,  Linn,,  Mant.,  I.,  p.  636,  1771.     Fab.  Syst.  Ent.,  p.  452,  1775.    Ibid.,  Sp.  Ins.,  11.,  p.  16,  1781. 

Godart,  Eno.  Meth.,  IX.,  p.  61,  1819.    S:ri-,  Am.  Ent.,  111.,  pi.  40,  9,  1825.     Bois.  and  Lcc,  p.  19,  pi.  6,  7, 

9,  1833.     Boisduval,  Spec.  Gej.,  I.,  p.  S3S,  1836.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.,  2d  ed.  p.  2G8,  1862.     Saunders,  Can. 

Ent.,  VI.,  p.  2,  1874. 
Alcidamas,  Cramer,  Ins.,  I.,  pi.  88,  1779. 
GLAUCUS,  dimorphic  form  9,  Linn.,  Mus.  Uhl.,  p.  190,  1764  ;  Ibid.,  Syst.  Nat.,  11.,  p.  746,  1767.     Fab.  S)-.<:t. 

Ent.,  p.  446,  1778.    Cramer,  Ins.,  U.,  pi.  139,  1779.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.,  IX.,  p.  60,  1819.     Bois.  and 

Lee,  p.  22,  pi.  8,  9,  1833.    Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.,  I.,  p.  885,  1830. 

Male.  —  Expands  3.5  to  4.5  inches. 

Upper  side  usually  bright  yellow,  but  often  pale,  banded  with  black ;  costa  of 
primaries  black,  dusted  more  or  less  throughout,  and  den.sely  next  base,  with 
yellow ;  a  aarrow  band  crosses  the  bases  of  both  wings,  and  the  abdominal  mar- 
gin, and  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  yellow  discal  area  bends  inward  at  an  obtuse 
angle  and  meets  the  second  band  ;  this  rises  on  costa  of  primavies  against  the 
middle  of  the  cell,  and  crosses  both  wings,  is  broad  on  primaries,  but  narrows 
gradually  as  it  approaches  the  inner  margin,  and  on  secondaries  become."  a 
slender  stripe  tapering  to  a  line  on  the  disk ;  the  third  band  crosses  the  outer 
part  of  the  cell  of  primaries  and  terminates  either  at  median  nervule,  perhaps 
projecting  beyond  this  a  cluster  of  scales,  or  passes  on  to  the  lower  branch  of 
median  •  is  often  narrow,  sinuous,  but  sometimes  is  a  diffuse  patch  rather  than 
a  band  ;  the  fourth  lies  mostly  on  the  outer  side  of  the  arc,  and  varies  in  breadth 
and  shape  ;  the  fifth  is  sometime."  narrow  and  reaches  from  costa  to  second 
sub-costal  nervule  ;  but  most  often  it  forms  a  rounded  knob  to  a  club-like 
band  which  connects  it  with  the  hind  margin  and  underlies  the  sub-costal  ner- 
vure,  and  both  knob  and  band  are  dusted  with  yellow  ;  the  hind  margins  bor- 
dered by  a  common  band,  which  \aries  much  in  width,  and  as  a  rule  is  much 
broader  in  examples  from  the  south,  though  there  are  many  exceptions;  on 
primaries  the  inner  edge  of  this  band  is  either  even,  or  it  is  slightly  excavated  in 
each  interspace  ;  and  through  it  runs  a  sub-marginal  series  of  small  yellow  spots ; 


PAPILIO  III.,   IV.,  V. 


these  vary  much,  sometimes  being  rounded,  sometimes  lunular,  or  occasionally 
double-convex,  or  mostly  mere  streaks  ;  in  some  cases  quite  obsolete  on  the 
posterior  half  of  the  wing ;  on  secondaries  the  margin  is  about  one  half  broader, 
and  often  in  very  melanic  individuals  extends  high  up  the  disk  on  the  posterior 
half  of  the  wing,  and  is  there  much  dusted  with  yellow ;  there  is  a  sub-marginal 
series  of  six  large  spots,  usually  lunular,  of  which  the  four  inner  are  yellow, 
the  others,  one  at  each  angle  of  the  wing,  deep  orange,  and  smallest  ;  the  ab- 
dominal margin  abov"  the  angle  excised,  and  there  edged  by  an  orange  lunule, 
over  which  is  a  metallic-blue  lunular  cluster  of  scales  on  the  black  ground  ; 
loose  clusters  of  blue  scales  also  on  the  two  lower  median  interspi.ces  ;  some- 
times these  are  obsolete,  and  the  sub-marginal  lunules  are  reduced  to  streaks ; 
primaries  usually  have  all  the  nervules  black,  and  the  sub-costal,  especially, 
is  heavily  edged,  but  on  secondaries  the  nervules  are  yellow,  except  the  disco- 
colliilar,  wliich  are  covered  by  a  black  stripe;  tail  long,  narrow,  convex  out- 
wunlly,  on  the  i"  ler  side  spatulate  ;  at  the  end  of  second  branch  of  median  is  a 
prominent  dentation  and  there  is  another  at  anal  angle,  and  in  some  cases 
these  are  so  developed  as  to  show  a  considerable  approximation  to  the  tails  of 
Daumis  ;  fringes  of  primaries  yellow  in  the  emarginations,  black  at  the  ends  of 
the  nervules,  about  equally  divided;  on  secondaries  yellow  predominates. 

Under  side  pale  vellow;  -the  nervules  nearly  all  black;  the  sub-marginal 
spots  of  primaries  enlarged,  often  confluent,  and  then  forming  a  continuous 
"tripe ;  anterior  to  this  is  a  broad  stripe  of  yellow  scales  which  nearly  covers  the 
bla».k  ground  ;  secondaries  have  a  similar  stripe  and  on  its  anterior  edge  is  a 
line  cf  blue  lunations ;  the  yellow  ground,  next  thf  narginal  band,  in  the  four  or 
five  posterior  inters.^yaces,  more  or  less  suffused  with  orange  ;  the  sub-marginal 
lunules  all  more  or  less  orange,  this  color  being  sometimes  limited  to  a  patch  on 
the  middle  of  each  lunule,  but  the  one  at  anal  angle  is  usually  wholly  covered, 
as  is  that  at  the  excision. 

Body  above  black  ;  a  yellow  stripe  passes  along  the  thorax  from  the  head  to 
the  insertion  of  secondaries  ;  beneath,  the  thorax  is  yellow  in  front,  alternately 
yellow  and  black  on  the  sides  in  oblique  stripes  ;  abdomen  yellow  with  a  lateral 
black  line  from  the  wings  to  the  last  segment,  and  with  two  ventral  lines  poste- 
riorly ;  legs  black  with  a  yellow  stripe  in  front ;  palpi  yellow  ;  frontal  hairs 
short,  black ;  antennne  and  club  black. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Color  deeper,  decidedly  ochraceous  on  primaries  and  along  the  abdominal 
margin  of  secondaries,  the  remainder  of  secondaries  usually  colored  as  in  the 
male,  but  riometimes  also  ochraceous ;  the  markings  as  in  the  male,  but  the 
bands  are  heavier ;  blue  patches  on  the  inner  half  of  the  marginal  border  of 


PAPILIO  III.,   IV.,   V. 

Becondaries  fill  the  interspaces  across  the  whole  wing,  often  taking  a  larceolate 
shape  ;  blue  scales  sometimes  besprinlde  the  yellow  ground  quite  up  to  the  cell ; 
the  sub-marginal  spots  as  in  the  male ;  in  many  individuals  there  appears  a  stripe 
of  blue  scales  upon  the  inner  side  of  the  marginal  border  of  primaries  at  inner 
angle.    Under  side  as  in  the  male. 


GLAUCUS,  dimorphic  foim  ;  always  female. 

Upper  side  black ;  primaries  without  markings,  except  a  sub-marginal  series  of 
yellow  spots,  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  yellow  form,  but  smaller  and  often 
minute  ;  occasionally  also  there  is  a  yelluw  lunate  spot  at  the  outer  extremity  of 
the  cell,  most  often  indistinct,  but  sometimes  large  and  conspicuous  ;  secondaries 
have  the  spots  on  both  margins,  and  also  the  blue  band,  as  in  the  yellow  female  ; 
the  disk  nearly  to  base  often  thickly  sprinkled  with  blue  .scales,  and  al\v..ys  in 
some  degree.  Under  side  black  or  brownish-black  ;  the  black  discal  bands  char- 
acteristic of  tL*^  species  are  present  in  this  form,  distinct  on  secondaries,  but  faint 
on  primaries,  and  in  the  blacker  examples  partly  wanting,  especially  beyond  the 
cell ;  the  marginal  black  border  sometimes  distinct,  but  often  only  indicated  by 
a  deeper  shade  at  inner  angle,  the  inclosed  spots  as  in  the  yellow  female.  (Plate 
III.,  Fig.  3,  summer  brood  ;  Plate  IV.,  Fig.  2,  3,  winter  brood.)  The  larger 
examples  of  the  summer  brood  often  have  primaries  strongly  falcated. 

Examples  are  occasionally  seen  of  a  chocolate-brown  color,  or  of  yellow  Suf- 
fused with  brown,  and  in  these  cases  all  the  bands  are  distinct ;  on  the  under 
side  yellow  or  gray-brown,  more  or  less  suffused  with  black.  (Plate  V.,  Fig.  2.) 
Others  occur  mottled  with  patches  of  black  and  brownish  or  grayish-yellow. 
(Plate  v..  Fig.  3.) 

The  bi-formed  female  represented  on  Plate  V.,  Fig.  4,  wa^  taken  at  Coalburgh, 
and,  as  will  be  seen,  the  right  side  is  yellow,  the  left  black,  the  dividing  line 
passing  down  the  middle  of  the  body.  This  insect  is  distinguished  as  belong- 
ing equally  to  two  of  Hubner's  coitus,  by  some  esteemed  genera,  the  yellow  half 
being  a  Jasonides,  the  black  Euphceades. 


Egg.  —  Sub-conoidal,  the  breadth  and  height  equal,  flattened  at  base,  smooth, 
deep  green,  soon  changing  to  greeninh-yellow,  and  specked  with  reddisli-brown. 
Duration  of  this  stage  eight  to  ten  days.     (Fig.  a,  magnified.) 

Young  Lakva.  —  Length,  .1  Inch ;  cylindrical,  the  anterior  segments  thick- 
ened;  color,  black-brown;  on  7  and  8  is  a  white  patch,  saddle-sliaped,  reaching 
on  dorsum  to  middle  of  9,  and  descending  the  sides  on  7  and  G  to  base;  at 
each  end  of  a  compressed  chitinous  cross-ridge  on  2  is  a  large  tubercle,  rounded. 


PAPILIO  III.,  IV.,  V. 


sub-ovoid,  with  one  hair  at  top  and  six  about  the  sides,  these  last  rising  from 
little  spurs,  each  hair  ending  in  a  knob ;  on  dorsum  of  each  segment,  from  2  to 
13  inclusive,  are  two  points,  with  one  short  hair  to  each ;  and  there  are  two  sub- 
dorsal rows  of  tubercles,  those  on  3,  4,  11,  12,  13,  in  shape  as  on  2,  but  small 
and  low,  each  with  a  few  clubbed  hairs ;  from  5  to  10,  minute,  without  hairs ; 
on  either  side,  a  row  of  tubercles  from  3  to  12,  with  a  point  in  same  line  on  2, 
bearing  a  single  hair ;  on  3  and  4  these  are  small,  and  show  three  and  two  hairs 
respectively,  the  remainder  mere  points  without  hairs ;  below  the  spiracles  a  row 
of  points,  on  2  one,  on  3  and  4  three  each  in  horizontal  line,  on  5  to  12  three 
each  in  equilateral  triangle,  each  point  bearing  one  hair;  head  ob-ovoid,  brown. 
( Figs,  c,  c",  c'*,  XIII. ;  b,  III. ;  a,  IV. ;  the  last  two  representing  the  larva  near  the 
end  of  the  stage.)     To  first  moult  about  four  days. 

After  first  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .25  inch  •  same  shape  ;  color,  black- 
brown  ;  a  black  medio-dorsal  line,  expanding  a  little  on  3  and  4  ;  the  patch 
saddle-shaped,  very  much  as  before,  white ;  on  front  of  2  a  compressed  cross- 
ridgo,  with  tubercles  as  before,  more  conical ;  13  has  a  pair  of  similar  tubercles, 
also  on  a  ridge,  12  a  smaller  pair,  and  on  11  and  10  each  two  low  cones;  on  3, 
4,  5,  are  two  sub-dorsal  rows  of  low,  round,  glossy,  brown  knobs ;  between  these 
on  3  are  two  similar  knobs,  but  minute,  and  the  four  are  in  line  ;  in  some  exam- 
ples there  is  an  additional  small  knob  high  on  thr  side,  the  six  being  in  line ;  on 
4  the  dorsals  are  in  advance  of  the  sub-dorsals,  and  there  are  always  tvo  outside, 
six  in  all ;  on  this  segment,  the  two  outer  knobs  on  either  side  each  have  a  lilac 
spot  on  the  dorsal  side  ;  5  has  but  four  knobs,  the  dorsals  much  in  advance,  and 
these  last  have  each  a  lilac  spot  on  inner  side  ;  6,  7,  8,  9  have  no  knobs  or  spots, 
l)ut  the  points  on  10  and  11  have  each  a  lilac  spot ;  head  rounded,  broadest  be- 
low, the  top  depres.sed;  color,  dark  brown.  (Figs,  e,  c',  XIII.)  Later  in  the 
stage  the  surface  is  more  or  less  mottled  dark  and  light  brown,  with  a  greenish 
tint  in  some  examples;  the  white  of  the  patch  changes  to  pale  yellow.  (Figs. 
c.  c'-,  III.)     Duration  of  this  .stage  about  five  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .at  twelve  hours,  .5  inch  ;  much  the  same  shape; 
color,  black-brown,  with  shades  of  lighter ;  on  back  of  2,  3,  4,  a  black  patch  to 
each  ;  the  saddle  yellow-white,  and  extending  low  down  the  sides ;  the  last  two 
segments  mottled  brown  and  yellowish  ;  the  ridge  on  2  as  before ;  at  either  end 
a  small  cone,  the  top  of  which  shows  several  spurs,  each  with  short  hair ;  on  13 
similar  cones  on  ridge,  on  12  a  smaller  pair  ;  on  3  are  six  knobs  in  line,  the 
dorsal  pair  small,  the  outer  pair  a  little  larger,  the  sub-dorsals  large ;  on  4  are 
six,  the  dorsals  large,  the  rest  a  little  smaller  and  equal,  and  on  the  inner  side  of 
each  of  these  last  is  a  lilac  spot ;  also  on  the  anterior  outer  side  of  each  sub- 
dorsal a  black  bar ;  on  5  are  two  knobs  in  front,  as  large  as  the  outer  pair  on  4, 


PAPILIO   III.,   IV.,   V. 


and  two  sub-dorsals  behind  of  same  size,  each  of  the  last  with  lilac  spot ;  on  9  to 
12  are  two  suMorsal  lilac  spots ;  head  as  at  last  previous  stage.  In  a  few  hours 
the  patch  is  tinted  with  red.  (Fig.  d,  III.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  four 
days. 

After  third  moult :  length  at  twelve  hours  .6  to  .02  inch ;  anterior  segments 
thickened  ;  color  in  most  cases  dark  brown,  more  or  less  mottled  with  lighter 
brown,  the  segments  after  8  darkest ;  others  have  the  anterior  segments  green, 
more  or  less  soiled  with  brown,  tlie  posterior  as  first  described  ;  and  others  still 
are  clear  green  anteriorly,  tlie  last  segments  brown  mottled  with  green,  espe- 
cially on  dorsum,  the  lower  part  of  side  whitish-green  ;  the  patch  salmon,  and 
extcmling  nearly  to  base,  but  in  some  examples  the  red  is  overlaid,  especially  on 
dorsum,  with  pale  green ;  2  has  the  front  ridge  arched  as  before,  the  processes 
reduced  ;  on  4  now  appears  a  sub-oval  greenish-yellow  patch,  the  larger  end 
outward,  edged  by  a  fine  bhick  line  ;  inside,  a  heavy  black  ring,  with  an  inner 
spot  of  lilac,  and  on  dorsal  side  of  the  ring  a  black  bar ;  next  the  patch  is  a 
sub-(i»irsal  lilac  spot,  rounded  or  quadrangular,  often  disconnected  (cas  in  lower 
Fig.  U\  Xlll.);  at  this  period  these  patches  are  separated  across  dorsum  by  a 
space  varying  from  .12  to  .15  inch  (these  are  the  extremes  in  37  examples);  on 
5  are  four  equal  lilac  spots  in  line  tacross  posterior  edge,  two  sub-dorsal,  two 
lateral  ;  9,  10,  11  have  each  four  such  spots;  some  larvaj  have  a  pair  of  minute 
sub-dorsals  on  12,  others  have  four  also  on  7,  and  none  on  dorsum  of  8  ;  from  6 
to  12  a  lilac  spot  on  each  segment,  below  spiracles  ;  at  either  end  of  the  ridge 
on  13  a  low  cone,  and  traces  of  a  similar  pair  on  12,  scarcely  more  than  a  slight 
elevation  of  the  skin;  head  brown,  pink  tinted.  (Fig.  dr,  III.,  /*,  /r,  XIII.)  As 
the  stage  progresses,  the  greener  larvae  become  uni-colored,  and  the  darker 
become  more  green,  but  in  the  latter  more  or  le.ss  brown  remains  to  the  3nd  ; 
in  some  cases  the  salmon  patch  becomes  wholly  changed  to  green  and  is  lost, 
in  others  its  position  is  indicated  by  a  paler  shade  of  green,  and  often  a  little 
salmon  at  the  edges  on  dorsum  ;  the  posterior  edge  of  5  becomes  yellowish, 
and  on  the  front  of  6  is  a  black  transver.se  band,  concealed  when  the  larva  is 
at  rest.     (Fig.  e,  III.)     Duration  of  thi.s;  stage  four  to  seven  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  at  twelve  hours  from  .9  to  .95  inch  ;  color  invariably 
green,  no  mat'^er  what  was  the  hue  before  the  moult,  the  patch  almost  always 
wholly  suppressed,  but  occasionally  traces  of  it  can  be  seen  in  an  indistinct  salmon 
spot  on  either  side  of  dorsum.     In  five  or  six  days  is  fully  grown. 

Mature  Larva,  —  Length,  1.5  to  1.8  inch;  cylindrical;  thickest  at  4,  5, 
sloping  on  back  and  .sides  to  13,  and  rapidly  to  2  ;  color,  yellow-green,  velvety, 
shading  on  the  sides  into  whitish-green  ;  under  side  white ;  legs  and  pro-legs 


PAPILIO   III.,  IV.,   V. 


yellowish ;  2  has  a  narrow  arched  chitiiiou.s  frontal  ridge,  the  corners  rounded  ; 
close  to  the  back  of  this  ridge  is  the  orifice  through  which  the  scent  organs  are 
protruded  at  will,  long,  slender,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  when  fully  extended, 
and  bifurcated  iit  biise,  the  color  orange-red  ;  (the  larva  at  every  stage  from  the 
egg  has  the  use  of  these  organs) ;  on  either  side  of  4  a  sub-oval  or  pyriforni 
greenish-yellow,  or  partly  ochraceous  patch,  edged  by  a  fine  black  line  ;  on  the 
outer  ])iirt  of  this  a  heavy  black  ring,  rounded  or  oval,  enclosing  a  purple  spot, 
and  toward  dorsum  a  black  bar;  the  inner  extremities  of  these  patches  are  sep- 
arated across  dorsum  by  a  space  measuring  .16  to  .18  inch  ;  5  is  edged  on  the 
posterior  side  by  yellow,  and  the  front  of  6  has  a  black  band  restricted  to  dor- 
sum ;  on  4  are  two  purple  spots  or  dots,  one  on  either  side  dorsum  near  the 
patch  ;  on  5  four  spots  in  line  near  the  posterior  edge  ;  on  8,  9,  10,  11,  four  to 
each,  those  on  8  small,  sometimes  partly  or  wholly  obsolete ;  on  12  two  sub- 
dorsal, small ;  on  G  to  12  one  to  each  segment  below  the  spiracles,  small ;  head 
rather  square,  liattened  in  front,  the  top  a  little  depressed,  the  vertices  rounded ; 
color  brownish-pink.  (Figs./,  III.,  j,  f,  XIII.)  At  about  seven  days  before 
pupation  the  green  becomes  more  yellow  and  a  dull  shade  of  it  covers  dorsum  ; 
an<l  within  twenty-four  hours  the  whole  body  changes  to  chocolate-brown, 
specked  and  mottled  with  grayish  on  segments  after  5  and  along  base  before  5; 
the  purple  spots  retain  their  hue.  (Fig.  /■,  III.)  Suspension  takes  place  at  one 
to  two  days  from  this  change  of  color  and  pupation  from  one  to  two  days  later. 
From  fourth  moult  to  pupation  about  ten  days.  From  huing  of  egg  to  pupa- 
tion, in  August  and  September,  32  to  38  days. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  of  several  1.3,  1.4,  1.45,  1.48  inch,  the  larger  being  fe- 
male ;  greatest  breadth  1.3,  1.4,  1.44  inch ;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  5  and  6,  the 
abdomen  tapering  rapidly  ;  head-case  long,  compressed  at  top  transversely  to  an 
edge ;  the  projections  prominent,  divergent,  pyramidal,  the  edges  raised  into 
corrugated  and  thickened  ridges,  the  tops  rounded,  the  incision  between  them  a 
right  angle,  with  a  small  tootli  on  either  side  near  the  angle  ;  the  small  projec- 
tions at  side  of  head  pyramidal,  with  thick,  rough  edges  ;  the  mesonotum  prom- 
inent, but  variable  in  length  and  thickness,  directed  forward,  blunt  and  corru- 
gated at  end  and  on  anterior  side  ;  two  sub-dorsal  rows  of  tubercles  from  4  to 
13,  largest  on  8,  9,  10,  the  rest  small,  on  fl  and  7  nearly  or  quite  wanting  ;  below 
these  another  row  on  either  side,  small,  from  4  to  13  ;  whole  surface  corrugated ; 
color  variable,  some  examples  being  light  or  wood-brown,  striped  longitudinally 
on  sides  and  dorsum  with  dark  brown ;  others  are  very  dark  throughout,  and 
some  are  green  over  wing-cases,  sides  and  entire  dorsal  area,  the  abdomen  light 
brown,  or  green  only  about  the  head  and  sides.     (Fig.  g,  III.) 


PAPILIO   III.,   IV.,   V. 

From  a  brood  of  larvfc,  at  Coalburgh,  1875,  the  first  chrysalis  formed  July  1st, 
the  last  July  8th  ;  the  first  buttertly  emerged  July  2od ;  others  appeared  at 
intervals  till  August  11th.  Of  fifty  chrysalids  twenty-seven  gave  butterflies  that 
season,  and  the  remainder  not  till  the  following  spring.  Duration  of  the  chrys- 
alis period  in  summer  about  twenty  days.  From  a  brood  of  'arvtw,  1884,  the 
first  chrysalis  formed  2()th  September,  the  last  4th  October,  and  all  of  them  will 
hibernate.  (I  have  re-written,  in  1884,  as  this  Volume  is  about  to  ciose,  the  de- 
.scription  of  Turmis  larva  which  accompanied  Plate  III.,  issued  1877,  in  order  to 
make  a  direct  comparison  of  each  stage  with  a  corresponding  one  of  Ihifuhin  ; 
and  on  Plate  XIII.  have  figured  several  stages  of  these  two  species  side  by 
side.) 


fe- 

the 
:o  an 

into 
■m  a 
•ojec- 
irom- 
lorru- 

4  to 
lelow 

ted  ; 

ally 

and 
light 


Turnus  inhabits  all  sections  of  the  United  States  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  Maine  to  Florida  and  Texas.  A  few  individuals  were 
seen  by  Mr.  Mead  in  Colorado,  but  the  species  there  begins  to  be  replaced  by 
Rididus,  which  occupies  the  remainder  of  the  country  to  the  Pacific.  It  in- 
habits also  British  America,  and  Newfoundland.  I  formerly  received  several 
examples  from  Mrs.  Christina  Ross,  taken  at  Fort  Simpson,  and  others  from  the 
late  Robert  Kennicott,  taken  at  Fort  Youcon,  both  about  lat.  65°.  Mr.  Scudder, 
"  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,"  XII.,  p.  44,  mentions  the  receipt  of  a  large  num- 
ber from  Lieut.  W.  H.  Dall,  "  taken  early  in  June,  on  the  Upper  Youcon,  from 
Nnlato  to  Fort  Youcon,  where  the  species  is  said  to  be  common."  There  is  a 
great  difference  in  size  between  these  individuals  from  the  far  north  (Plate  V., 
Fig.  1)  and  the  usual  type  in  the  southern  States,  the  former  being  small,  with 
narrow  borders  and  slight  stripes  rather  than  bands.  Some  from  the  White 
Mountains  scarcely  differ  in  both  respects  from  those  taken  in  Aliaska.  In  the 
Catskills  the  prevailing  form  is  intermediate.  Where  the  species  is  double- 
brooded,  as  a  rule,  the  butterflies  emerging  from  over-wintering  chrysalids  are 
smaller  and  with  narrower  bands  than  are  those  of  the  summer  brood. 

The  larvaB  feed  on  the  leaves  of  a  great  variety  of  trees,  —  apple,  quince, 
thorn,  plum,  cherry,  birch,  basswood,  ash,  and,  according  to  Mr.  Scudder,  on 
alder  and  oak  ;  also,  according  to  Mr.  Akhurst,  on  sassafras  and  catalpa.  But  in 
my  neighborhood,  its  preference  is  decided  for  the  tulip-tree,  Liriodendron  tulipi- 
fera,  usually  miscalled  "  poplar  "  at  the  south  and  west,  and  I  have  never  found 
it  here  on  any  other  tree.  In  Ontario,  according  to  Mr.  Saunders,  it  chiefly  feeds 
on  apple,  cherry,  thorn,  and  basswood.  The  egg  is  laid  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
leaf,  and  the  young  larva  takes  up  its  abode  on  the  same  side,  lying  on  a  bed  of 


PAPILIO  III.,   IV.,   V. 

silk  which  it  spins  for  the  purpose,  and  going  to  the  edges  to  feed  when  disposed. 
As  it  increases  in  size,  the  leaf  is  .somewhat  drawn  together,  so  that  on  the  largo 
leaves  of  the  tulip  tree  it  is  not  diflRoult  to  discover  one  of  these  larvoo.  It  is  .slug- 
gish in  habit,  usually  moving  only  when  impelled  by  hunger.  When  full  grown 
it  stops  feeding,  and  in  coiuse  of  about  thirty-six  hours  changes  color  completely 
from  green  to  brown,  and  at  this  stage  deserts  its  tree  and  often  travels,  and 
that  with  considerable  rapidity,  many  yards  or  rods  until  it  finds  a  suitable 
place  for  .ts  protection  while  in  chrysalis.  The  l)utterfly  emerges,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Coalburgh,  early  in  April,  or  if  the  weather  has  been  favorable,  in 
March,  sometimes  as  early  as  the  fifteenth  day  of  that  month.  In  Maine,  Mr. 
Scudder  says,  it  appears  about  the  first  of  June.  In  Ontario,  its  time  is  the  last 
of  May.  At  Coalburgh,  the  males  are  to  be  seen,  on  any  warm  day  of  spring, 
gathered  in  groups  of  from  half  a  dozen  to  fifty,  by  the  edge  of  the  water,  in 
company  with  Papilios  Ajax,  Philenor,  and  later,  Troilus.  The  females  are  not 
found  iu  such  situations,  but  they  frequent  the  fruit  trees  then  in  bloom  (as  do 
the  males  iu  some  degree),  peach,  apple,  and  above  all  the  wild  plum.  Later  in 
the  season,  both  sexes  abound  on  the  red  clover,  then  on  the  Asclepiades  and 
thistles,  and  finally,  at  the  close  of  the  season,  on  the  iron-weed,  Vernonia.  In 
the  garden  they  delight  in  the  lilacs,  phloxes,  and  zinnia.s.  Another  plant,  Cat- 
ananche  bicolor,  with  its  tall  mullein-like  flower  stalks,  is  also  very  attractive  to 
Turjiits. 

On  the  wing  the  males  are  swift,  and  when  alarmed,  soar  high  in  air  or  among 
the  trees ;  but  when  settled  in  groups  by  the  water,  or  feeding  on  flowers,  they 
are  fearless,  and  may  be  captured  with  the  utmost  ease.  Mr.  Scudder  mentions 
the  fact  of  sixty-nine  Turnus  being  caught  between  the  hands  at  one  grasp.  In 
the  "  Canadian  Entomologi.st,"  V.  p.  19,  Mr.  Couper  relates  as  follows  :  "  I  passed 
two  months  of  the  summer  of  1871  on  the  Black  River,  about  one  hundred  and 
forty  miles  north  of  Montreal,  residing  in  a  .shanty  on  the  road  which  follows  the 
river  through  the  mountains.  Water  in  which  pork  had  been  parboiled  was 
thrown  out  on  the  sandy  lawn  opposite  the  door,  and  I  noticed  that  hundreds  of 
Turnus  frequented  this  spot  during  favorable  weather,  thrusting  their  tongues 
into  the  moistened  sand,  when  the  fluid  absorbed,  for  which  they  seemed  to  have, 
such  an  extraordinary  liking,  rendered  them  semi-intoxicated.  I  have  seen 
them  flying  from  all  quarters  direct  for  the  shanty.  Many  of  them,  1  believe, 
came  from  a  distance  of  two  miles  at  least." 

The  species  of  Papilio  are  subject  to  this  sort  of  intoxication.  There  is  a  large 
patch  of  Asclepias  purpurascens  growing  ne.ar  my  house,  and  all  day  long  the 
flowers  are  thronged  with  butterflies,  the  Papilios  especially  abounding  ;  and 
many  may  be  seen  hanging  motionle^  and  for  a  long  time,  with  heads   and 


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PAPIl.IO   III..    IV.,   V. 


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longiicH  buried  in  the  sweet  tlowrets,  so  that  one  n\n  pick  tliem  oil'  witli  ilie  fm- 
fjei'H.  More.tlinn  onee  I  Imve  iiotieeil  them  hiini^'inj;  hite  in  flie  evt  iiiiijj:.  ;uul 
i]oiil)tet]  not  tiiey  wonlil  so  pass  tiie  ni,irht. 

Turnux  has  niar'y  eiieniiex,  liinis  iind  dragon-llies  li_y  ilay,  and  prohahlv  small 
owls  and  others  by  nighl.  In  spite  of  tiieir  expanse  of  Avini.^  and  power  of  llijfht. 
the  larger  LihoUndie  will  poiniee  on  them  in  mid-air,  and  carry  tln'm  away.  On 
several  occasions  T  have  known  this  to  hapjien.  1  scarcely  over  go  into  tin- 
garden  of  a  niidsnn\mer  morning  that  I  do  not  see  severed  wings  of  Papilios 
and  of  some  of  the  large  bombycid  moths  upon  the  ground,  and  can  only  ac- 
count for  so  much  destruction  at  night  by  crediting  it  to  the  owls,  which  are 
not  at  all  uncouunon. 

The  eggs  are  always  liable  to  discovery  by  spiders  and  ants;  and  when  the 
larva'  do  emerge,  some  are  destroyed  by  the  same  foes;  others  arc  stung  liy 
ichneumon  Hies,  and  either  while  larv.nn  or  in  chrysalis  inevitably  perish.  .\nii 
when  at  last  a  chrysalis  is  formed,  it  is  exposed  to  peril  from  n(<w  enemies,  s(|uir- 
rels,  mice,  birds,  and  one  would  thiidt  few  could  possibly  survive  the  long  months 
of  winter  with  su(!h  a  risk  of  destruction.  As  each  female  Tiirniis  lays  about 
two  hundred  egg,'^,  ami  there  are  in  this  region  ."everal  broods  in  the  season,  the 
sj)ecies  would  soon  swarm  were  it  not  for  these  natural  che(0<s.  As  it  is,  it  barely 
holds  its  ground,  an!  ui  some  years,  as  in  LSTO.  the  early  over-wintering  brood 
seems  almost  lost. 

Throughout  the  South  and  West  there  are  three  amuial  broods  of  7Vr;o^>^■.  and 
about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  chrysalids  of  the  first  brood  of  the  se.ison  pass  the 
witiier,  so  far  as  my  experience  shows,  as  do  all  the  chrysalids  of  the  last,  or 
early  fall  brood,  both  giving  butterflies  at  the  same  time  the  following  sprinu-. 
As  to  the  intervening,  or  midsunnner  brood,  although  all  chrysalids  of  this  brcil 
by  me  have  passed  the  winter,  yet  as  fresh  butterflies  are  common  the  last  ol 
August  and  first  of  September.  T  infer  that  they  come  from  the  miil-^unnner 
brood.  In  looking  over  my  journal  for  several  years  past,  1  find  that  eggs  laid 
.3d  June  produced  chrysalids  1-8  July,  and  such  of  the  butterflies  as  emerged 
the  same  year,  did  so  between  2.3d  July  and  11th  August.  This  was  the  first 
bi'ood  from  eggs  of  the  season,  l^^ggf*  laid  17tli  July  gave  chrysalids  20th  ami 
25th  August.  This  would  be  the  second,  or  midsummer  brood.  Eggs  laid  22d 
August  gave  chrys.ilids  lOtli  October  and  after.  This,  therefore,  was  the  third 
t)rood  of  the  season.  But  all  the  periods  are  apt  to  be  irregular,  and  between 
the  dates  of  these  regular  broods,  1  have  bred  several  others.  Thus  ej^ffs  laid 
6th  July,  gave  chrysalids  in  the  first  days  of  September ;  eggs  laid  31st  July, 
gave  the  same  in  middle  of  September  ;  and  eggs  laid  13th  August,  gave  chrysa- 
lids early  in  Octoljcr  ;  these  broods  falling  between  the  first  and  second,  and  sec- 


PAPILIO   III.,  IV.,   V. 


and  and  third  regular  broods.  And  this  shows  how  it  may  happen  that  Tiirnus 
shall  bo  on  the  wing  from  early  spring  till  frosts  destroy  the  species  in  tiie  fall. 
In  the  Catskills,  the  eggs  are  laid  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  there  is  no  sec- 
ond brood.  Mr.  Saunders  .speaks  of  the  larvse,  in  Ontario,  being  full  grown  by 
14th  July,  and  the  eggs  therefore  must  have  been  laid  early  in  June ;  and  Mr. 
Scudder  tells  us  that  throughout  New  England  tiiere  is  but  a  single  brood. 

TuRNUS  is  remarkable  for  its  peculiar  dimorphism,  which,  so  far  iis  is  yet 
known,  is  without  a  strict  parallel  among  butterflies.  Wp  liave  in  our  fauna  sev- 
eral established  examples  of  seasonal  dimorphism,  as  in  Papilio  Ajnx,  Grapta 
Comma,  the  three  Phyciodes,  Tliaros,  Phaon,  and  Vesta ;  several  Pierids,  Colias 
Eun/lhcme,  and  no  doubt  future  observations  will  discover  many  more.  In  Ly- 
cania  Pnemlargiolus,  the  winter  form  is  Vlolacea,  and  this  last  develops  females 
of  two  colors,  blue  and  black,  in  the  south  ;  and  b\it  one,  the  blue,  at  the  north. 
Violnvia  in  tliis  respect  resembles  Tunin>i,  but  the  dimorphism  of  the  latter  is  not 
seasonal,  the  same  characteristics  being  found  in  every  brood  of  the  year.  In 
Grapta  Interrotjationis,  also,  the  dimorphism  is  not  sea,sonal,  and  the  two  forms 
a]»pear  in  every  brood.  15\it  they  are  represented  in  both  sexes,  the  males  of  each 
Ijeiug  as  distinct  frjm  each  other  as  are  the  females.  Tliere  is  also  a  dimorphism 
conlined  to  tlie  females  of  many  species,  as  several  of  the  Coliades,  but  it  prevails 
wherever  the  species  is  found,  and  is  not  subject  to  geographical  limitation. 
Now  in  7«jv;».s,  the  males  are  always  yellow,  and  to  the  north  of  a  certain  lati- 
tude, about  4r  30'  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  42=  30'  in  Wisconsin,  all  the  fe- 
males are  yellow.  Below  these  lines,  as  one  goes  southward,  tho  black  females 
appear,  at  lirst  but  rarely,  then  increase  gradually  in  proportion  to  the  yellow, 
luitil  an  equilibrium  is  somewhere  reached,  apparently  between  30°  and  38°.  But 
I  cannot  learn  that,  after  that,  the  black  everywhere  continue  to  increase  at  the 
expense  of  the  yello\v,  though  they  seem  to  do  so  in  certain  districts,  or  large 
sections  of  country.  In  this  part  of  West  Virginia,  lat.  38°,  I  have  often  taken 
yellow  females  in  the  garden  and  held,  and  waile  they  seem  to  be  never  so  com- 
mon as  the  black,  yet  they  cannot  in  most  seasons  be  called  at  all  unconnnon. 
But  I  am  certain  that  in  some  years,  or  rather  in  particular  broods  of  some 
years,  the  black  form  does  greatly  outnumber  the  other.  This  was  so  in  mid- 
suuuuer  of  1876.  For  some  cause  the  species  was  exceedingly  scarce  in  the 
spring  of  that  year,  quite  the  reverse  of  what  usually  happens.  During  the 
HKjnth  of  July,  however,  when  the  new  brood  was  flying,  l)otli  males  and  females 
visited  a  Held  of  clover  within  easy  reach  in  swarms,  and  I  made  a  special  point 
of  searching  for  yellow  females,  as  did  Mr.  Mead,  who  was  with  me.  and  we  were 
both  struck  by  their  exceeding  rarity.  In  f\ict,  but  one  only  was  taken  during 
the  time  the  clover  was  in  bloom,  though  we  must  have  seen  hundreds  of  the 


PAIMLIO    III..    IV.,   v. 


bldck  forin.  Mr.  Walsh  hns  .stated  that  in  Northern  Illinois,  both  Mark  and 
yellow  females  oceur,  though  the  black  are  five  or  six  times  more  numerous  tbiiu 
the  yellow,  judging  from  the  careful  observation  of  five  years.  But  on  visiting 
a  clover  field  in  southern  Illinois  he  captured  between  seventy  and  eighty  speci- 
mens, and  every  yellow  one  was  a  male.  Professor  Snow,  in  Kansas,  tells  me 
that  there  the  black  much  outnumber  tlie  yellow.  Mr.  Aaron,  at  Maryville,  east- 
ern Teunessee,  writes  that  the  species  is  nb'mdant,  but  the  yellow  females  are  very 
rare,  while  the  black  ones  are  as  plenty  as  the  yellow  males.  And  Messrs.  Boll 
and  Belfrage,  in  northern  Texa.s,  and  professional  collectors  of  large  experience, 
say  that  the  black  female  is  much  more  numerous  than  the  yellov/  one.  All 
these  observers,  however,  allow  that  the  yellow  females  are  found  in  their  several 
districts.  On  the  .seaboard.  Mr.  II.  K.  Morrison,  also  an  experienced  collector, 
who  has  spent  much  time  in  the  soutl  eastern  States,  says.  "  in  Georgia  half  the 
t;.-m;les  of  Turnns  are  black."  And  that  he  has  a  large  number  of  specimens 
from  Central  and  \0rther21  Florida,'"  and  about  one  half  the  females  are  yellow." 
But  that  among  the  mountains  (Black  Mountains)  of  North  Carolina,  the  females 
were  yellow.  "  Oii  iny  arrival  at  Henry's,  McDowell  Co.,  N.  (.'.,1  found  the 
males  and  females,  yellow  form,  July  ISth  to  .30th,  quite  abundant  and  fresh.  At 
the  .same  place,  August  25th  to  September  oth,  I  found  the  yellow  form  again 
abundant  and  fresh.  I  saw  no  black  females.  I  caught  one  or  two  of  tliose  at 
Morganton,  Burke  Co.,  in  July,  but  they  wore  rare."  Within  the  zone  inhabited 
by  the  two  forms  of  female,  neither  has  been  known  to  ])roduce  a  black  male,  nor 
is  such  iui  insect  known  to  have  ever  been  seen  ;  the  black  females  prodiice  yel- 
low males  ar  1  mostly  black  females,  only  occasionally  a  yellow  female  ai)pearing 
in  the  brood,  so  far  as  observed  ;  and  the  yellow  females  in  very  rare  instances 
produce  black  females.  It  is  net  pos.sible  to  distinguish  a  yellow  male  or  yellow 
female  by  a  i)lack  motiier.  from  the  same  l)y  a  yellow  luolher.  or  the  black  females 
from  each  other,  whether  the  mother  was  yellow  or  !)lack.  And,  as  a  rule,  the 
separation  of  the  two  forms  of  female  is  complete.  Intermediate  examples  do 
sometimes  occur,  hut  they  are  exceedingly  rare.  In  the  hundreds  of  this  species 
which  I  have  bred,  there  never  appeare(l  onr  such,  and  in  the  field  I  have  met 
but  three  or  four,  and  these  are  chiefly  repiesented  on  Plate  V.  The  oclira- 
ceous  female  given  on  Plate  IV.  (Fig.  4),  was  bred  by  Mr.  John  Akhurst.  at 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  from  eggs  laid  by  a  yellow  female.  Mr.  Akhm-st  informs  me 
that  from  this  yellow  female,  inclosed  in  a  box  with  a  branch  of  sassafras,  he 
obtained  about  eighty  eggs,  and  rai.sed  from  them  a  large  number  of  butterflies. 
Two  females  were  deep  ochraceous,  and  two  were  bhick,  all  the  rest  being  yel- 
low. This  is  remarkable,  considering  that  Brooklyn  is  near  the  extreme  northern 
limit  of  the  black  form.     It  is  very  unusual,  in  a  district  in  which  the  two  forms 


w 


} 


PAPILIO   III.,   IV.,  V. 

are  comiuon,  for  a  yellow  female  to  produce  a  black,  though  the  chances  are  that 
every  yellow  female  in  such  district  has  had  one  or  more  black  female  ancestons. 
Therefore,  where  the  black  is  an  extremely  rare  form,  with  the  chances  largely 
against  any  yellow  female  having  inherited  a  tendency  to  melanisp-,  that  one 
should  produce  two  black,  and  two  deep  ochraceous  examples  (for  this  latter  col- 
(  ration  is  of  the  same  nature  as  the  other),  is  almost  as  if  this  variation  in  the 
present  case  arose  spontaneously.  I  have  applied  to  several  collectors  in  Brook- 
lyn besides  Mr.  Akhurst,  and  all  agree  in  the  statement  that  Glaucus  is  an  un- 
conuuon  insect  in  that  vicinity.  Mr.  Akhurst  says  also  that  he  has  occasionally 
taken  such  ochraceous  individuals  in  the  fielil.  Here  at  Coalburgh  there  is  ob- 
servable in  the  yellow  females  a  deeper  color  ng  than  in  the  males,  especially  of 
the  fore  wings  (Plate  111.,  Fig.  1),  but  I  have  seen  no  such  example  as  that  from 
Brooklyn.  Formo'ly,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Wood,  at  Philadelphia,  I  snw  a 
choeol.ite  colored  Glaucus,  cand  Mr.  Aaron  writes  me  that  he  has  taken  one  ?'■  \- 
ilarly  colored. 

Many  ex2)lanations  of  the  phenomena  of  melanism  in  general  have  bet.i  saj^- 
gested,  such  as  meteorological  conditions  —  excessi^'e  moistu  j,  deficient  sun- 
shine, impure  air ;  also  vegetation  defiled  i)y  soot  from  furnaces,  and  the  like  ; 
none  of  which  are  satisfactory  when  applied  to  species  on  this  continent,  howevr 
it  may  be  when  they  are  restricted  to  limited  areas,  as  in  parts  of  Europe.  In 
North  America,  the  very  rever.se  of  these  conditions  obtains  throughout  the  re- 
gions in  which  the  melanic  species  are  mostly  found.  And  as  a  rule,  melanism 
among  butterflies  is  confined  to  one  sex,  and  that  the  female.  It  is  not  always 
so,  as  appears  by  the  melanic  Philodke  male  figured  in  this  volume,  but  nearly 
evei-y  known  example  belongs  to  the  female.  In  ease  of  the  present  species,  the 
facts  are,  that  in  the  warmer  regions,  where  it  is  polygoneutic,  or  many-brooded, 
both  yellow  and  black  females  exist,  in  some  districts  apparently  in  about  equal 
numbers,  in  others  with  a  more  or  less  decided  predominance  of  the  black,  but 
occasionally,  as  in  the  mountain  district  visited  by  Mr.  Morrison,  the  yellow  pre- 
dominating almost  if  not  quite  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other ;  that  at  the  north 
the  black  disappear  at  the  line  at  which  the  species  becomes  monogoneutic,  and 
the  yellow  form  in  both  sexes  flou.rishes  even  to  the  arctic  portions  of  tne  conti- 
nent. Dr.  \Veismann,'  speaking  of  Turnns,  expres.ses  the  opini.ii  that  "  the  yel- 
low is  the  ancient  and  original  form,  the  black  a  much  younger,  or  more  n  cent 
form."  During  the  glacial  period,  when  the  shortness  and  coolness  of  the  season 
permitted  but  one  brood  in  the  year,  just  as  in  the  boreal  regions  now,  the  spe- 
cies was  yellow  in  both  sexe.s.  As  the  season  became  longer  and  cli  .  :ii<i  milder, 
from  the  receding  of  the  ice  which  had  covered  the  larger  portit      >f  •  ie  con- 

>  Utber  den  Einjluss  der  Isolirung  auf  die  ArtbUdung,  Leipzig,  18'/2,  p  9fi. 


A. 


n 


>,-™'W-" 


W:. 


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\n.\vh  IV  Mflrv  i'"ai' 


TURN  US,  16  arctic  form.,  2  ?  var 
3  9  var.    4?  bi  Foi-med 


?w;!\rf  tt\ 


ri>v-!j;if,  tri>!fi  0 


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PAPILIO    III.,   IV.,  V. 


tinent,  there  was  at  length  time  for  a  second  brood  to  mature  the  same  season, 
and  the  species  gradually  became  digoneutic.  Still  later,  for  the  same  reasons, 
in  the  more  southern  districts,  a  third  generation  could  mature.  And  with  the 
summer  generation,  at  some  stage,  came  in  the  black  form,  which  is  restricted 
even  now  to  the  districts  in  which  a  summer  generation  is  possible.  The  cause 
may  have  been  in  some  way  climatal,  or  this  variety  may  at  first  have  been 
accidental,  and  once  in  existence,  favored  by  circumstances,  was  able  to  perpet- 
uate its  type  through  its  descendants  till  it  has  become  common,  sometimes  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  yellow  and  original  form. 

"  The  origin  of  the  black  form  we  can  only  explain  by  supposing  that,  at  one 
time,  when  Turnus  already  occupied  a  territory  as  extensive  as  it  holds  to-day, 
some  unknown  influence  caused  the  black  female  form  to  appear  as  a  distinct 
variety,  and  that,  owing  to  some  circumstance,  it  thereby  gained  an  advantage 
over  its  rival,  which  caused  it  finally  to  supplant  the  other,  and  to  spread  over  a 
large  extent  of  country.  This  supplanting  process  must  have  begun  with  one 
individual,  or  a  very  few  individuals.  There  is  no  case  known  where  a  whole 
species  became  aberrant,  and  the  supposition  that  the  black  form  appeared  sim- 
ultaneously among  hundreds  or  thousands  of  individuals  may  be   rejected  as 

untenable One  or  a  few  black  females  here  stand  opposed    to  myriads 

of  yellow  ones,  and  have  finally  proved  victorious  over  them This  vic- 
tory can  be  explained  in  no  other  way  than  through  the  supposition  of  the  use- 
fulness of  the  black  color."  Dr.  Weismann  inclines  to  consider  it  a  case  of  sexual 
selection,  the  superiority  of  the  blacks  having  been  gained  by  their  attractiveness 
to  the  males.  However  this  may  be  in  general,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  yellow 
females  taken  by  me,  at  Coalburgh,  have  as  surely  been  fertilized  as  the  blacks, 
and  have  as  readily  laid  eggs ;  and  on  the  wing  the  males  may  be  seen  coquet- 
ting with  the  yellow  as  freely  as  with  the  blacks.  There  would  seem  to  be  no 
want  of  attractiveness  in  such  individual  instances. 

I  have  experimented  to  see  if  it  were  possible  that  the  butterflies  emerging 
from  chrysalis  in  midsummer  might  show  a  stronger  tendency  to  melanism  than 
those  emerging  in  the  spring,  from  over-wintering  chrysalids,  but  have  found  no 
evidence  that  the  heat  of  summer  or  cold  of  winter  exert  influence  on  the  re- 
sulting forms  of  the  female.  In  June,  1375,  I  obtained  eggs  by  confining  several 
black  females  upon  the  limbs  of  a  tulip  tree,  and  there  resulted  therefrom,  in  Au- 
gust following,  9  '',  2  black  '.  Part  of  the  chrysalids  pa,ssed  the  winter,  and  in 
the  spring  there  emerged  9  <',  5  black  '. 

In  the  .spring  of  1872,  there  emerged  from  chrysalids  of  the  previous  year,  the 
eggs  having  been  laid  by  black  females,  15  ''j  7  black  ',  2  yellow  '. 

In  the  spring  of  1877,  from  eggs  laid  by  black,  21  *,  7  black  '. 


PAPILIO    III.,   IV.,   V. 


So  that  the  bliick  form  appears  <'on.stantly  in  the  spring  as  well  as  the  summer 
brood.  The  difTorence  between  the  summer  and  winter  form  of  the  black  female 
in  size  and  ornamentation  is  well  shown  in  Plates  III.,  IV,,  the  first  of  these 
being  the  summer. 

From  eggs  obtained  in  same  way  from  yellow  females,  there  resulted  in  the 
spring  of  1872,  8  <f,  3  «,  all  yellow.  In  August,  1875,  3  *,  12  '  all  yellow,  and 
from  part  of  the  chry.sdids  of  this  lot  which  passed  the  winter,  there  appeared  in 
the  spring  of  1876,  4  <^,  12  yellow  ',  1  black  '.  This  is  the  only  instance  out  of 
many  broods  raised,  in  which  r.  black  has  come  from  a  yellow  mother,  though  on 
two  occasions,  besides  the  one  above  mentioned,  a  yellow  female  has  come  from 
black. 

Mr.  Darwin  lays  much  stress  upon  the  prepotence  of  transmission,  in  the  case 
of  peculiarities  transmitted  through  one  sex  only  of  a  species,  and  asserts  that 
"  characters  may  first  appear  in  either  sex  and  afterwards  be  transmitted  to  the 
oilspring  of  the  same  sex."    "  Variation  of  Animals,"  etc.,  1st  Am.  ed.,  II.,  p.  106. 

That  yellow  females  should  rarely  produce  black  is  not  surprising,  but  that 
the  reverse  should  not  often  and  constantly  happen,  inasmuch  as  the  blacks  are 
always  crossing  with  the  yellow  males,  does  indicate  an  amazing  energy  in  the 
black  form,  and  implies  a  time  when  the  yellow  female  will  wholly  succumb  to 
the  other  throughout  the  regions  now  inhabited  by  the  two,  unless  there  be  in 
certain  districts  some  restraining  influence,  as  climatal,  or  the  existence  of  ene- 
mies. To  the  northward,  and  in  elevated  districts,  there  must  probably  be  same 
restraining  climatal  influence  on  the  black  form.  No  black  Papilio  of  any  species 
is  found  in  the  sub-boreal  regions,  though  on  both  continents,  and  at  great  ele- 
vation, the  yellow  Machaon  flourishes,  as  does  Turnus  in  North  America. 

Mr.  Wallace,  "  Natural  Selection,"  p.  154,  speaking  of  Turmis  and  its  dimor- 
phism, considers  it  "  highly  probable  that  the  existence  of  enemies  and  of  com- 
peting forms  of  life,  m.ay  l)e  the  influences  which  determine  the  relative  propor- 
tions of  each  form  ; "  and  hopes  that  ob.servations  may  ascertain  "  what  are  the 
adverse  causes  which  are  most  efficient  in  keeping  down  the  numbers  of  each 
of  these  contrasted  forms." 

In  looking  for  the  causes  of  the  decrease  of  the  yellow  female  in  the  western 
and  southwestern  districts,  and  the  manifest  luxuriance  of  the  black,  it  seems  to 
me  that  it  is  not  unlikely  largely  owing  to  the  facility  with  which  the  yellow 
females  are  captured  by  birds  and  other  enemies  by  day.  They  are  slower  of 
flight  than  the  males,  and  when  heavy  with  eggs,  are  very  sluggish,  flying  but 
little  and  at  short  distances,  and  their  gay  color  renders  them  an  easy  prey.  It 
IS  true,  the  black  females  are  equally  slow  of  flight,  but  they  are  less  easily  seen, 
and  as  other  species  of  black  Papilios,  Troilus,  Philenor,  and  Asterias,  are  always 


'i& 


■M. 


I 


PAPILK)   III.,   IV.,   V. 

in  company  witli  them,  the  black  lurmis  w  in  a  way  protected.  I  think  this 
sufficiently  accounts  for  the  scarcity  at  any  time  of  the  yellow  females  in  this 
region  (West  Virginia).  Papilio  PltUenor  has  a  .strong  and  disagreeable  scent, 
and  it  has  been  suggested  by  Mr.  Mead,  that  this  rendering  it  distasteful  to 
birds  would  servo  to  protect  other  black  species  Hying  with  it. 

How  then  does  it  happen  that  at  the  southeast,  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  the 
yellow  females  should  strike  so  experienced  an  ()l)server  as  Mr.  Morrison  as  being 
quite  as  plenty  as  the  black  ;  the  very  opposite  to  the  conclusion  reached  in  Illi- 
nois and  Kansas  and  Texas,  by  other  experienced  obsfuvers  !  That  Mr.  Mor- 
rison should  consider  the  yellow  fully  as  abundant  as  the  black,  leads  me  to 
l)elieve  that  in  reality  they  are  much  more  .so,  and  that  in  those  districts  they 
outnumber  the  black  largely ;  for  uidess  a  collector  is  especially  searching  for 
them,  their  resemblance  to  the  males  would  often  cause  them  to  be  overlooked. 
Indeed,  at  a  moderate  distance  one  coiild  not  be  distinguished  from  the  other. 
The  western  region  is  largely  prairie.  It  may  well  happen  there  that  the  con- 
stant elimination  of  the  ytdlow  form  has  in  the  course  of  time  overcome  any 
remaining  tendency  of  the  black  to  produce  yellow  females,  for  every  black  now 
Hying  must  be  supposed  to  be  descended  from  many  generations  of  black,  with 
a  yellow  one  in  the  line  only  at  rare  intervals,  perhaps  in  not  more  than  one 
generation  out  of  a  hundred.  I  can  see  how  it  is,  that  at  the  southeast,  the 
repression  of  the  yellow  female  by  enemies  may  be  greatly  diminished,  owing 
to  the  more  wooded  country,  the  greater  moisture  of  the  climate,  milder  tem- 
perature, and  the  excessive  luxuriance  of  all  insect  life,  whereby  there  is  no 
reason  why  one  species  only  should  be  singled  out  as  a  special  object  of  prey. 
The  conditions  are  essentially  different  from  those  which  prevail  on  the  dry 
and  exposed  western  plains.  Moreover,  the  peril  caused  by  the  bright  color 
and  slow  flight  of  the  yellow  female  Turnus,  must  be  much  lessened  by  its 
constantly  a.s.sociating  with  other  species  of  Papilio,  similarly  colored,  such  as 
Cresphontes  and  Palamedes,  larger  and  gayer  than  itself  In  fact  it  is  the  yellow 
female  7'urmts  which  is  here  protected,  and  so  it  should  not  merely  hold  its  own, 
l)ut  really  be  able  to  prevail  against  its  .sister  form.  It  occurred  to  me  whether 
it  might  not  also  be  a  fact  that  the  insectivorous  birds  were  more  largely  repre- 
sented in  the  west  than  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  so  that  all  species  of  butterfly 
might  be  more  subject  to  destruction  in  the  former  regions,  and  I  wrote  Professor 
Baird  for  information  on  this  point.  In  reply  I  have  a  statement  from  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Kidgway  to  the  following  effect :  "  A  larger  proportion  perhaps  of  the  birds 
belonging  to  the  semi-prairie  districts  west  of  the  Mississippi  belong  to  the  in- 
sectivorous series  than  is  the  case  with  those  inhabiting  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
Thus,  taking  the  Tyrannidae,  for  example,  which  are  preeminently  fly-catchers, 


PAPILIO  III.,  VI.,  V. 

and  more  prone  to  destroy  Lepidoptora  than  any  otlior  birda,  all  the  ea.sterii 
Hpecii's  o(!(Mir  from  K.-msiis  to  Toxuh,  along  with  three  aililitional  species,  MilvuluH 
forficatus,  Tyiainui.s  vertividls,  and  T.  vociferans,  these  latter  being  of  large  .size, 
and,  we  may  infer,  corre.spondingly  voracious.  None  of  the.se  species,  however, 
occur  east  of  the  Mississippi,  so  far  as  known,  except  perhaps  casually.  Upon 
the  whole  we  may  assume  for  the  semi-prairie  country  a  richer  bird-life  than  is 
pos.se.-sed  by  the  South  Atlantic  States,  with  a  corresponding  larger  number  of 
in.sectivoi'ous  species."  That  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  there  .should 
l)e  a  district  in  which,  though  the  species  is  abundant,  there  should  be  few  or  no 
blaclv  females,  would  lead  to  the  belief  that  there  may  be  similar  areas  of  the 
most  elevated  portions  in  other  southern  States,  where  a  like  distrii)ution  pre- 
vails. It  is  evident,  from  the  dates  given  by  Mr.  Morrison,  that  the  species  was 
not  single-bnjoded,  l)ut  that  he  collected  from  the  midsummer  and  fall  broods, 
and  tliere  must  therefore  have  been  at  least  three  broods  in  the  year. 

For  more  than  a  century  after  both  Tttrnus  and  Glaucus  were  known  to  nat- 
uralists, they  were  not  suspected  of  belonging  to  but  one  and  the  same  species. 
Boisduval  and  Leconte,  in  1833,  figured  botli,  and  after  describing  the  female 
(rlaucus,  say,  "  the  male  differs  but  in  size,  being  a  little  smaller,  and  by  the  blue 
band,  which  is  less  extended,"  and  they  figured  and  described  the  larva)  of  the 
two  as  distinct.  It  appears  that  Mr.  James  Ridings,  of  Philadelpiiia,  an  intelligent 
collector  of  butterflies,  and  now  living  at  an  advanced  age,  had  taken  a  yellow 
male  Turnus  and  a  black  female  Glaums  in  copulation,  in  1832.  And,  in  the 
same  city,  Mr.  George  Newman,  a  veteran  and  enthusiastic  collector,  —  whom,  in 
after  years,  it  was  my  pleasure  to  know,  and  whose  delight,  as  he  exhibited  and 
expatiated  \ipou  the  treasures  of  his  cabinet,  his  many  friends  will  recall, —  had 
raised  black  and  yellow  females  from  the  same  laying  of  eggs.  But  to  lepidop- 
terists  in  general,  nothing  was  known  of  the.se  things  till  the  late  Mr.  B.  D.  Walsh 
comuuinicated  a  paper  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, 19th  January,  i8C2,  which  in  part  read  thus:  "  That  Turnus  and  Olau- 
cus  are  identical  seems  to  me  to  be  proved  by  two  facts,  the  one  positive  and  the 
other  negative.  First,  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Edwards  that  both  Messrs.  New- 
man and  Wood,  of  Philadelphia,  say  they  have  raised  the  black  female,  together 
with  several  shades  of  color  between  yellow  and  black,  from  the  same  laying  of 
eggs.  Second,  nobody  ever  saw  a  male  Glaucua.  Now  Glaucus  is  so  common  in 
southern  latitudes,  that  if  it  were  a  true  species,  not  a  mere  sexual  variation, 
somebody  or  other  must  have  met  with  the  male."  And  after  reciting  his  own 
experience,  Mr.  Walsh  expresses  the  opinion  that  south  of  lat.  38°  in  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  perhaps  of  36°  on  the  seaboard,  the  female  Turnus  is 
black  ;  that  north  of  41°  on  the  seaboard  and  43°  in  the  valley,  the  female  is 


I'APILK)   III..   IV.,  V. 


yellow  ;  iiiid  tluit  in  the  ititorvciiiiiy  zone  liofli  colors  iiri-  found.  Mr.  Wiil.xli  was 
nearly  correct  an  to  the  northern  limit.  The  ino.'^t  nortiiern  point  on  the  sea- 
hoard  at  which  I  have  known  Glanmx  to  he  neeii  or  taken  was  at  Ne\vl)in'gli,  on 
the  Hudson  River,  lat.  41°  30'.  —  where  I  resided  several  years,  —  and  then  hut 
a  single  example. 

Dr.  Flay,  of  Racine.  Wisconsin,  writ-js  mo  Uiat  he  once  took  G/anciix  in  iiis 
garden,  and  on  another  occasion  saw  one  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  River, 
lat.  43°.  And  Mr.  Hrewer  states  (Can.  Ent.,  IX..  p.  20).  that  in  Nehra.ska,  as  far 
north  as  the  Niobrara  River,  the  black  and  yellow  forms  of  female  are  about 
equal ;  lat.  42°  30'. 

Although  Turnus  has  been  so  long  known  to  naturalists  and  has  been  re- 
peatedly figured,  this,  I  believe,  is  the  first  attempt  to  bring  the  two  sexes  of  the 
}eIlow  form  together. 

There  has  recently  been  some  effort  on  the  part  of  the  adherents  of  a  rigid 
priority  to  change  the  name  of  this  species  to  Glaucus,  that  name  having  been 
given  to  the  black  female  in  1707,  antedating  by  four  years  the  name  Turnus  ap- 
plied to  the  yellow  male  anil  female.  One  would  think  a  (iontury  long  enough 
to  confirm  a  name  even  if  originally  given  in  error,  especially  in  case  of  any  spe- 
cies which  had  since  been  repeatedly  figured  and  treated  of  in  published  works, 
and  th.'it  nothing  but  confusion  could  result  from  a  change  after  this  lapse  of  time. 
But  it  happens  in  the  present  case  that  Glaucus  is  not  the  insect  described  as 
Turnus,  being  but  a  dimorphic  form  of  one  sex  only,  entitled  as  sucli  form  to  its 
own  special  name.     The  species  is  Turnus,  this  form  is  Glaucus. 

Note.—  From  what  I  have  observed  at  Coalhurgh,  the  present  season  (1877),  I  think  it  probable  that  here, 
and  to  the  sotilhwani,  tliere  may  often  be  four  annual  broods  of  Turnus,  instead  of  three,  as  stated  above  ; 
the  existence  of  the  fourth  king  d."i)eiiilent  on  the  weallier  in  April.  Tliis  month  was  pleasant  and  warm, 
and  different  Papilios  were  exceedingly  abundant ;  and,  during  the  last  week,  the  females  of  Turnus  were  freely 
Jepo.iiting  eggs.  This  would  give  ample  time  for  the  maturing  of  the  larvte  and  emergence  of  the  butterflies 
before  the  first  of  June,  at  which  date  the  first  of  the  thre»  broods  recorded  had  a  beginning.  I  watched  care- 
fully for  yellow  females,  and  had  a  good  opportunity  as  the  butterflies  gathered  aljout'the  fruit  "trees  and  Ulac», 
but  I  saw  only  four ;  while  there  must  have  been  scores  of  tlie  black  form,  if  not  hundredi. 


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PAPILIO  VI. 


PAPILIO   ZOLICAON,  1-4. 


Papilio  Zolicaon,  Boisduvnl,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  <ie  France,  1852,  p.  281.     H.  Edvanis,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  1873,  p.  S. 

Ppniaries  much  produced,  strongly  arched,  hind  margin  straight  or  convex; 
tails  long,  narrow ;  the  sexes  alike  in  color  and  markings. 

Male.  —  Expands  about  3.25  inches. 

Upper  side  of  primaries  black,  marked  and  spotted  with  deep  yellow  ;  of  sec- 
onilaries  yellow  from  base  nearly  two  thirds  the  distance  to  margin,  beyond 
black  ;  primaries  have  a  .sub-marginal  series  of  eight  spots,  equal,  the  anterior 
ones  rounded,  the  rest  either  oval  or  lunular,  and  a  discal  series  of  eight  forming 
a  hand  across  the  entire  wing  ;  above  these  last,  on  the  upper  sub-cost.al  inter- 
space, a  long  patch  of  yellow  scales,  and  a  rounded  or  oval  spot ;  the  first  discal 
spot  deeply  and  roundly  excavated  on  the  upper  side,  sometimes  divided  into 
two  ;  the  second  shorter  than  the  first,  and  the  third  than  the  second,  after 
which  the  series  gradually  increa.ses  in  length  ")  the  sixth,  the  breadth 
being  nearly  equal  ;  the  seventh  is  large,  sub-rectangular,  the  eighth  a  nar- 
row stripe  on  the  inner  margin  ;  a  narrow  v<>ll()w  bar  cros.ses  the  cell  inside 
the  arc,  and  near  it  is  a  second,  also  narro  mietiines  coni])ressed  in  the  mid- 
die  and  then  expanding  largely  on  sub-costal  n»  s  vurc  the  b  isal  urea  .somewliai 
dusted  with  yellov^  scales.  Secondaries  have  a  broad  black  border  which  in- 
closes a  sub-marginal  series  of  six  yellow  spots  ;  tin  first,  at  outer  angle, 
small,  often  wanting,  the  next  three  large  and  lunular,  the  iifth  nt  base  uf  tail 
lunular  or  sub-triangular,  the  last  a  streak  near  the  angle  ;  in  the  interspace^ 
above  these  spots  are  clusters  of  light  blue  scales ;  the  abdominal  nmrgin  bor- 
dered with  black  to  median  nervure,  leaving  at  the  outer  extremity  if  the  sub- 
median  hiterspace  only  a  small  triangular  patch  of  yellow ;  above  i  he  incision 
at  the  anal  angle,  over  a  yellow  patch,  is  a  ring,  varying  in  color  from  orange 
to  deep  fulvous,  which  incloses  a  round  or  oval  black  spot,  and  is  edged  on  •^he 
upper  side  by  a  blue  crescent ;  occasionally  the  ring  is  wanting,  beinu  aced 

by  black  which  may  have  a  very  narrow  edging  of  fulvous  on  the  Ionmi'  side; 
the  rest  of  wing,  which  comprises  the  basal  area  and  much  of  the  disk,  yellow, 
divided  into  eight  spots,  the  cell  being  one,  by  the  black  nervures  ;  fringes  of 


PAPILIO  VI. 


primaries  alternately  and  equally  black  and  yellow,  of  secondaries  yellow  with 
narrow  black  spaces  at  the  ends  of  the  nervnles. 

Under  side  marked  nearly  as  above,  the  colors  paler ;  the  sub-marginal  spois 
on  primaries  more  or  less  eontluint.  the  black  space  preceding  more  or  less 
densely  covered  with  yellow  scales  ;  the  patch  of  scales  on  costal  margin  above 
discal  row  of  spots  niuch  enlarged  ;  the  cell  not  dusted,  but  black.  Secondaries 
have  the  nerviu'es  of  the  disk  heavily  edged  with  black  ;  the  outer  edges  of  the 
yellow  spots  on  middle  of  disk  suftiised  with  fulvous  as  are  also  the  sul»-mar- 
giiial  spots  ;  the  interior  portion  of  the  black  border  covered  with  yellow  scales 
id)i)ve  which  are  ])atches  of  blue  ;  the  ocellus  as  on  upper  side. 

IJody  Idack  above  and  l)eneath  ;  a  yellow,  sometimes  light  fulvous,  stripe  from 
head  to  insertion  of  wings  ;  a  n  irrow  yellow  lateral  band  on  abdomen  ;  leg.s 
l)lack  ;  palpi  yellow  with  l)lack  hairs;  antennae  and  club  black. 

Fem.vi.k.  —  Expands  .5.7-j  inches. 

.Similar  to  the  male,  the  yellow  brighter,  less  ochraceous,  often  inclining  to 
whitish  ;  the  lateral  band  on  alidomen  broad. 

Egg.  —  Spherical,  .05  inch  in  diameter  ;  smooth,  greenish  yellow  ;  deposited 
on  the  leaves  of  the  food  plant. 

Maturk  L.vkva.  —  Length  2  inches.  Shape  of  body  cylindrical,  of  nearly 
uniform  size  in  the  middle  segments,  tapering  at  either  extremitj' ;  color  bright 
apple  green,  paler  on  sides  and  luMieath,  banded  with  hhwk  and  spotted  with 
black  and  yellow  ;  the  middle  of  each  segment  after  the  first  (or  head)  crossed 
by  a  band,  which  on  second  t(>  foiu'th  is  narrow  and  terminates  acutely  on  the 
middle  of  the  sides,  but  on  the  other  segments  to  twelfth  inclusive,  is  broad,  tmi- 
fonii.  and  ends  bluntly  or  in  a  club  nearly  at  the  base  of  the  body  ;  on  the 
antei'ior  edge  of  the  band  on  second  segment  are  four  yellow  dots,  two  on  either 
side  of  the  dorsum ;  on  the  third  and  fourth  the  .same  number,  but  filling  exca- 
vations in  the  liand  ;  'hose  of  fourth  much  the  larger  ;  near  the  ba.se,  in  a  line 
with  each  of  these  two  bands,  is  a  black,  triangular  spot ;  from  fifth  to  twelfth 
segment  are  three  rounded  yellow  spots  on  each  side  of  the  dorsmn,  the  lower 
one  placed  on  the  posterior  side  of  the  band,  either  wholly  or  nearly  inclosed 
in  the  clubbed  extremity,  the  others,  on  the  iintrrior  side  nearly  occupying  the 
width  of  the  band,  and  often  entirely;  along  tin-  base,  above  the  legs,  is  a  row 
of  round  black  spots  from  the  fifth  to  eleventh  segment,  one  .spot  on  the  mid- 
dle of  each  on  fifth,  sixth,  and  eleventh,  but  on  seventh  to  tenth  two.  oiu' 
being  near  either  edge  of  the  .segment  :  the  last,  or  thirteenth  segment,  has 
two  transverse  bands,  auil  a  rounded  l)lack  lateral  spot  and  stripe ;  legs  green 
tipped  with  black,  and  with  a  round  black  spot  at  the  base  of  each  ;  the  pro-legs 
green  with  a  similar  spot  on  the  side  of  each  ;  the  sutures  between  the  three 


PAPILIO    VI. 


or  lour  anterior  segments  edged  with  black  dorsally,  and  the  remainder  h\  a 
dusky  sJiade,  not  always  present ;  along  tiie  under  side  of  the  body  is  a  dusky, 
broken,  median  line  ;  head  snudl,  obovate,  pale  bluish-green,  yellowish  in  front, 
with  two  frontal  black  stripes  und  three  black  tlots  ;  the  ocelli  black  ;  the  re- 
tractile horns  on  second  segment  orange.  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  states  that  the 
mature  larva  varies,  the  transverse  bands  in  many  cases  becoming  very  broad, 
and  the  yellow  spots  on  some  of  the  segments  ol)Solete ;  in  other  cases  the  whole 
upper  surface  is  pale  green,  with  very  faint  black  bands,  the  yellow  markings 
considerably  larger  than  the  average.  According  to  this  author,  the  larva;  feed 
upon  various  species  of  umbellifera;,  but  particularly  upon  fennel,  Foeniculum 
vulgare.  In  confinement,  they  will  feed  readily  upon  carrot  or  celery.  There 
appears  to  be  but  one  brood,  the  larva?  being  fully  fed  about  the  middle  of  vSep- 
tember,  and  the  butterfly  appearing  in  the  following  May.  For  the  drawing  of 
the  larva  copied  on  the  plate,  I  am  indebted  to  R.  H.  Stretch,  Esq. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  1.2  inch,  greatest  breadth  .36  ;  shape  cylindrical,  thickest 
at  sixth  and  sevent'i  segments,  tapering  gradually  toward  the  head,  rapidly  toward 
bust  segment ;  the  surface  rough ;  the  palpi  cases  jirominent,  pyramidal,  corrugated ; 
mesonotum  pyramidal,  as  are  also  the  ocellar  projections  ;  all  these  processes 
deep  black ;  a  row  of  black  tuberculated  points  on  back  of  abdomen  and  one  on 
either  side,  the  three  rows  converging  at  extremity  ;  color  fawn,  shading  into 
black  at  the  sides  and  on  dorsum,  and  mottled  irregularly  on  the  front  with 
same  color.  The  chrysalis  is  also  sul)ject  to  much  variation,  some  examples 
being  almost  whollj'  black,  with  shadings  of  fawn  color,  while  others  lose  the 
black  altogether  and  are  fawn  color,  with  pale  brown  markings. 

ZoUcaon  belongs  to  the  Machaon  group,  and  inhabits  the  Pacific  slope  ft'om 
\'ancouver's  Island  to  Lower  California,  and  is  found  inland  at  least  as  far  south 
as  Arizona,  as  I  have  received  specimens  from  Lieut.  Wheeler's  expeditions  to 
that  region.  I  have  had  it  also  among  the  collections  made  by  Dr.  Hayden's 
exi)oditions  in  Idaho  and  Montana.  It  is  rare  in  Colorado,  according  to  Mr. 
Mead,  who  took  but  three  or  four  specimens  in  his  explorations  of  1871.  And 
Mr.  H.  Edwards  states  that  is  by  no  means  a  common  species  in  Oregon  or  Viin- 
couver's  Island,  and  he  has  never  met  with  it  in  the  higher  sierras  of  California, 
but  that  throughout  this  State  it  is  abundant  in  the  valleys  and  foot-hills. 


IF 


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PAPILIO  VII. 


PAPILIO   OREGONIA,  1—4. 

Papilio  nippoeratti,  Vnr.  Orrgonia,  ?,  Edwariln,  Trims.  Am.  Knt.  Soc,  Vol.  V.,  p.  208,  1878. 


P1UMARIE8  much  produced,  costal  maigin  strongly  arched,  hind  margin  straight 
or  concave ;  tails  long,  narrow,  and  as  in  Zolicaon  ;  the  sexes  alike  in  color  and 
markings. 

Male.  — Expands  from  3.5  to  4  inches. 

Upper  side  of  primaries  black,  marked  and  spotted  with  bright  yellow ;  of 
secondaries,  bright  yellow  from  base  to  marginal  border ;  primaries  have  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  eight  spoti,  equal,  mostly  rounded,  and  a  discal  series  of  eight 
which  form  a  transverse  baiul ;  above  them  a  long  patch  of  yellow  scales,  and 
a  little  within  this,  towards  ba,se,  a  subovate  spot,  truncated  on  apical  side ;  the 
first  discal  spot  is  deeply  and  roundly  excavated  on  anterior  side ;  the  second  is  a 
little  shorter  than  first,  and  third  still  shorter,  after  which  there  is  a  gradual  in- 
crease in  length,  to  the  seventh,  whicli  is  broad  and  sub-rectangular ;  the  eigiith 
is  narrow  and  marginal ;  at  the  extremity  of  cell  within  is  a  sub-lunate  trans- 
verse yellow  spot  and  a  broader  one  in  fhe  middle,  of  irregular  shape,  the  two 
being  separated  by  a  black  space  j  the  bitsal  area  thickly  dusted  with  yellow 
scales. 

Secondaries  have  a  broad  black  marginal  border,  which  incloses  a  series  of  six 
yellow  lunular  spots,  the  first,  at  outer  angle,  small ;  above  these  spots  are  clus- 
ters of  blue  scales,  never  distinct,  sometimes  nearly  all  wanting  ;  the  inner  mar- 
gin bordered  with  black,  sometimes  to  median  nervure,  but  in  other  cases  very 
narrowly ;  the  anal  spot  small,  yellow  below,  fulvous  above,  with  a  rounded  black 
spot  in  the  middle  and  which  is  connected  with  the  narrow  black  edge  of  the 
margin;  above  the  fulvous  is  a  distinct  blue  crescent;  tijils  of  moderate  length, 
narrow ;  fringes  black,  yellow  in  the  interspaces. 

On  the  under  side,  the  larger  part  of  the  marginal  border  of  primaries  is  oc- 
cupied by  a  yellow  band,  and  the  remainder  includes  a  nebulous  stripe  of  dull 


PAPILIO  VII. 

yellow  oil  tlio  hlack  grouiul  ;  in  the  cell  the  yellow  npota  nre  repeated  and  en- 
larged ;  the  base  of  eell  is  dull  or  luteous  yellow,  and  sends  out  four  long  rays 
wliieli  nearly  reaeh  the  middle;  secondaries  have  all  the  nervures  black,  those 
al)out  cell  and  the  basal  portion  of  the  costal  nerviu'e  being  heavily  edged  with 
black  ;  the  luuules  nnich  eidarged  and  changed  into  subquadrate  spots,  occupy- 
ing fully  half  the  border,  the  black  ground  above  them  being  heavily  dusted 
with  yellow  and  blue ;  the  fulvon.i  of  anal  spot  is  changed  to  orange-yellow,  and 
the  two  yellow  discal  spots  against  cell  sonietitnos  have  their  outer  ends  yellow- 
tinted. 

Body  black  on  upper  side,  elsewhere  yellow,  but  about  tho  thorax  fulvous- 
tinted  ;  a  black  stripe  from  the  head  reaches  the  insertion  of  the  wings;  beneath 
abdomen  two  black  stripes,  und  one  on  lower  part  of  either  side,  from  wings  to 
last  segment;  legs  black;  palpi  yellow,  or  with  a  fulvous  tint;  frontal  hairs 
black,  but  next  the  eyes  yellow  :  antennic  and  club  black. 

Fkmai,e.  —  Expands  4.25  inch. 

Similar  to  the  male,  the  yellow  paler ;  the  blue  clusters  larger  and  more  dis- 
tinct. 


I  described  this  species  as  a  variety  of  Illppocrates  in  1870,  from  a  female 
taken  by  Mr.  Ilem-y  Edwards,  at  the  Dalles,  Cohunbia  River.  Mr.  II.  K.  Morri- 
son took  several  examples  of  both  sexes  in  Washington  Territory,  near  Olympia, 
in  18711,  and  from  .some  of  these  the  figures  on  the  Plate  are  drawn.  In  all 
I  have  examined,  2  (J  3  9.  I  am  .satisfied  they  are  not ///yjjjooYj/es,  but  a  dis- 
tinct species,  of  same  sub-group,  and  near  to  Zolleaon.  Felder,  Verhand.  Zodl. 
Bot.,  Geschied  xiv.  pp.  314,  302,  18G4,  describes  Illppocrates  as  much  larger 
than  Machann,  the  yellow  area  narrower,  the  wings  narrower  and  more  pro- 
duced ;  the  hind  wings  also  shorter  on  the  costa,  more  produced  posteriorly;  the 
tails  longer,  the  anal  spot  more  obscurely  colored,  and  joined  abruptly  to  the 
blue  lunule ;  the  black  border  of  the  hind  wings  on  the  under  side  much  broader, 
the  blue  spots  more  distinct,  and  placed  almost  in  the  middle  of  the  black  ground, 
the  outer  ones  accompanied  by  few  yellow  atoms,  and  the  cells  of  both  wings 
longer. 

To  this  may  be  added  that  the  black  marginal  border  of  hind  wings  n  upper 
side  is  considerably  broader  than  Machaon,  if  I  may  judge  by  3  ,f  of  Hippoc- 
rates, from  Jap  >.n,  before  me.  In  all  these  this  border  is  nearly  straight-edged 
on  the  inner  side,  and  almost  touches  the  cell  in  two  examples,  and  quite 
touches  it  in  the  other ;  and  the  tails,  beside  being  longer,  are  not  tapering  as  in 
Machaon,  but  are  of  nearly  even  v^-^.th  almost  to  the  extremity,  where  they  be- 
come broader,  or  sub-spatulate.     On  the  under  side  of  primaries  the  black  eel- 


PArnjo  VII. 


Iiiliir  epota  disnppoar  iilmost  entirely.  'I'lic  sln^li'  ft'iiiiilc  Iflppncnifi's  f  xmiiincd 
IniH  tlio  yi'Uow  iiri'ii  very  iimcli  rcstricti'tl  on  iippi-r  nidi',  all  tiic  di.scal  spots  on 
priiunric's  being  Heparated  l>y  wide  hlaek  spa.  ■««,  and  the  l)a.sal  area  i.s  lilack  to 
middle  of  eell ;  so  is  the  npaeo  between  eell  and  lower  braneh  of  median  ncrvnre 
to  both  margins,  except  a  small  yellow  triangle  at  the  extremity.  'I'lu're  is  the 
same  absence  of  black  in  eell  beneath  primaries  as  in  th(^  male.  All  of  both 
sexes  have  tlio  blaek  border  of  prininrios  scarcely,  if  nt  all,  dusted  yellow,  and 
all  show  the  bine  hinnle  meeting  the  fnlvous  anal  spot  with  no  intervening  color; 
on  secondaries  beneath,  the  black  jxirtion  of  the  border  to  hind  margin  is  very 
miK'li  b'ss  dusted  than  in  MurlKiou,  in  which  sjiecies  th<'  black  area  is  usually 
hidden  by  the  yellow  scales,  and  the  blno  HpotH  stand  in  the  middle  of  the  black, 
on  each  interspace. 

Much  of  Feliler's  description  will  apply  to  Orrtjoiiltt  as  contrasted  with  j\fii- 
vliaiiii ;  but  the  former  dilTers  from  7//y>y>orra^r.s  in  several  particidars.  In  Ore- 
(ji)iii(i  the  yellow  disoal  spots  of  ])rimaries  are  larger,  the  black  intervening 
sj)aces  being  narrower  than  in  Ilijijtncrrt/cs,  and  the  yellow  spots  in  the  cell  are 
iiotli  nuich  smaller;  the  yellow  area  is  broailer  on  secondaries,  and  as  in  MucIkuhi 
and  Zuliaion  ;  on  the  under  side  there  is  mnch  more  blaek  in  the  cells,  which  i.s 
ahont  as  in  Macfidon  ;  and  the  tails  art!  shorter,  narrow,  ami  not  snb-spatulate. 
''liese  are  i)ptween  ^fdchaon  and  JlippocrdteH  in  length  and  shape,  and  precisely 
as  in  ZoUvaon.  In  both  my  ^ ,  the  length  of  the  tail  measm'ed  on  posterior  side 
is  ..'j'2  inch  ;  the  three  Jllppocrafen  show  .44,  .48,  and  .54  inch,  respectively. 
In  fact,  Orc(j(i)iin  is  nearer  to  Zolicaon  than  to  either  of  the  others.  A  large 
ffuiale  of  the  last  nameil  species  in  my  collection,  expanding  very  nearly  iouv 
inches,  which  is  unusual,  placed  side  by  side  with  one  of  the  female  Ore<jo)ua, 
caiuiot  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the  a])pearance  of  the  upper  side,  except  by 
the  roinid  and  sej)arated  black  spot  in  the  fulvous  anal  spot,  while  in  Orcyonla 
the  corresponding  blaek  spot  is  a  contiiuiation  of  the  blaek  stri])e  which  edges 
the  inner  margin,  turned  in  and  thickened  so  as  to  have  an  oval  shape  rather 
than  roimd.  On  the  under  side  I  can  see  no  difference,  except  that  the  same 
black  spot  is  present  in  Zolicaon,  and  the  cell  of  primaries  is  wholly  black,  with 
a  terminal  and  central  yellow  spot.  There  is  a  marked  diilereiice,  however, 
l)etween  the  bodies  in  these  two  .species,  in  Zolicaon  the  whole  abdomen  being 
black,  with  only  a  yellow  side  stripe,  whereas  in  Oreyonia  the  body  is  yellow, 
with  l)iack  on  dorsum  and  with  four  narrow  "  lack  stripes  on  sides  and  beneath, 
just  as  in  Machnon.  Oregonia  bears  niucli  the  .same  relation  to  ZoJlvaini  which 
Ilippocraks  bears  to  Mdchaon.  In  the  same  district  with  Oregonia,  Machaoii 
also  Hies,  of  the  same  type  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  Alaskan  examples,  which 
are  very  like  Var.  AsiaficuH,  Menetriiis. 


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PAPILIO  VIII. 


PAPILIO    HREVICAUDA,  1-5. 

Papilio  Breuicai.(lti,  Saiuulcrs.     Packard's  Guide,  p.  245. 


1869. 


Primaries  moderately  produced,  costal  niiu-gin  much  curved  apically,  hind 
margin  much  rounded  ;  tails  short,  broad  at  base  ;  the  sexes  alike  in  shape  and 
markings. 

Malk.  —  p]xpands  about  3  inches. 

Upper  side  black  ;  primaries  have  a  sub-marginal  series  of  eight  small  yellow 
.spot.-^.  rounded  or  oval  ;  secondaries  have  a  similar  series  of  six  spots,  large, 
mostly  lunate  ;  a  common  yellow  band  crosses  the  disks,  composed  on  primaries 
of  eight  spots,  the  ypper  six  sub-triangular,  varying  in  size,  the  seventh  sub- 
quadrate,  the  eighth  a  narrow  stripe  ;  the  first  of  these  spots  has  a  circular 
incision  on  the  costal  side ;  a  stripe  or  a  rounded  spot  in  the  upper  sub-costid 
inters[iace  ;  the  inner  side  of  the  arc  of  coll  l)ordered  by  a  narrow  stripe  :  on 
.secondaries  the  band  consists  of  seven  spots  separated  only  by  the  black  ner- 
vurcs  ;  occasionally  the  outer  extr<,'mity  of  the  cell  is  also  yellow  ;  beyond  the 
band  are  dusters  of  blue  .scales  in  the  interspaces;  al)ove  the  incision  at  inner 
angle  is  a  fulvous  ring  on  the  upper  side  of  a  yellow  patch,  surmounted  by  a  blue 
crescent,  and  inclosing  a  rounded  black  spot  or  point;  fringes  yellow,  black  at 
tiio  ends  of  the  nervuU's. 

Under  .ide  blackish-brown  ;  the  spots  repeated,  and  all  but  those  of  the  sub- 
marginal  row  on  primaries  usually  more  or  less  suffused  with  fulvous,  individ- 
uals varying  gioatly  in  this  respect;  in  some  there  is  an  absence  of  fulvous  on 
|)riniaries,  and  bi;t  little  on  secondaries  ;  on  both  wings  the  space  between  the 
row  of  spots  and  the  band  is  dusted  with  yellow  scales,  most  densely  on  secon- 
daries, and  on  these  last  are  patches  of  blue  scales  at  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
yellow  on  each  interspace  ;  the  ring  at  the  angle  as  on  upper  side,  but  often  the 
black  spot  is  joined  by  a  ligament  to  the  black  edge  of  the  inner  margin. 

Body  black,  the  wing  covers  slightly  tinted  with  yellow;  upon  the  abdomen  is 
a  row  of  yellow  points  on  either  side  of  the  dorsum,  and  a  lateral  row  from  base 


PAPILIO    VIII. 


of  wing  to  last  sogment ;  logs  and  palpi  blaciv  ;   frontal  hairs  black,  as  are  also 
the  antLMnia). 

Female.  —  Expands  3.25  inches. 

Similar  to  tiio  male  in  shape  and  markings,  bnt  more  variable  in  color.  In 
the  typical  specimen,  which  is  a  female  (Figs.  3,  4),  from  Newfoundland,  the 
band  on  upper  side  is  wholly  of  deep  fnlvous,  e.vcept  the  first  spot,  which  is 
yellow  ;  on  .secondaries  the  anterior  edge  and  the  two  sides  of  each  spot  of  the 
band  are  yellow,  the  posterior  parts  only  being  fulvous,  and  of  a  less  intense 
shade  than  appears  on  primaries  ;  all  the  other  spots  on  both  wings  are  yellow, 
e.\ce[)t  the  one  at  outer  angle  of  secondaries,  which  is  partly  fulvous  ;  on  the 
under  side  the  sub-marginal  spots  of  primaries  are  yellow,  of  secondaries  partly 
fulvous;  the  band  on  prinuiries  is  fulvous  throughout,  and  on  secondaries  nearly 
so,  there  being  a  very  narrow  edging  of  yellow  to  each  spot,  except  on  the  pos- 
terior side  of  it. 

In  three  other  examples  from  Newfoundland,  sent  me  by  Mr.  Saunilers,  and  all 
of  which  are  females,  there  is  miixli  variation  in  the  extent  of  the  fulvous  col- 
oration on  the  upper  side.  One  of  these  (Fig.  5)  has  no  trace  of  fulvous  on 
.secondaries,  except  a  few  scales  on  a  single  s[)ot  of  the  disk,  while  on  primaries 
the  four  posterior  s})ot-'  of  the  band  are  fulvous,  except  a  narrow  edge  of  yellow 
on  the  basal  side  of  each.  The  second  has  a  slight  wash  of  fulvous  over  each 
spot  of  the  band  and  on  both  wings  ;  and  the  third  has  all  the  spots  of  the  l)and 
deep  fulvous,  ex(!ept  only  those  next  the  costa  of  eaoh  wing,  which  are  yellow. 
The  Newfoundland  specimens  show  far  more  fulvous  as  a  rule  than  those  from 
Anticosti.  These  last  most  often  have  none  of  that  color  upon  the  upper  side, 
but  some  are  partly  sull'used  with  it. 

Edd.  —  Spherical,  tlattcned  at  base,  smooth  ;  pale  yellow. 

"  The  young  larvie  are  black  when  they  issue  from  the  egg,  but  the  whiti.sh 
patch  on  middle  segments  can  be  distinguished  at  this  stage.  At  about  a  week 
old  they  are  Ijlack,  nnd  the  patch  is  pale  yellow,  mottled  with  black  ;  surface 
covered  with  short  tubercles.  At  the  next  stage,  the  length  being  .25  in.,  the 
color  is  dark  brown,  and  the  patch  is  replaced  by  a  whitish  band  which  encircles 
the  body,  and  is  mottled  with  black."     (Mr.  Wm.  Couper  in  lit.) 

Matuue  Larva.  —  Length  1-5  inch. 

Cylindrical,  slender,  thickest  at  third  and  fourth  .segments,  tapering  slightly 
from  fourth  to  the  last,  and  rapidly  from  third  to  the  head  ;  when  at  rest  the 
head  is  drawn  partly  within  the  second,  and  all  the  anterior  segments  are  con- 
tracted, the  dorsum  being  arched  ;  the  middle  of  each  segment  crossed  trans- 
versely by  a  black  stripe,  which  is  complete  on  second  to  fifth,  but  from  sixth  to 
twelfth  is  broken  into  three  spots,  the  central  or  dorsal  being  round,  the  others 


PAPILIO    VIII. 

aros  of  circles,  the  curve  in  front;  l)olow  these  stripes  and  in  same  Hne,  from  third 
to  last  .s('i,'inent,  is  ii  spot  on  each,  which  on  third  and  fourth  is  lunate,  but  from 
fifth  to  twelfth  is  a  right-angled  triangle,  one  of  the  short  sides  being  in  line  with 
th(f  posterior  edge  of  the  stripe,  the  other  parallel  with  the  line  of  the  stiguiata ; 
tbcie  is  also  an  infra-stiguuital  row  of  spots,  one  on  each  segment  after  the  first, 
and  there  is  a  single  spot  on  eacii  leg  and  pro-leg ;  the  last  segment  has  three  spots 
on  dorsal  line,  the  central  round,  the  otiiers  abbreviated  stripes  ;  one  such  stripe 
also  on  either  side ;  at  the  intersection  of  the  segments  from  second  to  last,  a 
Ijlack  stripe  crosses  the  dorsum  and  ends  midway  down  the  side  ;  color  bright  pea- 
green,  ciianging  to  yellow-green  on  sides  and  beneatii ;  the  legs  tipped  with  black  ; 
iiead  ob-ovate,  yellow-green,  striped  vertically  with  black  ;  retractile  horns  bright 
yellow.  (From  an  example  preserved  in  alcohol,  and  from  Mr.  Couper,  in  lit. 
Fiji-.  0.) 


Bremcaudu  was  first  made  known  by  Professor  Packard,  who  prefaced  Mr. 
Sfumders'  description  by  these  words  :  "  Mr.  Saunders  has  received  from  St.  Johns, 
Newfoundland,  several  specimens  of  a  l)uttertly,  one  of  which  I  have  before  me, 
and  which  seems  to  be  a  very  remarkable  variety  of  Asterias."  The  next  notice 
on  record  is  from  Mr.  Cou])er,  in  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  202,  Nov.  ]<S72,  who,  in 
a  [lapor  on  the  insects  taken  by  him  that  year  on  the  Island  of  Anticosti,  mentions 
having  four  specimens  of  this  butterfly.  In  ISTt!,  Mr.  Couper  again  visited  this 
island,  an<l  succeeding  in  taking  many  more,  as  well  as  in  discovering  the  larva 
and  egg.  In  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  VI..  n.  .")•!,  for  February,  1874,  he  says  that  he  had 
Ibrnicrly  taken  a  single  specimen  iA'  Jlrcvicanda  ou  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  that 
be  iiad  made  inquiries  as  to  its  existence  in  Newfoundland,  and  is  .satisfied  that  it 
is  a  rare  species  on  that  island  ;  qvioting  from  a  correspondent,  who  states  that  he 
bad  seen  but  one  specimen  in  three  seasons,  and  fiu'ther,  that  he  had  heard  of  this 
bult'Tlly  at  Cod  Itoy,  on  the  western  coast,  and  at  Notre  Dame  Bay,  on  the  north 
of  the  i.sland.  Mr.  Couper  continues:  '•  I  am  confident  that  it  i)ecomes  rare  as 
we  proceed  down  the  .south  coast  of  Labrador  towards  the  Straits  of  Helle  Isle. 
\\-<  true  habitat  is  the  island  of  Anticosti,  where  it  occurs  more  al)undantly  than 
in  Labrador  or  Newfoundland.  It  is  met  with  occasionally  at  Mingan,  but  more 
i-specially  at  the  mouths  of  rivers  east  of  Seven  Islands."  Mr.  Couper  has  kindly 
Inrnished  me  extracts  from  his  note-book  as  follows  :  "  lirevlcnnda  was  noticed 
and  a  specimen  taken  at  Ellis  Bay,  14th  June.  From  the  latter  date,  as  the 
weather  became  warm,  forty  specimens  were  taken  up  to  2r)th  June.  The  female 
deposited  eggs,  25th  June,  on  Archangelica  purpurea  (see  Plate),  and  I  have 
also  found  eggs  on  Ileracleum  lanatum,  but  the  former  plant  is  its  principal  food, 
■uid  occiu's  abundantly  throughout  the  island.     The  egg  is  laid  singly  on  the 


PAPILIO    VIII. 


upper  surfuco  of  tlic  l»'iif  near  tlic  nlgi',  wlicro  it  is  I'xposoil  (o  the  full  force  of 
the  sini's  liciit.  0\\  tlic  Kitli  ,Tulv,  1  found  .young  Inrvio,  about  ten  days  old, 
fetMliuir  on  the  u|)per  ciitick'  of  tin;  leaf  To  ])n)curo  the  complete  hiHtory  of 
this  hipilio,  it  would  he  necessarv  for  an  entomologist  to  remain  on  the  island 
from  Mav  till  August.  1  arrived  at  Ellis  Hay  on  14th  June,  and  left  at  the  end 
of  July.  Therefore  1  had  no  chance  of  obtaining  a  chrysali.i.  which  could  only 
be  had  in  the  first  week  in  .\iigiist.  1  took  the  largest  caterpillars  I  could  find 
before  I  left,  and  which  had  passed  their  last  moult.  ]{y  the  time  the  adult  larviB 
arc  ready  to  go  into  chrysalis,  the  Aveather  becomes  cold,  and  the  hirvao  at  the 
l)egiuniiig  of  August  are  of  various  sizes.  The  uiidergrown  ones  hide  in  the  leaves 
of  their  ibud-plants  during  the  cold  nights,  and  feed  during  the  day,  and  i)V  the 
middle  of  the  month,  probably,  all  have  matured  and  changed  to  chrysalids." 
Mr.  Couper  writes  again,  April,  1875:  "  Brevicauda  was  sent  nie  last  season  from 
Perce,  in  the  district  of  (Jaspe.  on  the  south  coast  of  the  Trulf.  opposite  Anti- 
costi,  and  aliout  sevi-uty  miles  sea  distance  from  that  island.  It  occurs  to  me 
that  as  the  western  portion  of  Newfoiiiidlaud  is  only  one  hundred  miles  from  the 
east  end  of  Anticosti.  the  butterfly  may  occasionally  cross  over.  But  alter  all 
my  correspondence  with  two  intelligent  gentlenuMi  in  Newfoundland,  I  cannot 
obtain  a  specimen  taken  there.  Although  long  resident,  these  gentlemen  have 
never  seen  lireiucfiiit/d.  I  Itelieve  Anticosti  to  be  the  true  home  of  tlie  species." 
And  later,  "Two  specinuMis  oi'  Jirericciiida  have  been  taken  this  summer  at  God- 
boiit  Hiver.  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence." 

Ill  the  Knt.  Mo.  Mag.  for  Apvil.  IST^"),  p.  244,  Vol.  XI.,  is  a  mention  by  Mr. 
H.  ^y.  Bates,  of  Jirevlcfiitfln,  as  taken  by  Mr.  Milne,  at  Betts  Cove  and  Terra 
Nova  River,  Newfoundland. 

It  is  sur]irising  that  a  new  species  of  Pajulio  should  be  discovered  at  this  late 
day  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  great  credit  is  due  Mr.  Cou|)er  for  the  pains  he 
has  taken  to  elucidate  its  life-history.  It  .stands  midway  between  two  groups, 
that  of  Machdoii,  represented  on  this  continent  by  its  variety  Aliaska  and  by 
Zollrrion  on  the  one  hand,  and  Asferlas  and  its  allies  on  the  other.  It  resembles 
Alidxhi  in  shape,  the  fore  wings  bi'ing  le.ss  (dongated  than  in  Asterlds.  and  their 
hind  margins  being  convex  instead  of  straight  or  concave.  The  hind  wings  are 
also  less  elongated,  and  the  tails  are  shorter,  and  are  like  those  of  Alliisl-a.  .More- 
over, the  sexes  are  alike  in  color  and  markings,  as  is  the  rule  with  all  the  Ma- 
clidon  group,  but  not  with  Asfcrins,  in  which  the  diflerence  between  the  sexes  in 
these  respects  is  conspicuous.  Bnt  the  basal  area  of  the  hind  wings  is  black,  as 
in  Asfrrldfi.  whereas  in  the  other  grou])  it  is  yellow;  and  the  abdomen  is  marked 
by  rows  of  yellow  dots  as  in  /l.s•^'m^s•  also,  while  in  Mnchnnn  and  its  allies  the 
abdomen  is  striped  longitudinally  with  black  and  yellow.  The  yellow  bands  of 
the  wings  are  similarly  disposed  in  both  groups,  but  their  suffusion  with  fulvous 


PAPILIO   VIII. 


Ls  ii  peculiarity  which  Dremcauda  shares  only  with  the  Asteriaa  group.  The 
mature  larva  diflbrs  from  tluit  of  Asterlas,  Zolicaon,  or  Machaon,  in  the  absence 
of  the  yctloio  or  orange  spots  which  ornament  those  species,  and  the  black  stripes 
(ire  more  broken.  The  caterpillar  of  Aliaska  is  unknown,  but  is  probably  closely 
like  that,  of  Machaon. 

Mr.  Bates,  in  the  paper  before  quoted,  considered  Brevicauda  as  a  local  form 
of  Asterias,  but  on  my  pointing  out  the  difiercnces  between  the  two,  ho  replies 
that  Mr.  Milne's  specimens  were  so  much  damaged  that  a  complete  comparison 
{■(lulil  not  be  made,  but  that  on  my  representation,  ••  there  cannot  be  any  doubt 
of  JJreincniida  being  a  good  species,  quite  as  distinct  from  Asterias  as  the  Corsi- 
caii  P.  Iloxpilon  is  from  Machaon." 

Aliaska  Hies  over  the  northern  portion  of  the  continent  from  east  of  Hudson's 
Bay  to  the  Pacific,  and  the  range  of  Asterias  is  from  Canada  to  Mexico  and  from 
oci'iin  to  ocean.  It  is  therefore  the  more  remarkable  that  Brevicauda  should 
l)u  restricted  to  two  i.slnnds  on  the  coast,  being  also  excessively  rare  on  one  of 
them,  and  to  a  limited  district  on  the  adjoining  mainland.  One  may  naturally 
ask,  how  happens  it  that  a  species  midway  between  two  others  which  divide  be- 
tween them  the  continent,  should  be  found  thus  restricted.  Its  peculiarities  pre- 
clude the  idea  that  it  can  be  a  mere  offshoot  from  either  of  the  species  named, 
for  in  such  case,  while  it  would  agree  in  part  with  the  parent  stock,  the  points 
of  divergence  would  not  be  just  so  many  points  of  agreement  with  any  other 
species,  and  most  especially  with  the  only  other  at  all  allied  to  it  which  is  to  be 
found  in  its  district.     The  variation  would  take  a  new  direction  rather. 

TIktc  are  two  ways  of  accounting  for  this  phenomenon  ;  first,  that  Brevicauda 
iuis  originated  in  hybridism  between  tlie  two  species  named.  A  brood  being 
liyliridized,  its  members  have  proved  fertile,  have  increased  moderately,  and  have 
been  prevented  by  segregation  on  the  islands  from  subsequent  intercrossing  with 
either  parent  stock.  By  this  means  the  individuals  now  existing  have  become 
essentially  alike.  Segregation  again  has  originated  and  perpetuated  certain 
minor  ilifl'erences  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  islands,  as  in  color,  those 
on  one  being  mostly  yellow,  on  the  other  fulvous.  And  from  the  islands  the 
main-land  is  now  colonized. 

Or,  .second,  Brevicauda  represents  an  ancient,  dominating,  now  almost  extinct 
species,  from  which  Asterias  and  Machaon  have  naturally  descended,  and  each 
of  which,  in  process  of  time,  has  thrown  off  one  and  another  variety,  some  of 
wiiioh,  favored  by  circunistances,  have  become  permanent,  and  now  constitute 
the  group  which  gathers  about  its  intermediate  stock. 

This  liist  seems  to  me  a  reasonable  and  probable  statement  of  the  relationship 
of  these  several  species. 


ll.lll  (  ' 


\i?oO'}i;  )i 


llUlilllil'li-il 


I.    I. 


iilhv        r 


l.iiT'i  nl'lir 


//      f'/lf  lf.Sil/fS  . 


/     l„.o/ 


VIM 


A.ii:.H> 


V    'iVfiU' 


4';!!»i^..  .K^i  -yjtw      ,-;^J!j 


PAPILIO  VIII.    B. 


I'APILIO   HKKVICAUDA. 


EoG.  —  Spherical,  flattened  at  base ;  pnle  yellow.     (Fig.  a.) 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  .1  inch  ;  cylindrical,  the  anterior  segments  thickest, 
ami  a  little  arched  ;  color  pale  black  ;  a  white  patch  on  dorsum,  on  segment  8 
and  part  of  7  ;  the  spines  are  in  ,'ix  rows,  one  sub-dorsal  and  two  on  either  ide ; 
tiu'se  arc  black  and  rise  fron\  pale  yellow  tubercles,  each  sending  out  a  few  black 
hairs;  head  black,  pilose.     (Fig-  6.) 

After  first  moult :  length  .'2')  imh  ;  color  black-b'-own.  the  ))aich  white  and 
I'vtt'iiding  well  down  .'ither  side;  the  spines  as  before,  their  bases  pair  yellow; 
iuiid  black,  »ihining,  with  a  white  spot  in  front  and  one  on  (>ither  side.     (Fig.  v.) 

After  wcond  moult :  length  .4  inch  ;  color  black,  the  patch  as  before  ;  while 
marks  over  tlie  feet;  tiie  biuses  of  the  si)ines  chiume-yellow ;  head  as  at  previous 
,-t.ige.     (Fig.  rf.) 

After  third  moult :  length  .8  inch  ;  color  black,  with  narrow  white  stripes  at 
tiie  junctions  of  the  segments;  white  al.xo  on  the  sides  of  7  and  8,  but  not  on 
dorsum  ;  white  points  on  tlie  Inst  .segment  and  over  feet;  the  yellow  at  ba.ses  of 
sjiiut's  is  brighter;  liead  as  before.     (Fig.  «•.) 

Alter  fourth  moult:  length  1.1  inch,  and  readied  1.5  inch  at  maturity. 

MATl'ltK  LvitVA.  —  licngtli  1.5  inch;  cylindrical,  slender,  thickest  at  third  and 
fourth  segments,  tapering  slightly  from  four  to  last,  and  rapidly  toward  the 
litad  ;  the  surface  smooth,  the  tubercles  of  previous  stages  being  suppies.sed, 
except  those  of  the  two  dorsal  i  ows  which  i^re  reduced  and  scarcely  elevated, 
and  under  the  glass  -ire  seen  to  have  a  pencil  of  very  .«Iiort  hairs  each  ;  wiieii  at 
rest  the  anterior  segments  are  contracted  and  atched  ;  the  middle  of  each,  from 
two  to  twelve,  crossed  by  a  black  stripe  or  narrow  band,  broken  on  the  middle  of 
.side  after  five;  from  four,  divided  a  second  time  near  its  extremity,  a  triangular 
section  being  cut  off  on  the  posterior  side;  on  thirteen  the  band  is  divided  into 
three  spot.s,  the  central  or  dorsal  one  being  rounded;  behind  the.se  are  two  sub- 


PAPILIO    VIII.    B. 

dorsal  round  spots,  nnd  on  either  side  a  long  oblique  mark;  the  anal  shield  black  ; 
there  is  also  a  black  stripe  between  each  pair  of  se;;inent.x,  broadest  on  dorsum 
and  diminishing  to  the  middle  of  the  side  where  it  disappears;  these  are  scarcely 
visible  except  when  the  larva  is  in  motion  ;  there  is  also  a  line  of  small  black 
spots  along  base  of  body,  one  on  each  segment  from  2  to  (5,  and  on  11  to  lo.  two 
on  7  to  10,  and  there  is  a  spot  over  each  foot  and  pro-leg ;  on  each  side  are  three 
rows  of  chrome-yellow  spotp,  those  of  the  two  sub-dorsal  rows  being  round  and 
placed  just  within  the  tubercles,  and  on  the  front  edges  of  the  bands  ;  so  the 
spots  of  the  other  rows  on  segments  three  to  five  are  on  the  fronts  of  the  bands; 
but  after  this  they  divide  them,  the  middle  row  being  round,  the  lower  row 
straight  and  oblique,  filling  the  space  between  the  band  and  triangle;  feet  tipped 
black;  color  of  body  bright  pen-green,  changing  to  yellow-green  on  the  sides; 
or  a  creaniy-wliite  tinted  dorsaily  wifli  delicate  green,  fading  into  white  on  the 
sides ;  head  obovate,  either  yellow-green  or  pale  green,  marked  in  front  by  two 
oblique  black  stripes  which  nearly  meet  at  top  ;  two  others  on  the  sides,  nnd  be- 
tween the  front  and  side  stripes  at  base  is  a  sliort  narrow  stiipe  ;  on  lower  front 
face  a  roundt'd  black  spot ;  the  retractile  horns  briglit  yellow.     (Figs./*,  y^.) 

Another  larva  at  maturity  was  black,  with  white  lines  between  the  segments, 
and  pale  green  between  some  of  fliem,  especially  the  anterio»  ones  'ind  the  last 
two;  much  white  along  base  of  body.     (Fig./'\) 

CnKVyALis.  —  Length  1  inch  ;  greatest  breadth  .J>  inch  ;  cylindrical,  thickest 
in  middle ;  the  surface  rough,  corrugated  ;  head-case  produced,  ending  in  two 
Mib-triangid,ir  proce.«ses,  tiie  space  between  them  concave  ;  mesonotum  promi- 
nent, pointed  forward,  sub-pyramidal  ;  color  green,  on  dorsum  yellowish,  on  ven- 
tral side  pale  ;  the  wing-cases  dark  ;  on  abdomen  two  sub-dorsal  rows  of  small 
rounded  tubercles.     (Fig.  fj.) 


On  Phitc  VIII.  the  mature  larva  of  Brrelcmtda  was  figured,  bii.  incorrectly  in 
one  particular,  as  nilerwarOs  discovered,  the  yellow  spots  hiving  been  omittrd. 
In  187S,  Mr.  Coupcr  visited  (Jodbout.  on  Lower  St  Iiawrtuce,  north  shore,  nnd 
p;;i(i  especiid  attention  io  this  Initter'ly  .md  its  preparatory  stages,  taking  notes 
of  each.  He  also  preserved  each  larval  stage  i  i  a'-obol.  and  on  his  ret>irn  put 
the  notes  and  material  in  my  hands.  Later  in  the  season  he  sent  me  two  living 
chrysalids.  from  wlii"h  the  JMiltcrflies  emerged  at  Coalbnrgli  the  following  sjtring 
The  ciirysalis  on  the  Plate  is  drawn  from  life  ;  the  larvie  from  llie  alcoholic  ex- 
amples. In  these  the  markings  are  as  distinct  as  when  alive,  but  for  (he  ''olora- 
tioii,  except  when  blaik,  the  notes  i.f  Mr.  Couper  liave  guided  the  colorist.  Tiie 
yellow  spots  had  completely  disiip|»(  ,ired  in  the  alcohol.  Mr.  t'ouper  wrote  as 
follows  :   "  This  butterlly  was  rare  at  Uodbout  in  summer  of  1878,  only  about  a 


PAPILIO    VIII.     B. 

dozen  being  seen  on  n  long  range  of  const.  The  first  were  noticed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  Jiini'.  1  think  the  rnrity  was  produced  by  tlie  want  of  the  usual  snow- 
fall the  ])revious  winter.  The  depth  of  snow  is  usually  nine  feet,  but  was  only 
about  two  feet  on  the  north  shore  in  the  winter  of  1877-78.  Tlie  food  plants, 
niiiru'ly,  Angelica  peregrina  (not  pui'purm,  as  stated  in  the  text  to  Plate  VIII.), 
i\iiil  the  wild  parsley  were  retarded  by  the  cold  weather.  The  first  eggs  were 
deposited  14th  June,  but  a  second  batch  was  laid  aiwut  middle  of  July.  I 
lironght  larvaj  with  nie  to  Montreal  in  jelly  glas.ses,  and  after  the  Angelica  was 
exliaustt'd,  I  fed  them  on  wild  parsley;  but  they  eat  very  little  of  it  and  all 
dwindled  away  and  died.  Hut  my  friend,  Mr.  Napoleon  Connea'i,  of  Godbout, 
had  some  of  the  larvtc,  and  has  since  written  me  that  although  his  iirst  trial  with 
the  caterpillars  was  not  successful,  he  has  now  four  which  are  progressing  favor- 
ably." Tlie.se  caterpillars  reached  chrysalis,  and  two  of  them  were  sent  me  by 
Mr.  Couper,  as  I  have  mentioned. 

1  anj  |deased  at  being  able  to  represent  tlie  preparatory  stages  of  Urevlcauda 
ill  full,  together  with  its  food  plant,  Angelica  peregrina,  and  to  give  its  history  as 
vdikod  out  so  successfully  by  Mr.  Couper. 


•NdiK.  Some  delay  in  iho  i>sue  of  (lit!  present  Part  given  m«  an  opp.-r  unity  to  add  furtlicr 
inl'i<riii;i:!iin  rei«|>e('tiiig  li: evicauda  and  it«  history,  kindly  conlrihiited  liy  Mr.  Mead. 

New   Yokk,  September  2.*},  1880. 

Dkau  Mu.  Enw\UDS, —  During  my  recent  »tf\.y  of  three  weeks  in  Newfound- 
liiiiil.  I  wax  very  .",ucce.''sful  in  obtaining  caterpillars  of  P.  Brci^inutdn  along  the 
■chores  of  both  Conception  and  Placentia  IJays.  on  ♦he  peninsula  f)f  Avalon,  which 
was  the  only  part  of  tin;  island  visited.  In  cliiiii)ing  a  mountain  at  Topsail, 
t'vclve  miles  from  St.  John's,  I  noticed  one  of  these  butterflies  sailing  about  the 
incky  summit,  very  much  as  P  fiidra  is  always  seen  to  do  in  ihc  Sierra  Nevaila. 
Like  that  species,  it  ipade  long  flights,  rarely  alighting,  but  apparently  reconiioi- 
ii-ring  the  wiiole  mountain,  as  if  in  search  of  plants  on  wl.ich  to  lay  its  eggs, 
t'liase  would  have  been  tiseless,  so  stationing  my.self  on  what  appeared  to  be  an 

ttractive  grassy  spot  among  the  rocks,  T  waited  'for  'he  in.sect  and  captured  it 
the  wing.     It  proved  to  be  a  female  ;  so  conliiiing    it    in   a   bo.x   uninjured,  I 

iiiide  diligent  search  for  plants  on  which  it  might  lay  eggs.  But  umbelliferous 
ulaiits  seemed  very  scarce  ihro'ugliout  the  country,  and  it  was  only  by  good  for- 
tune that  I  noticed  an  Angelica  growing  in  a  field  as  we  drove  back  toward  ^l. 
bilin's.  Till!  biMieifly  was  confined  with  a  stem  of  this  plant,  and  laid  nine  eggs 
and  then  escaped  None  of  the  eggs  hatched,  however.  This  failure  I  attribute 
ill  their  having  been  kept  from  the  sunlight,  for  the  caterpillars  afterwards 


:i 

Oil 

I 


PAPILIO    VI) I.    B. 

found  seemed  very  susceptible   to  cold  and   prolonged  darkness  or  close  confine- 
ment of  nny  kind. 

The  first  caterpillars  were  found  at  Holyrood.  at  the  head  of  Conception 
Bay,  upon  cultivated  parsnips.  Tiiis  was  on  the  2Sth  July,  and  thougii  some  o( 
the  cater|)illars  were  in  the  last  stage,  the  majority  of  them  were  young.  In  a 
drive  of  thirty  miles  across  the  peninsula  to  I'lacentia  Hay  I  found  no  JJrcriamda 
at  points  in  the  interior.  Near  I'lacentia.  however,  there  were  large  patches  of 
Angelica,  on  which  1  found  a  few  larvii\  In  the  kitchen  gardens  of  the  vil- 
lagers one  or  two  larva)  were  on  almost  every  parsnip  plant,  and  in  a  small  field 
overgrown  with  wild  parsley  I  obtained  nearly  two  hundred  in  the  course  ol 
one  afternoon.  This  was  during  the  first  wttk  in  August,  and  nearly  all  the 
larvie  were  past  the  third  or  fourth  moult.  Not  having  e.\pe<'ted  such  good 
fortune.  1  was  ol)liged  to  nearly  fill  my  butterlly  collecting  box  with  them,  and 
carry  it  altout  a  mile  to  my  lodgings.  Even  tiiis  short  confinement  killed  sev- 
eral of  the  larvic  aiVl  reduced  many  more  to  a  state  of  insensihility.  In  their 
natural  condition,  they  either  rest  upon  the  leaves  in  full  suuligiit,  or  bask  upon 
the  stones  and  coarse  gravel  among  which  their  food  plants  grow.  These  stones 
are  often  heated  by  the  sun  dining  the  day  to  a  temperature  of  90°  to  100°  F., 
and  retain  a  part  of  the  warmth  overnight. 

These  caterpillars  were  large,  measuring  two  inches  in  length  when  nt  rest. 
The  colors  in  all  were  clear  ap|>le-green  and  black,  with  dots  of  orange-yellow 
dis])osed  as  figured  on  your  Plate,  and  showing  all  intergrades  between  the  varie- 
ties repre.^entcd  at  /",  and  /'.  The  larva>  did  not  seem  to  object  to  change  of 
food,  but  eat  wild  pan^ley,  Angelica,  or  parsnip  abnost  indill'erently. 

From  about  tJiree  hundred  caterpillars  I  ol>taincd  about  one  hundred  chrysa- 
lids  before  leaving  Newlbundland.  They  vary  Irom  1.1  to  l.t  inches  in  length. 
Fifty-three  are  green  and  yellow,  as  shown  on  the  Plate,  (ifly-nine  are  black  or 
dark  brown,  uuirked  with  light  wood-brown,  and  two  are  intermediate  between 
green  an  1  brown.  One  chrysalis  gave  butterfiy  within  a  week  of  my  return, 
thus  not  having  been  in  eluysalis  more  ti;an  eighteen  days.  This  was  a  fine 
female,  e.xpanding  a  little  over  three  inches,  and  resemi)iing  Kig.  5,  Plate  VIII., 
in  its  color  and  markings.  Four  more  have  just  enterged,  all  males;  two  of  them 
show  a  little  fulvous  suffusion,  while  the  others  are  like  Fig.  1. 

Yours  very  truly, 

TIIICODOKK    L.   MEAD. 


It  is  eviilent  from  this  commimication  of  Mr.  ^fead  that  lirrv'ivaudn  is  a  com- 
mon species  in  .■southern  Newfomnlland,  at  least.  Also  tliat  it  might  easily  be- 
come double-brooded,  if  the  length  of  the  season  permitted,  or  if  it  becatno  uccli- 
nuited  in  a  more  southern  latitude. 


^ 


vV 


// 


fl 


Soi..  I. 


I'll 

sliort 
Bnr 

M; 

largo 
liavo 

times 
of  cii 
iiiiiro 

illC  C( 

is  a  r 

and  ! 
(Ill  it; 
low  (• 
ahovti 
of  th 
round 
eniarjL 

UlK 

o)ilarj] 
also  tl 


hut  01 

of  cat 

Bod 


PAPILIO  IX. 


PAriLKJ   INDRA,   1—4. 

/'a/iilio  Inilrn,  Itenkirt,  Proc.  Erit.  Soc.  I'liil.,  VI.,  p.  123,  <f,  I8fii>.     I'litnain,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  NaL 
Soi.,  I.,  pi.  35,  V,  1876. 

PiiiMARiES  modonitely  produced  j  co.stal  margin  much  curved  near  apex;  hind 
iimrjjin  in  mule  either  slightly  excavated  or  sinuous,  in  female  straight ;  tails 
.short,  broad  at  base ;  the  sexes  alike  in  color  and  marking.s ;  clo.sely  allied  to 
Brccicmula. 

Mai,k.  —  Expands  3  inches. 

Upper  side  black  ;  primaries  have  a  submarginal  series  of  small  yellow  spots, 
larffest  anteriorly  and  regularly  diminishing  in  size  (o  inner  angle  ;  secondaries 
have  n  similar  series  of  six  sjtots,  mostly  lunate,  the  one  at  outi-r  angle  .some- 
times oh.iolete  ;  a  conunon  yellow  band  cros.ses  the  disks,  on  j)rimaries  compo.sed 
of  eight  spots,  the  upper  six  triangular,  the  .seventh  sub-quadrate,  the  eighth  a 
narrow  l)ar  on  inner  margin  ;  the  first  of  the.se  spots  has  a  cirmdar  incisicm  on 
the  co.stal  siile,  j)erhaps  cutting  quite  acro.ss  ;  on  the  ui)pi'r  sulieostal  interspace 
is  a  rounded  sj)ot ;  on  the  iiuier  side  of  the  arc  of  cell  a  narrow  bar  or  stripe, 
and  a  .small  patch  within  the  cell ;  on  secondaries  the  banci  is  nearly  straight 
on  its  inner  side,  or  a  little  excavated,  and  consists  of  eight  spots,  the  yel- 
low extremity  of  the  cell  counting  as  on(^  ;  beyond  are  clusters  of  lilue  .scales; 
above  the  incision  at  inner  angle  is  an  orange-fulvous  ring,  edged  on  the  side 
of  the  incision  by  yellow,  surmounted  l)y  a  blue  crescent,  anil  inclosing  a 
roimdcd  black  spot ;  fringes  of  primaries  black,  of  secondaries  black,  in  the 
eiiuirginations  yellow. 

Under  .side  paler  black,  the  spots  repeated,  pah-r  colored,  the  submarginal  spots 
enlarged  ;  those  at  the  angles  on  secondaries  more  or  less  cov(;red  with  orange  ; 
also  the  spots  on  lower  di.scoidal  and  up[)er  median  interspaces  are  tipped  with 
orange;  the  black  urea  between  the  spots  and  band,  on  primaries,  innnaculate, 
but  on  secondaries  this  area  is  dusted  with  blue  or  purple  scales,  and  the  middle 
of  each  interspace  is  of  a  deeper  shade  of  black  than  elsewhere. 

IJody  black  ;  tho  wing  covers  deep  yellow  ;  the  abdomen  white  without  yel- 


PAI'ILIO    IX. 

low  cxcfpling  a  Intoral  pateli  nuiir  the  extremity  ;  legs,  palpi,  and  anleniiie 
Mack. 

FiMAi.i:. —  l'A|)nn(ls  •)  to  .1.5  inclics. 

Similar  to  tlu'  iiiaK*  'ii  color  and  inarkiiij^s  ;  tlio  sulimar^'iiial  spot.-*  of  soconda- 
rios  In-low  more  or  less  oranj^'c-tiiitcd  ;  hut  in  some  examples  the  orange  is  con- 
fined lo  ilir  two  cxtrcnu-  spots,  as  in  the  niiile. 


This  species  is  as  31't  exceedinj^ly  rare  in  collections.  Mr.  James  Ridings 
hroiighl  from  Colorado,  in  1804,  two  males,  one  of  which  came  into  my  posses- 
sion iind  is  lin;iiied  on  the  Plate,  and  the  other  was  descrihed  liy  Mr.  Heakirt, 
and  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Entomolo<^ical  Scx'iety.  at  IMiiladelphia.  Two 
femah's  were  tiiken  hy  Mr.  J.  Duncan  Putnam,  in  Clear  Creek  Canon,  ahove 
Ciolden  City.  Cidorado,  in  1S72.  anri  one  of  these  has  been  kindly  loaned  me  for 
illiistnition.  The  other  is  fij,nired  in  the  proceediiiirs  of  the  Davenport  Academy, 
and  seems  to  li.ive  had  no  tiiil  whatever,  —  merely  a  dentation  a  little  more 
prominent  tluiii  elsewhere.  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Henry  Kdwards  is  a  female 
taken  in  Tuolumne  County,  on  the  rim  of  the  Yo  Semite  Valley,  and  a  male 
found  on  Mount  St.  Heli-nn.  in  Napa  ('onnty.  These  were  the  only  exiimples 
known  to  ns  at  the  hej^iuiiinj;  of  1.S77.  Mr.  Eilwards  wrote  nie  in  Jidy.  as  fol- 
lows: '•  1  went  lip  to  the  Sierras  on  !>th  July  and  stopped  at  the  Summit  Station, 
7.-<l<t  feet  idiove  the  sen.  The  second  ilay  after  my  arrivid  I  saw.  cIos(>  to  the 
house,  an  Iiidra  on  the  winjr.  and  the  tiext  day  I  climbed  to  the  top  of  one  of 
the  highest  peaks  in  the  region,  that  is,  to  an  altitude  of  8,000  or  8,200  feet. 
Sporting  about  on  the  top  of  this  jieak,  the  jjlatean  being  about  thirty  yards  by 
ten  in  area,  were  three  griind  Iiidrii.  Rut  the  wind  was  blowing  fearfully,  and 
they  were  constantly  cIuiscm'  by  \'iinessas  Curdui  and  C'lrifr.  and  it  was  utterly 
impossible  fur  me  to  catch  one  of  them.  They  were  very  wild  and  over  the 
edge  of  the  clill'.  which  was  quite  precipitous,  in  a  moment,  forbidding  the  len.st 
ajiproach.  1  had  to  go  home  the  lU'Xt  day  and  had  no  chance  to  re])eat  my 
seiirch." 

After  the  p.ate  of  Tndrn  was  drawn,  1  received  from  Mr.  Edwards  a  fine  j.air 
of  this  species,  iind  as  the  I'emale  was  larger  than  the  exatn|)le  figured  I  regre  - 
ted  my  iuHbility  to  have  given  it  also.  Mr.  Edwards  writes:  "Among  som> 
insects  which  were  collected  by  a  young  friend  of  mine,  Heimann  Dwinelle,  who 
died  here  a  few  weeks  ago,  anrl  who  desired  that  the  whole  of  his  collection 
shoulil  be  St  n*  lo  im %  1  find  several  s])ecimens  of  Indrn.  taken  by  him  in  Shasta 
County,  in  July  of  the  present  year."  Mr.  Edwards  add.s  :  '-There  is  no  doubt 
that  the  Coast  Range  of  California  is  the  home  of  Indra,  and  that  all  exranples 


I'AriMO    IX. 


taki'ii  ill  our  Sit-rniH  and  in  ('oloiado.  Iiavc  strayi'il  rmiii  llicir  orijrinai  liirlli- 
plact'.  I  liiivo  Hoi'ii  it  now  from  McmlDciiio  ('(iiiiitv;  IVuin  Kiii^'lil's  Vallcv,  in 
SoiKiina  (!onnty  ;  and  flic  «'xaiii|)li's  taken  Ity  Mr.  Dwini-Iie  wciv  taken  iiciir  llm 
(i>^liiii;r-"'tati()ii.  McCloiid  Hivcr,  Siiasta  ('oiiiity.  Now  these  localities  are  all  in 
what  is  called  the  (.'oast  Hanj^e  (if  iniiniitaiiis,  lyiii^  far  west  of  tin-  Siena  Ne- 
vada, lint  connected  with  this  raiij,'e  here  and  there  Ity  rirlgos  of  hills.  Kni;,dit's 
\'alley  is  only  ahoiit  ;5')(Meet  above  tin;  sea,  .Met'loiid  River  ahoiit  l.tUKI.  and  the 
siiiinnit  of  the  Sierra,  where  1  saw  the  exain|iies  in  July,  al)oiil  S.IIOO,  so  that 
the  species  varies  inncli  as  to  its  altitiule.  " 

Mr.  Mead,  wiio  collueted  in  northern  Colorado  for  several  months,  in  |S7I,  did 
not  encounter  this  species  there,  nor  diil  Ijieiit.  \V.  fj.  ('ar|)enter,  I'.  S.  A.,  who 
siilise'^iieiitly  made  «'.\tensive  eolleetions.  Iiotli  in  iiortheiii  and  in  southern  Col- 
orado; and  Mr.  I[.  K.  Morrison,  who  hron^ht,  in  1S77,  an  immense  eolleetion  of 
iiiitterllies  from  .southern  Colorado,  saw  nothing  of  liit/rti.  Nor  has  it  ap|)eared 
fmni  New  Me.vico,  Arizona,  or  Montana.  The  metropolis  of  the  species  seeni.s 
to  !)('  in  western  (,'alifoniia,  as  stated  l»y  Mr.  Henry  Edwards. 

The  principal  diH'ereiieo  between  Indni  and  Jireoicniula,  apart  from  the  absen(;e 
of  oranjje  in  tJie  former,  and  the  presence  of  tlii.s  color  in  a  varied  ami  often  ex- 
cessive de<,'ree  in  the  latter,  ami  which  may  he  owin^'  to  climata!  effect,  consists 
in  the  markinjfs  of  the  ahdomeii  and  in  the  leiij^th  of  the  tail.  In  Imlra  the  ali- 
ilniMcii  of  the  male  is  wholly  Mack,  excepting  a  yellow  stripe  on  tiie  side  near 
cvtrcniity ;  in  the  female  this  is  shown  to  he  part  of  a  stripe  which  extends  the 
iciiirih  of  the  ahdomen.  l>ut  whicli.  except  just  at  the  extremity,  is  faint  and 
nearly  olisolete.  This  stripe  on  an  otherwise  hlack  i)ody  is  a  characteristic  of 
'/.iilknon,  luid  is  there  distinct.  Hut  in  the  Asftrias  frnuip,  while  the  hody  is 
lilack.  instead  of  a  lateral  stripe,  there  are  lines  of  small  ycdlow  spots,  and  these 
arc  foMiiil  in  JJn'rlcdmhi.  At  the  o|)posite  extreme  from  AsUriris.Mdc/idoiilms 
the  ahdonieii  hlack  above,  but  elsewhere  yellow,  with  narrow  lateral  ami  vertical 
Mack  lines.  All  these  species,  except  Axferlns,  have  the  markinjrs  of  the  wing 
nfike  in  both  sexes,  but  in  the  latter  species  there  is  much  dilference  in  this  re- 
spect.    The  series  runs  M'tclKioii,  Zo/icKDi,  Inilnu  lircvlrditild,  A'<f(  rinx. 

The  re.semblance  between  Inrfrn  and  lireincauda,  one  at  the  extreme  West,  the 
other  at  the  extreme  Kast,  and  both  restricted  to  very  narrow  limits,  is  sngges- 
tivt,'  of  a  period  when  both  were  represented  by  a  single  species  which  occu|)ied 
the  northern  parts  of  the  continent.  This  struck  me  when  considering  the 
peculiarities  ami  the  i.-toUiiini  of  Jirevicauda,  and  when  I  had  only  that  species  in 
view,  and  now  the  s  udy  ol  Iiidrii  seems  to  render  the  conclusion  to  which  I 
tiien  inclined  more  pi  »'r>ali]-,  —  that  tlie.se  two  species  represent  most  nearly 
tlie  primitive  form  frou^  which  the  Machaon  and  Asteriaa  groups  have  de- 
.scended. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PholDRi^phic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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PAPILIO  X. 


PAPILIO   BAIRDII,  1—4. 


Papilio  Bairdii,  Edwards,  rf,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.,  Phil.,  Vol.  VI.,  p.  200,  1866.    ?,  Edw.,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XI.,  p.  83,  1879. 

Primariks  much  produced,  strongly  arched,  the  hind  margins  concave ;  tails 
long,  sub-spatulate  ;  the  sexes  differ  in  ornamentation. 

Upper  side  black  ;  primaries  have  a  submarginal  series  of  eight  small  yellow 
spots,  those  next  apex  rounded,  the  others  lunate ;  secondaries  heave  a  similar 
series  of  six  spots,  the  one  at  outer  angle  small,  sometimes  wanting,  at  inner 
angle  narrow,  the  others  large,  irregularly  lunate;  a  common  yellow  band  crosses 
the  disks,  composed  on  primaries  of  eight  large  spots,  the  first  of  which  is  long 
and  pointed,  but  the  basal  half  is  nearly  or  quite  wanting,  owing  to  a  circular 
sinus  on  costal  side  ;  the  second  to  sixth  are  sub-triangular,  the  seventh  sub- 
([uadrate,  the  eighth  long  and  narrow ;  these  spots,  from  second  to  eighth,  are 
sometimes  all  truncated  on  the  inner  side ;  in  other  cases  only  the  last  three  or 
four,  and  fade  gradually  into  the  black  ground ;  most  of  them  are  also  excavated 
on  the  outer  side  ;  in  the  upper  sub-costal  interspace  a  rounded  spot ;  on  the 
arc  of  cell  sometimes  an  obsolescent  yellow  stripe,  and  another  in  the  cell  at 
about  one  third  the  distance  from  arc  to  base ;  but  in  some  examples  no  trace  of 
these  stripes  is  seen ;  the  costal  margin  above  the  band  is  dusted  yellow  ;  on  sec- 
ondaries the  band  consists  of  seven  spots,  usually  separated  by  the  nervules  only, 
l)ut  in  some  cases  these  spots  are  reduced  and  separated  by  considerable  spaces ; 
in  some  examples  the  breadth  of  the  band  is  reduced  from  one  half  to  two  thirds; 
the  space  between  the  band  and  the  marginal  spots  is  broad,  black,  and  occupied 
by  clusters  of  blue  scales,  which  increase  in  density  towards  inner  margin ;  some- 
times, however,  these  clusters  are  wanting ;  above  the  incision  at  anal  angle  is  a 
fulvous  ring  on  yellow  ground,  inclosing  a  rounded  black  spot ;  this  ring  is  usu- 
ally incomplete,  the  spot  being  joined  to  the  black  edge  of  the  wing ;  above  the 
ring  is  a  blue  cresc  )t  of  densely  laid  scales ;  fringes  yellow,  alternating  with 
black,  yellow  in  the  emarginations  of  secondaries. 


PAPILIO    X. 


Under  side  blackish  brown  ;  the  spots  repeated,  the  sub-marginal  enlarged, 
especially  on  primaries;  the  snb-apical  area  on  costa  of  primiirics  largely  dusted 
with  yellow ;  the  middle  of  the  black  space  between  the  band  and  the  outer 
spots  is  also  dusted,  so  as  to  form  a  band  or  stripe  of  scales ;  secondaries  have 
the  outer  ends  of  the  discal  spots  more  or  less  suffused  with  yellow-fulvous,  usu- 
ally only  the  two  or  three  spots  next  the  end  of  cell,  but  sometimes  all  are  so 
colored ;  the  black  extra-discal  space  is  nearly  occupied  by  clusters  of  yellow 
scales,  on  the  anterior  edges  of  which  are  clusters  of  blue  scales. 

Body  black  ;  on  either  side  of  the  thorax  a  deep  ochre-yellow  stripe  to  the 
insertion  of  the  wings ;  on  the  abdomen  a  sub-dorsal  row  of  small  yellow  spots 
on  either  side,  and  another  row  which  is  lateral ;  there  is  also  a  lower  lateral  row 
from  middle  of  the  abdomen  to  last  segment,  and  a  vertical  row  of  about  the 
same  length  ;  legs  black,  the  outer  side  of  the  tibiaa  and  tarsi  buff ;  palpi  yel- 
low and  black ;  frontal  hairs  black,  at  the  sides  yellow  ;  on  either  side,  between 
the  eyes  and  back  of  the  antennae,  is  a  yellow  spot ;  antennae  and  club  black. 

Female.  —  Expands  4  inches. 

Upper  side  black  ;  the  discal  band  represented  by  imperfect  spots  on  both 
wings,  corresponding  to  the  outer  portion  of  the  spots  of  the  male ;  there  may 
be  three  or  four  of  these  on  primaries,  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  wing,  or  none 
at  all ;  on  secondaries,  either  a  few  small  clusters  of  yellow  scales,  or  nothing, 
except  on  costal  margin,  where  there  seems  always  to  be  a  large  and  usually  a 
distinct  spot ;  all  the  yellow  paler  than  in  the  males,  rather  buff ;  the  clusters  of 
blue  scales  sometimes  large  and  conspicuous,  sometimes  obsolescent. 

On  die  under  side  the  spots  are  generally  more  distinct,  and  on  secondaries,  in 
all  individuals  examined,  form  a  complete  series  across  the  wing,  but  of  single 
width,  the  spot  in  cell  being  obsolete  in  all  cases ;  the  spots  are  more  suffused 
than  in  the  male,  either  with  dull  fulvous  or  ochraceous,  and  the  spots  of  sub- 
marginal  row  are  often  more  or  less  fulvous ;  in  some  cases  the  extremity  of  the 
abdomen  is  yellow,  and  the  central  side  largely  so. 


m 


This  species  inhabits  Arizona,  and  probably  Southern  Colorado  and  Utah.  The 
example  described  by  me  in  1866  was  a  male,  which  I  found  in  a  badly  damaged 
state  at  the  Smithsonian,  and  it  was  several  years  before  other  examples  were 
received,  taken  in  Arizona  by  the  Wheeler  Expedition.  These  were  in  bad 
condition  and  of  little  use  for  descriptions  or  figuring.  Fortunately,  Mr.  B. 
Neumoegen  received,  in  1878,  several  fresh  examples  of  both  sexes,  and  has 
kindly  allowed  me  to  use  them.  The  males  differ  much  in  the  discal  band,  some 
having  this  of  twice  the  breadth  of  others.  In  some  the  spots  of  this  band  are 
close  together,  in  others  there  are  wide  black  spaces  between  them ;  all  have 


PAPILIO    X. 

the  sub-marginal  spots  ^  ^^'*  °^  ^'^"^^  «^'''''^«  i"«ide 

Ihoy  arc  »bM„t.     In  „11,  |,<,„evcr  ti.ere  uT?!  .    ,        °  ''"'  '"'■»™"s<" 

same  wings  seetn  never  to  be  fli.tinnf  ,-.,  ,\     f       ^  sub-marginal  rows  of 

a  few  ..cafes  only      In  hi  1  ^''"'''''  ''"'^  ''^^^"  ^'^  represented  by 

l.Iuee]lrsonLJnV.^  Tthe" %"  T' T""""  '"  *^^  «'*-*  ^^  ^^e 
'IL^tinct  on  secon;ia2  '  ""'"  "'^  "  *^^  ^^'"^'^  *he  band  is  always 

Asferias  is  also  found  in  AnVnnn   ««/!  t  i,  ■     , 

1.0th  .exes.     They  do  no    d.^er T'      f         T  '^''''''^  '"'"'''^^  «-^''^™Pl««  «f 


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PAPILIO    XI. 


ASTERIAS,   VAR.    CALVEHLEVl,    2—5. 


I'apUio  Calvtrleyi,  Grote,  Proc   Ent.  S,,,.    Phil     tt     „    ,  , ,      , 

The  male  described  liv  Mr    p...* 
Fischer,  in  the  n^^^^f^Z.  ^^^"^^^/'T^'  '''''  ''  '''■  ^«- 
in  the  coneetion  of  Mr.  8.,^:!  S:;:^;  ^7^;;.  '7\  't^'  T  Vf 
fa.ned  ,t  m  order  to  figure  it  on  the  Pi;te      'Pi!    r       i'  '        "  "■^'°'"  ^  °^- 

^-y  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  ne  '  En.erpri  ef  ^L    A^^'^n-'^rr^^^,^^^!  ^^^-^ 
't  not  impossible  that  we  nii<.ht  hive  to     n  w   h  t  ""''^^  ^^''"^^^^ 

-xes  had  been  taken,  and  one  o      .  n    i    a  U   '   Htir    '^T'I  '""'  "  '"^'^ 
vrv  1-ulI  exploration  of  Florid,  of  1  <  v.  ^^P'o'-e^i  ■'eHion.     But 

.'■"Plo,  and   r  think    1^    fon   t^  ,'t  T' ^T  '""'  '^  P''°'"'^^^  ■''"«*^--  -- 
oases  are  not  of  very  unco    „  on  1  ^  "'-''^   'i'"^  """^''^  ^^''''^"■'-     Such 

^>.i  1  have  several  i/^^z 'riiXi'^x:;  :^^:::  j^E  "^  'T'r 

'-tn-cted  to  one  .^exol  y  t  loT  T"'  f  "^  "'""  ^^^^  ■^"'^-'«»  '^  -^ 
P-nliarities  of  color  mtS  be  ne  1"T.  'V'"^""  '""''"^  -stances  the 
-  tl.at  is,  to  a  good  .fpedes      f^'P^^"''^^^'^'  ^^  -^^  --  ^o  a  permanent  variety, 

^-en.l  days,  indicate  that  Inti^^'Z^J'^'ZTT^'r:'  ''^  ^^'"'-  ^'• 
'■nvelopu.g  with  ice  or  .now   for  ov,  '«'«'- ^uch  as  would  ensue  from  an 

■"-•  'nay  be  one  cause  of  tie  bl  n  r  'I"  '  7"  '•''"'  ^'"'  '"'•""■"^^  "^  ^'"^  ^•'-'v- 
•''-nst.;ncereferrerto  no  on!  °/^  ''''''  '"  ^'-' -"-'ging  Lutterflv.  "in 
■"•  -l<o  i-.uttortlies  re  :br  bo"  f  Z  "  '  ''ff  •^^'""^^'^  '"  ^'-'  -'«-tion 
fi'ces  had  run  togeth"^  ffo^^"!'  "  •  '"  T''^'  "^  ^'^^"»  ^'-'  -'«-  of  both  sur- 
Calverle,i.  '  "^  "'  '""^  '""^trat.ons  of  suffusion  as  in  these  P 


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PAPILIO  XII.,  XIII. 


PAPILIO  RUTULUS.    1-4. 

/•aMa^"'"/".',  Hois.l,.val,  Aim.  Sue.  Ent.dcFran™,  2-sor.,v.  X     ,,   279    I850 
\ar.  AmzoNK.NSis,  Kdwards,  I'apilio,  V.  HI.,  p.  4,  18,S3.  -        - 

Male. —Expands  from  3.5  to  4.25  inches 

Upper  side  yellow,  banded  with  black;  co.^ta  of  primaries  black,  more  or  less 
.ed  throughout,  and  next  base  densely,  with  yellow;  a  narrow  band  crosses 
bases  of  wn.gs  and  follows  the  abdominal  margin,  bends  inward  at  an  oI,tuse 
ang]    and  joms  the  extremity  of  the  second  band;  this  last  cro.s.ses  Loth  win^s  is 
broad  on  prnnar.es,  but  narrows  gradually  as  it  approaches  the  inner  mar.'in 
and  on  secondaries  is  reduced  to  a  slender,  tapering  stripe;    the   third   band 
crosses  outer  part  of  cell  of  primaries,  is  broad,  usually  curved,  and  is  continued 
In- an  irregular  patch  to  lower  branch  of  median  nervure,  with  spurs  alon^Mhe 
upper  branches;  the  fourth  band  lies  on  the  arc  of  cell;  the  fifth  is  made  up  of 
a  rounded  spot  in  sub-costal  interspace,  and  a  patch  which  reaches  the  .liscoidal 
nervule  ;    the  marginal  border  is  broad,  even-edged  within,  and  through  it,  on 
F"narie.s,  runs  a  series  of  small  yellow  spots,  which  form  a  tapering  band,  the 
ntenor  spots  oval  or  lunate,  the  others  straight,  and  often  mere  streaks;  on  the 
basal  side  of  these,  on  the  black  ground,  is  a  stripe  of  yellow  scales;  on  seconda- 
r.e..    the  border  widens  posteriorly,  and  in  the  median  interspaces  is  densely 
dus  ed  with  yellow  on  the  inner  side ;  along  the  margin  are  four  yellow  spots,  the 
pos  onor  one  huuilar,  the  remainder  narrow  bars,  curved  or  straight ;    sometimes 

t  1    '  T  f'^^'"''  '',  '"*''  ''°'''  '^"*  '^  ""^''^y'  «™''^"'  '''  streak,  or  cluster  of 

calcs;    next  inner  angle  a  small  deep  fulvous  lunule,  or  a  streak,  often  wantino-  • 

he  incision  at  this  angle  edged  fulvous;  through  the  border  runs  a  «erics  of 

Zact'o  1'?        '^'"«/-'-'  «ften  wanting  on  anterior  half  of  wing,  but  more 

cm  pact  on  lower  median  interspace,  there  forming  a  large  rounded  j^atch ;  next 

n  rr? r  '1     r  r^T''  ^'"'''''''  "'"••^"^^  •"^^•^  *^^«  «"b-costal  and  .liscoidal 
vules  edged  black  ;   the  arc  of  cell  on  secondaries  often  covered  by  a  black 

JoS   ';    n        "rr"'  ^°"*'  '""''"-^  outwardly,  somewhat  spatulate  on  inner 
■Kk,  but  often  so  little  as  to  be  scarcely  perceptib^^;  fringes  of  primaries  black, 


2  PAPILIO   XII.,  XIII. 

a  little  yellow  in  the  interspace.s,  of  secondarios  largely  yellow,  black  at  the  ends 
of  (lie  iierviiles. 

Under  side  pale  yellow,  the  bands  repeated,  the  subniarj^inal  yellow  .spots  of 
primaries  represented  by  a  broad  wedge-shaped  band  ;  the  l)laek  groniul  anterior 
to  this  occnpied  by  a  band  of  loo.se  yellow  scales ;  on  secondaries  the  correspond- 
ing black  ground  is  densely  covered  with  similar  scales,  having  along  the  anterior 
edge  a  macular  stripe  of  pale  metallic  blue;  the  subinarginal  spots  repeated  but 
enlarged,  and  tiie  one  at  outer  angle  is  abroad  rectangular  bar;  through  the 
l)lack  discal  bar  sometimes  runs  a  blue  streak ;  in  somo  examples  there  is  a  faint 
fulvous  discoloration  on  the  yellow  ground  of  secondaries,  in  median  interspaces, 
but  as  a  rule,  there  is  no  trace  of  this. 

IJody  black  above ;  a  yellow  stripe  from  the  head  to  the  insertion  of  sec- 
ondaries ;  but  often  the  black  area  is  restricted  to  a  narrow  band  from  head  to 
end  of  abdomen;  beneath,  the  thorax  is  yellow  with  two  oblique  black  stripes; 
abdomen  yellow  with  a  lateral  black  stripe  from  insertion  of  secondaries  to  last 
.segment,  and  two  stripes  ventral.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Fkm.vlk.  —  Expands  from  4  to  4.8  inches. 

Upper  side  as  in  the  male ;  the  blue  scales  in  border  of  secondaries  more  dense, 
and  continued  across  the  wing,  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  macular  band; 
the  spot  at  outer  angle  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  .8,  4.) 

The  figures  on  Plato  represent  the  summer  brood,  and  examples  of  this  brood 
from  California  and  Washington  Territory  are  nearly  all  oehrey-yellow,  Avhile 
those  of  the  spring  are  clearer.  All  examples  observed  from  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains are  less  ochraceous  than  tho.se  to  the  westward. 

Var.  Arizonkxsis. 

Wings  less  falcate,  the  black  bands  heavy,  the  tails  bent  in,  very  little  or  not 
at  all  spatulate  on  inner  side.     (Figs.  5,  G.) 


Egg.  —  Sub-conoidal,  base  rounded  and  flattened  ;  .surface  smooth  ;  color  deep 
green.     (Fig.  a.)     Duration  of  this  stage  ten  to  thirteen  days. 

Young  Lauva.  —  Length  .1  inch  ;  cylindrical,  the  anterior  segments  thickened  ; 
color  dark  brown,  mottled  black  ;  on  8  a  whitish  patch,  the  width  of  the  seg- 
ment, rounded  at  the  ends  and  takinjj  in  the  sub-dorsal  tubercles,  but  descendintr 
the  sides  no  farther;  this  patch  covers  the  posterior  part  of  7  also,  and  is  there 
broken  into  spots;  an  ob.scure  light  line  runs  the  length  of  the  body  just  under  the 
sub-dorsal  tubercles ;  on  dorsum  of  2  are  four  minute  tubercles,  or  mere  points, 
in  iwo  cross-rows,  the  fro7it  pair  twice  as  far  apart  as  those  on  3,  the  other  pair 
outside  these  ;  from  3  to  13  are  two  tubercles  to  each  segment,  close  together, 
and  each  of  these  points  sends  out  one  short  hair  ;  the  sub-dorsals  are  large  on 
2,  3,  4, 11,  and  12,  conical,  pointed,  with  one  hair  at  apex  and  five  about  the  sides, 


PAPILIO   XII.,   XIII. 


every  hnir  Htriiiglit  nnd  ending  in  ii  knob;  on  13  is  a  similar  tubercle,  equal  in 
size  to  that  on  2,  and  armed  in  same  way,  these  two  being  the  hirgest  of  the  row  ; 
tiie  other  tubercles  of  these  rows  are  small,  equal,  each  with  three  hairs  ;  the 
upper  lateral  rows  run  from  2  to  12,  are  small  on  2,  3,  4,  each  witii  three  hairs, 
the  rest  minute,  with  two  hairs;  below  spiracles,  from  2  to  13,  is  another  row, 
the  three  anterior  ones  small,  with  three  hairs  each,  the  others  minute,  with  two; 
in  all  si.\  rows,  three  on  either  side  ;  head  shining  black,  obovoid,  bilobed. 
(Figs. /A?A?A) 

At  two  days  from  egg ;  length  .125  inch ;  color  mottled  light  and  dark  brown  ; 

12  and  13  are  obscure  whitey-brown  ;  the  lateral  line  distinct.  (Fig.  b  represents 
this  point  in  the  stage.)     To  first  moult  about  nine  days. 

After  first  moult:  at  6  hours  from  moult,  length  .24  inch;  shape  as  before; 
color  yellow-brown,  mottled  with  dark  brown  ;  on  mid-dorsuni  on  3  is  a  black 
patch,  and  one  on  4  in  shape  of  a  cross ;  the  patch  on  middle  segments  is  formed 
of  two  narrow  bands  which  meet  on  summit  of  9,  and  run  obliquely  forward 
luid  down  side  to  middle  only  ;  8  is  wholly  white,  but  on  7  are  two  small  brown 
dorsal  spots;  sometimes  the  posterior  end  of  6  is  mottled  with  white;  11  and  12 
are  dull  white  and  brown  ;  along  verge  of  dorsum  a  whitish  stripe  from  2  to  13 ; 
the  lower  part  of  side  is  dull  white  mottled  with  pale  brown  ;  2  has  a  narrow 
arcuate  front  ridge,  at  either  end  of  which  is  a  stout  yellow-brown  tubercle, 
conical,  with  short  pointed  spurs  about  it,  and  each  of  tln'se  as  well  as  the  top 
gives  out  a  short  hair;  on  11  is  a  pair  of  sub-dorsal  low  brown  cones;  12  and 

13  each  have  a  compressed  cross  ridge  on  dorsiun,  and  at  either  end  of  this  is  a 
tubercle  much  like  the  one  on  2,  on  13  the  size  of  that,  on  12  smaller;  on  3,  4, 
5,  are  two  rows,  sub-dorsal,  of  round,  glossy,  light  brown  knobs,  and  on  3  and  4 
each  is  one  below  these  ;  on  3  are  two  minute  knobs  between  the  sub-dorsals, 
and  a  little  in  advance  of  them  ;  on  4  are  two  of  somewhat  larger  size,  also  in 
advance,  and  on  5  two  minute  ones  more  decidedly  beyond  the  sub-dorsals ;  after 
5  there  are  no  knobs  or  tubercles  to  9  inclusive ;  head  obovoid,  brown,  the 
front  greenish;  the  surface  of  head  much  covered  with  fine  short  hairs.  (Figs. 
(Hod*.) 

At  two  days  after  first  moult :  length  .4  inch ;  the  patch  on  dorsum  has  now  a 
pink  tint ;  the  lower  half  of  side  of  body  is  whiti.sh-blue  ;  on  the  other  segments 
tliore  is  scarcely  any  change ;  on  3,  4,  5,  outsidg  of  and  at  base  of  each  sub- 
dorsal knob,  is  a  black  dash,  and  on  7  is  another  in  same  line. 

At  three  days  after  the  moult :  the  color  has  become  greenish,  the  light  parts 
l)ink-white;  a  pair  of  light  blue  dots  appear  on  dorsum  of  9,  10,  11.  Duration 
(if  this  stage  4  to  5  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  .4  inch ;  color  either  bright  green  and  pale  salmon, 


PAPILIO   XII.,   XIII. 


or  olive-brown  and  salmon,  or  groon  mottled  and  specked  with  brown  over 
dorsum  (three  distinct  styles  of  coloring)  (Figa./,/^/'*);  the  side  blue-white;  the 
dorsal  patch  triangular,  one  angle  being  on  9,  the  others  on  sides  of  7,  color 
salmon  ;  11  to  1;}  salmon  mottled  green  ;  in  the  brown  examples  2,  3,  4  arc  green 
specked  and  mottled  in  shades  from  pale  to  olive-l)rown  ;  in  all  is  a  salmon  line, 
in  part  macular,  along  verge  of  dorsum,  and  along  lower  part  of  side  is  another, 
less  distinct;  from  5  to  11,  on  the  sides,  are  obscure  oblique  streaks  of  light 
specks,  turned  down  and  forward  ;  front  ridge  of  2  yellow,  slightly  arched,  at 
either  end  a  yellow  conical  tubercle  ;  on  this  segment  are  two  minute  sub-dorsal 
smooth  green  knobs ;  on  3  are  two  such  knobs,  mid-dorsal,  and  two  of  larger 
size,  sub-dorsal,  with  a  black  bar  on  anterior  outer  side  of  each,  the  four  in  line 
(Figs./*,  /■"')  ;  on  4  are  six  knobs  in  an  arc,  the  dorsal  pair  small,  the  sub-dorsals 
largest ;  the  two  outer  of  those  knobs  on  either  side  have  each  a  pale  blue  or  a 
purple  round  spot  on  the  dorsal  side,  and  the  sub-dorsals  have  also  each  a  black 
bar  on  the  outer  side;  on  5  are  two  small  dorsal  knobs  near  front  and  two  large 
sub-dorsals  on  middle  of  the  segment ;  on  6,  8,  9,  10  each  is  a  pair  of  sub-dorsal 
blue  or  purple  dots ;  on  12  and  13  each  n  pair  of  sub-dorsal  yellow  conical 
tubercles,  that  on  13  the  larger,  all  these  on  the  ends  of  narrow  cross  ridges; 
head  shaped  as  before;  color  pale  red-brown,  lower  part  of  face  greeni.sh  (Figs./ 

to/')- 

At  twenty-four  hours  after  second  moult :  length  .5  inch,  the  green  and 
salmon  deeper  colored,  the  lateral  stripes  more  conspicuous,  the  lower  one  broad 
from  2  to  o  inclusive,  the  rest  macular ;  on  4  the  outer  blue  spot  shows  a  brown 
ring. 

At  forty-eight  hours :  length  .56  inch  ;  the  green  now  bluish  with  a  gray  tint, 
the  salmon  specks  and  small  spots  obliterated,  the  lateral  stripes  in  part  obsolete ; 
the  dorsal  patch  changed  to  pale  green  except  at  the  angle  on  9,  and  a  stripe  on 
the  side  of  8  and  7  ;  the  patches  on  4,  which  are  a  marked  feature  at  next  stage, 
now  begin  to  show  faintly,  and  in  a  few  hours  become  pretty  distinct  (as  seen  in 
Fig.  /'').     Duration  of  this  stage  three  days. 

After  third  moult,  at  twelve  hours :  length  .6  inch  ;  color  green  specked  with 
lighter  or  blue-green,  least  on  anterior  segments ;  the  salmon  patch  has  mostly 
disappeared,  but  has  left  some  traces,  varying  in  individuals ;  the  lateral  bands 
more  or  less  distinct  on  two  oi^ three  segments,  the  sides  bluish  or  blue-green, 
varying ;  2  has  the  front  ridge  as  before,  the  processes  at  ends  reduced ;  on  3 
are  sometimes  two  minute  sub-dorsal  green  knobs,  and  two  dorsals  between  them, 
but  the  last  are  often  wanting  even  while  the  others  are  present ;  on  4  is  an 
elongated  ochre-yellow  patch  on  either  side,  divided  into  two  sections,  the  upper 
one  being  sub-rectangular,  the  other  ob-oval,  the  broad  part  outward,  both  com- 


I'Al'ILIO   XII.,   XIII. 

nletely  edgod  by  ii  fine  black  lino,  and  w'paratod  by  a  narrow  purple  space  ;  in 
the  oval  is  a  rounded  purple  .spot  in  heavy  black  ring,  and  on  the  dorsal  side  of 
tills  is  a  black  cross  bar  ;  within  the  patch  are  three  red-brown  knobs,  placed  as 
in  the  previous  stage,  two  of  them  inaido  the  oval,  the  third  just  at  the  up])er 
edge  of  the  smaller  section  {V'lg.  ff^)  ;  in  one  example  tliese  knol)s  were  ol)served 
to  bo  suppressed  inside  the  patch  (a.s  seen  in  the  middle  figure,  jr") ;  in  one, 
tlieir  position  was  indicated  by  a  roughening  of  tlie  surface  with  a  brown  dis- 
coloration ;  there  is  some  variation  in  the  shape  of  tlie  patches,  as  shown  in  the 
figures;  in  nearly  all  cases  they  are  separated  across  dorsum  by  a  space  measur- 
ing .04  inch,  in  one  example  the  space  was  .040,  in  one  .05  inch,  but  no  other 
was  al)ove  .04  ;  on  5  arc  four  purple  spots  in  cross  line  near  the  ])osterior  edge  ; 
when  the  larva  bends,  the  front  of  G  is  seen  to  be  l)lack  across  dorsum,  and  the 
posterior  edge  of  5  is  often  more  or  less  yellow  ;  on  9,  10,  11  are  two  sub-dorsal 
spots  to  each  ;  12  has  two  yellow  sub-dorsal  points,  scarcely  raised  above  the 
surface,  and  on  13  is  a  slight  cross  ridge  with  a  yellow  point  at  each  end  ;  head 
shaped  as  before,  pink,  the  lower  face  pale  colored  (Figs,  g,  rf).  Duration  of 
this  stage  six  to  seven  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  about  one  inch ;  in  four  to  five  days  was  fully 
grown. 

Matuue  Larva.  —  Length  about  two  inches;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  4  and  5, 
sloping  on  back  and  sides  to  13  ;  color  of  dorsum  and  upper  part  of  side  dark 
green,  the  lower  part  of  side  pale  or  bluish-green  ;  the  whole  side  specked  with 
lighter  color  than  the  ground  in  oblique  streaks ;  2  has  a  yellow  front  ridge, 
arcliod,  the  corners  rounded ;  on  either  side  of  4  is  an  irregular  club-shaped 
ochre-yellow  patch,  usually  divided  near  its  upper  end,  but  sometimes  not  fully, 
there  being  then  a  yellow  ligament  binding  the  two  parts  on  the  anterior  side ; 
tlie  upper  spot,  so  cut  off,  is  either  triangular  or  sub-rectangular,  the  other  is  ob- 
ovate,  sometimes  double-convex  ;  each  spot  edged  by  a  fine  black  line ;  within 
the  larger,  and  near  its  outer  end,  is  a  pale  blue  rounded  spot  in  a  heavy  black 
ring,  and  above  this  is  a  black  cross-bar  ;  these  patches  are  .separated  across 
dorsum  by  a  space  which  very  constantly  measures  .06  inch  ;  5  is  usually  edged 
l)c)steriorly  with  yellow,  but  slightly,  and  often  there  is  no  trace  of  this  color ; 
on  front  of  6  is  a  black  band  restricted  to  dorsum  ;  on  5  are  four  purple  dots  in 
cross-line,  and  on  9,  10,  11  each  are  four  similar  ones,  the  interior  pair  always  a 
little  the  larger  ;  besides  these  is  a  row  of  purple  dots  below  the  spiracles  from 
5  to  10,  but  obscure  ;  12  has  a  pair  of  sub-dorsal  yellow  points,  13  a  larger  pair; 
under  side  and  prologs  whitish  blue-green  ;  legs  yellow  ;  head  rounded,  a  little 
broadest  across  lower  face,  depressed  at  top,  the  vertices  rounded ;  color  pink- 
brown  (Figs,  i  to  i*). 


TAPiMo  XII.,  xrrr. 


At  about  four  days  before  BiiMpeiivoij,  the  color  bef^ins  to  chan^o,  at  first  a  Hoiled 
Kiirfacii  sliowiiig  on  dorHiim  ;  tlli^  oepenH  and  spreads  during?  two  day.'i,  and 
finally  the  Ixidy  becoiiit's  ('liocolate-bro'vn,  specked  over  dorsum  with  darker,  and 
on  sides  with  lij^hter  liiown  ;  all  the  pi  'Mle  dots  now  appear  distintitly.  (Fi^.  k.) 
From  fourth  moult  to  suspension  ahou,  -^an  days,  to  pupation  eleven  days;  from 
hatching  of  egg  to  pupation  about  •  urty-six  days ;  from  laying  of  egg  forty- 
six.  ' 

CiiitvsALiH.  —  I^ength  of  several,  1..38,  1.44,  1.45,  1.5G,  l.GO  inch,  tlie  larger 
being  female;  greatest  breadth  .4  to  .42  inch;  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  tapering; 
head  case  long,  compres.sed  transversely  on  both  sides  to  an  edge  ;  the  ocellar  pro- 
jections prominent,  div»  rgent,  pyramidal,  the  edges  raised  into  thin  ridges  on 
dorsal  side,  the  tops  rounded,  the  incision  between  the  two  a  right  angle,  vvith  a 
small  tooth  on  either  side  near  the  angle  ;  the  mesonotuin  prominent,  directed 
forwards,  blunt  ami  rough  at  tip,  with  a  ridge  passing  down  either  edge  ;  on  back 
of  abdomen  two  rows  of  rounded  corrugated  tui)er{!les  from  .segments  5  to  13, 
tho.se  on  8  to  10  large,  on  11a  little  less,  the  others  small  ;  the  larger  tubercles 
are  green-topped  for  some  days  after  pupation,  but  change  to  black  ;  the  others 
are  yell()\v-l)rown  ;  on  6  to  11  is  a  .second  row  of  small  green-topped  tubercles 
high  on  one  .side,  and  four  same  color  and  smidl  in  row  across  dorsum  ot  4  and  5; 
whole  surface  corrugated,  the  anterior  part  roughly,  the  ventral  .'<ide  finely; 
color  of  ventral  side  throughout  either  one  shade  of  gray-brown,  or  the  abdomen 
is  lighter;  or  shades  of  wood-brown  ;  of  dorsal  side  brown  or  yellow-brown,  often 
with  a  dull  ochre  tint  on  the  middle  segments ;  along  the  side  from  top  of  head 
case  to  13,  with  a  branch  along  mesonotum,  is  a  broad  band  of  brown,  or  .some- 
times of  black  ;  just  after  pupation  the  club-shaped  larval  spots  of  fourth  seg- 
ment appear  in  nearly  same  shape  in  the  chry.salis  { Fig.  r» ),  yellow,  each  enclosing 
two  tubercles ;  the  color  fades  from  these  spots  after  a  few  days.  Duration  of 
thi.s  stage  seventeen  to  twenty  days.     (Figs.  Z,  m.) 

RutuluK  belongs  to  a  small  and  well-defined  sub-group,  which  comprises  Eu- 
rymedon,  Daunus,  Pilumims,  and  Tiinius.  The  last  named  species  occupies  the 
continent  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  Eiirtpnedon  and  Rutulus  the  Pacific 
slope,  and  more  or  less  of  the  mountain  region  to  the  eastern  base  ;  Daunus 
follows  the  Rocky  Mountains  pretty  clo.sely,  and  finds  its  metropolis  in  Mexico ; 
and  P'dumnus  is  a  Mexican  species,  which  on  rare  occasions  has  been  seen  in 
Arizona.  The  peculiarities  of  four  of  the.se  species  are  shown  on  the  plates  of 
this  Volume.  Rutulna  and  Eurymedon  lie  between  Turnus  and  Daunus,  and  the 
latter  leads  up  to  Pilumnus,  All  have  the  wings  striped  after  the  same  pattern, 
but  with  variations,  which  are  most  marked  in  PUuinnus,  the  stripes  in  that 
species  being  reduced  from  five  to  four  and  considerably  modified.     Daunua  has 


PAl'llJo   XII.,   Xill. 


llic  posterior  (lontiitions  longtlifiu'd  into  tails,  iiivi  in  Plhimnus  this  peculiarity 
is  ciu'ricil  .still  fartlitT.  In  iniuiy  ri'spccts  Tiirnux  is  us  uht'irant  on  I  lie  one  si:lo 
lis  is  I'ilumnuH  on  the  other.  Uh  form  is  coiupiict,  all  the  others  haviiij;  niiicli 
[iroiliiceil  wings,  its  tails  are  decidedly  npatidate.  It  alone  presents  a  large 
rounded  fulvous  spot  at  the  outer  angle  of  hind  wings  in  the  female  ;  in  all  the 
others  there  is  no  spot  there,  or  it  is  a  minute  one  or  a  line,  always  yellow;  in  the 
same  sex,  the  hluo  Hoales  on  Tnrmm  form  great  lunate  (ilusters,  while  in  Jfnhi/ns 
tliey  lie  in  a  narrow  macular  stripe,  and  are  often  largely  ob.solete;  in  the  re- 
maining species  they  are  still  le.s.s  delinite.  Tnniits  shows  dimorphism  in  the 
female,  and  beyond  a  certain  line  as  wo  go  southward,  the  black  females  pre- 
ilomiuate,  and  finally  supplant  tiio  yellow  females  almost  if  not  quite  completely. 
No  dimorphism  appears  in  the  other  species.  In  the  mature  stage  only  is  the 
liMva  of  Euri/mvdon  known,  and  the  name  is  true  of  IJuunus,  while  of  I'ihnnntoi 
nothing  is  yet  known.  Of  Ttirnna  and  Jititulus  we  have  the  fidl  history.  In 
the  mature  larval  stage  liiditlns  and  Dannus  are  very  much  alike,  both  having 
tlie  peculiar  club-shaped  yellow  spots  on  fourth  segment;  Eur// inedon,  contmry 
to  what  might  have  been  expected,  as  the  butterfly  is  very  elo.se  to  liididita, 
(infers  much  from  these  two;  and  Turniis  and  liiditlus  at  each  larval  stage  pre- 
sent marked  dilferences.     I  compare  Turnus  with  linlulm  stage  by  stage  :  — 


RUTULUS. 

YOt^NO   LAKVA. 

Color  dark  brown  ;  tlio  wliitu  pntcli  on  7  and  8 


TURN  US. 

YOrNO    I.AIIVA. 

Color   (lurk    brown ;    tli(!    wliito    patch   Haitdle- 


i'L'slrict(i(l  to  (lorHiiin,  just  taking  in  tlio  subdorsal     shaped,  dcaounding  the  sides  to  or  near  to  spiracles. 
tiilnTck's  on  either  vorg(>. 


A  light  stripe  runs  the  length  of  body,  outside 
llic  s(ib-d()is:il  tubercles. 

A  (loiiMo  row  of  dorsal  tubercles,  minute,  each 
with  a  hair. 

The  tubercles  on   2  at  ends  of  the  cross-ridge 


No  stripe. 

Dorsal   tubercles  in    same    position,   KUt    the 

merest  points  with  scarcely  the  stump  of  a  hair. 

These   tubercles  rounded,  sub-ovoid   (e')  ;   the 


art!  rcguhir  cones,  ending  in  a  point  (A') ;  the  hairs     hairs  short. 


The  sulMiorsal  tubercles  all  prominent,  those  on  These  tubercles  on  3  and  4  are  small,  low ;  on 

niiiMlo  segments  with  three  hairs  each  ;  all  hairs  the  middle  segments  minute  and  without  hairs,  o'' 

<'iini|)aratively  long  (Ji'  ').  11  to  1.')  small  (c'-'). 

The  lateral  tubercl(^s  have  three  hairs  each  on  From  it  to  \'i  are  mere  points  without  hairs;  OQ 

-,  ■!.  4  i  on  5  to  1 2,  though  small,  are  distinct,  and  2  is   a  point  with  single   hair ;   on   3  and   1   are 

(■;ich  bears  two  hairs  (4').  small,  size  of  that  on  .5  of  Rutulm,  and  have  three 

and  two  hairs  respectively  (c'). 

The  infra-stigmatal  tubercles  are  equal  in  size  These  tubercles  are  points,  three  in  horizontal 

totliDse  of  lateral  row  on  corresponding  segments,  line  on  3  and  4  each,  on  ■')  to  12  three  in  equilat- 

tlirite  hairs   each  on  2,  3,  4,  13,  and  two  each  on  eral  triangle ;  on  2  one  hair  (c"). 
t!"j  rest  (ft«). 


PAPILIO  XII.,   XIII. 


Afteh  First  Moult  (twelve  hours).  —  Color 
yellow-browa,  oiottled  darker,  with  black  patch  on 
top  of  3  and  a  black  cross  on  4  ;  patch  on  7  and  8 
triangular,  stopping  on  mid-sides  on  7  (cP*). 

The  stripe  below  sub-dorsals  distinct  (as  in  first 
stage). 

No  lilac  spots  on  dorsum  in  the  early  part  of 
this  stage  ;  but  at  tliree  days  from  moult  appear  a 
pa'r  on  9,  10,  11  each. 

Afteu  Second  AIoult  (twelve  hours).  — 
Color  either  briglit  green  (no  brown) ;  or  green, 
mottled  and  specked  over  dorsum  with  olive- 
brown  ;  or  olive-lirown,  mottled  in  darker  shades 
and  no  green. 

The  patch  salmon-red,  triangnlir. 

A  salmon  stripe  along  edge  of  dorsum  and  an- 
other low  on  side,  both  the  length  of  body. 

The  aides  specked  with  lig.'it  green,  in  the  brown 
larviB  with  brown,  disposed  in  obscure  oblique 
stiipof?  pointing  forward  and  downward. 

Afteh  Third  Mc!:/.t  (twelve  hours).  — Color 
blue-green. 

The  patch  mostly  suppressed  {g,  g'). 

The  two  lateral  salmon  bands  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct. 

On  4  is  a  long  ochre-yellow  spot,  with  a  deep 
sinus  on  its  posterior  side,  the  sinus  purple.   (Figs. 

The  distance  between  the  inner  extremities  of 
the  two  spots  across  dorsum  is  .04  inch,  none  over 
.05  inch. 

Color  greeu  from  the  moult 

After  Fourth  Moult  (twelve  hours).  —  The 
spot  on  4  variable  in  shape,  but  always  elongated; 
the  inner  extremities  .06  inch  apart.    (Figs.  i° '.) 


After  first  Moult  (twelve  hours).  —  Color 
black-brown  ;  a  black  medio-dorsal  line,  slightly 
expanded  o,i  3  and  4;  the  patch  not  triangular 
but  .addle-shaped,  broud  on  each  side  and  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  feet  (e'''). 

No  stripe. 

Many  lilac  spots  from  the  beginning,  two  on  4 
inside  the  8ul>dorsal  tubercles,  two  on  5,  10,  11. 
(Fig.  e.) 

After  Second  Moclt  (twelve  hours).  — 
Color  black-browu,  mottled  with  lighter. 


Patch  yellow-white,  saddle-shaped  as  before. 

No  stripes.  ' 


No  such  markings. 


After  Third  Moult  (twelve  hours).  —  Color 
usually  olive-brown  ;  sometimes  dull  green  on  an- 
terior segments ;  brown  after  8. 

The  patch  distinct. 

No  hands. 

On  4  is  a  sub-oval  green-yellow  spot,  correspond- 
ing with  so  much  of  the  spot  on  Ruliilus  as  lies  be- 
loW  the  sinus;  no  purple.     (Figs,  h,  /i\) 

The  distance  between  the  inner  extremities  is 
.12  to  .15  inch. 

At  two  days  from  the  moult  gradually  loses  the 
brown,  but  in  many  cases  never  wholly. 

After  Fourth  Moult  (twelve  hours).  —  The 
spot  on  4  sub-oval  or  pyriform ;  the  inner  extrem- 
ities .16  to  .18  inch  apart.     (Figs.y,/^.) 

Rutulus  inhabits  the  country  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific ;  is 
seen  more  or  less  in  those  mountains  in  Colorado  and  Arizona.  How  far  to  the 
north,  in  British  CoUimbia,  it  flies,  I  am  unable  to  say.  In  Ent.  M.  Mag.,  Lond. 
XIX.  p.  276,  is  a  mention  of  Turnus,  on  Vancouver's  Island,  and  it  is  stated  tliat 
its  eggs  are  laid  on  willows.  This  was  a  mistake  for  Ruhihis,  of  course ;  Turmts 
certainly  not  flying  west  of  the  main  divide,  and  its  larvae  not  feeding  on  willow. 
Throughout  California,  Rutulus  is  common,  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  of  San  Ber- 


PAPILIO  XII.,  XIII. 


nardino,  haa  paid  close  attention  to  its  liabits  and  larval  history  during  the  past 
yt'iir,  1883,  from  early  spring  to  November,  talking  a  vast  deal  of  trouble  ex- 
pressly that  he  might  aid  me  in  making  known  this  history  by  plates  and  text. 
Mr.  Wright  repeatedly  obtained  eggs  from  females  tied  in  bags  over  branches  of 
willow,  which  were  sent  me  through  the  mail,  and  from  these  came  larvie  which 
reuciicd  clirysalis  and  imago  at  Coalburgh.  He  has  written  notes  on  the  species 
in  substa  ice  as  follows :  "  The  first  brood  of  liuhdus  butterfly  appears  in  the 
interior  valicyo  of  southern  California  early  in  March,  the  earliest  examples  fly- 
ing in  the  canons  of  the  mountain  side,  in  the  eipiable  thermal  belt,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  a  few  hundred  feet  above  the  low-lying  plain,  and  yet  below  the  colder 
altitudes.  In  a  week  or  two,  they  are  seen  in  all  the  willow  thickets  of  the 
valley,  and  along  the  tree-lined  roadsides.  The  males  are  out  a  week  before  any 
females  appear.  This  first  brood  lasts  but  a  short  time,  having  wholly  disap- 
peared by  the  last  of  April.  The  second  brood  comes  in  May,  and  thenceforward 
the  broods  doubtless  overlap,  as  there  are  always  plenty  of  butterflies  through- 
out the  summer,  and  into  November.  In  July  and  August  the  females  are  more 
plenty  and  more  prolific  than  earlier.  The  food  plant  of  the  caterpillar  is  willow 
of  several  species,  chiefly  Salix  lasiolepis,  and  S.  la.siandra,  or  what  are  locally 
known  as  white  willow,  from  the  smooth  white  bark.  The  butterflies  never  go 
near  S.  nigra,  nor  the  narrow,  silvery  leaved  Argyrophylla,  or  Hendsiana.  I 
know  of  several  coj)ses  of  these  black  willows,  and  have  not  during  all  this  season 
seen  any  Rutulus  near  them.  Their  habit,  in  laying  eggs,  is  to  hover  in  rapid 
flight  about  the  lower  branches  of  the  willows,  and  drop  one  egg  on  the  upper 
side  of  a  leaf,  then  fly  rapidly  to  another  plant.  The  color  of  the  egg  being 
exactly  that  of  the  leaf,  it  is  not  easy  to  find  one,  even  when  the  laying  is  ob- 
served. 

"  Having  agreed  to  do  what  I  could  to  get  eggs  for  Mr.  Edwards,  the  chase 
began  before  any  females  were  abroad,  and  was  kept  up  almost  daily  for  three 
iiiontlis  or  nv)re.  The  females  of  the  fir.st  brood  were  all  small-bodied,  and  could 
lay  but  few  eggs.  They  also  proved  very  unrul}*  find  almost  always  refused  to 
lay  when  in  confinement.  As  at  first  it  was  thought  that  apple  or  cherry  was  the 
food-plant,  females  were  unsuccessfully  confined  over  these  and  allied  plants ;  but 
at  length  one  was  detected  in  the  act  of  laying  on  willow,  so  that  farther  mis- 
take was  avoided.  But  even  on  willow  they  so  steadily  refused  to  lay,  that  from 
several  dozen  butterllies  of  the  first  brood  I  only  got  ten  eggs,  all  of  which  were 
sent  to  Coalburgh. 

"  The  males  of  the  first  brood  were  fond  of  feeding  on  blossoms  of  the  running 
lilackberry,  and  occasionally  were  seen  on  composites,  but  I  did  not  see  a  female 
of  that  brood  feeding  on  any  flower.    By  the  time  the  first  brood  had  gone,  their 


PAPILIO   XII.,  XIII. 


habits  and  run-ways  had  been  so  well  learned  that  I  felt  sure  of  ultimate  suc- 
cess. 

"  About  10th  May,  the  fresh,  bright  colored  males  of  the  second  brood  sud- 
denly appeared  in  considerable  numbers,  and  in  a  week  females  were  also  Hying. 
One  day,  I  took  two  fine  females,  and  the  next  discovered  several  feeding  on 
alfalfa  blos.soms.  That  day  eight  were  put  in  three  bags  and  tied  to  willow 
boughs  in  the  thickets,  ond  the  next  afternoon  quite  a  number  of  eggs  had  been 
laid  imd  were  .sent  forward. 

"  These  females  were  all  notably  larger  than  those  of  the  first  brood,  and  gen- 
erally laid  several  eggs  in  confinement.  From  one  I  got  twenty-eight.  Wlien 
the  butterflies  were  taken  far  from  my  house,  or  in  places  difficult  of  access,  they 
were  put  in  tin  boxes,  and  there  confined  with  cut  twigs  of  willow.  But  willow 
speedily  wilts  in  a  warm,  dry  place,  so  that  in  two  hours  the  plant  would  be 
worthle.ss,  as  the  it  ects  have  sense  enough  not  to  lay  on  wilted  leaves.  To  rem- 
edy this  di.ficulty,  I  thought  of  the  expedient  of  inverting  over  the  plant,  leaving 
off  the  bag,  a  wide-mouthed  gla.ss  jar,  of  as  large  size  as  could  be  got.  Jars  of  a 
gallon  capacity  gave  excellent  results.  These  not  only  kept  tlie  loaves  from 
wilting,  but  al.so  rendered  the  air  moist  and  quiet,  and  evidently  in  a  favorable 
condition  for  the  object  in  view.  But  wherever  possible,  the  butterflies  were 
put  in  the  gauze  bags  and  left  in  the  thicket  where  they  had  been  found.  In 
such  cases  three  enemies  are  to  be  guarded  against,  boys,  birds,  and  ants.  The 
curioi  s  boys  cannot  possibly  let  the  odd  apparatus  alone  if  they  find  it,  and  the 
sharp  little  Indian  boys  are  quick  at  spying  out  -  ich  things.  The  birds  are 
about  as  bad,  for  the_y  eat  the  butterflies,  prying  wpen  the  me.'^hes  of  the  bag 
with  their  bills.  To  circumvent  them,  it  is  well  to  use  a  double  bag,  or  to  cover 
the  bag  with  a  cloth  on  the  upper  side.  As  to  the  ants,  I  have,  whenever  possi- 
ble, waded  into  a  stream,  or  better,  a  wet  bog,  and  so  found  placts  safe  from  both 
ants  and  boys.  Then  the  bags  must  be  placed  low  down  near  tiie  ground  and  on 
thrifty  fast-growing  twigs.  High-hung  bags  are  never  successful.  Considerable 
shade  must  be  had  or  the  butterflies  will  die.  All  these  things,  easy  enough  when 
known,  cost  me  days  and  weeks  of  experiment,  and  many  disheartening  failures 
occurred.  From  one  cause  or  other  it  has  sometimes  been  ueces.sary  to  keep 
the  captured  females  for  several  days.  In  such  cases  I  fed  them  on  sweetened 
water.     They  are  easily  tamed  and  ••soon  learn  to  feed. 

"  It  is  probable  there  are  more  than  tliree  broods  here  when  the  sea.son  is  so 
long.  The  butterflies  will  be  flying  in  November,  and  if  we  allow  two  months 
for  a  brood,  the  fourth  would  appear  about  first  of  September,  and  their  caterpil- 
lars would  have  time  to  pupate  before  cold  weather,  for  with  us  October  is  very 
warm." 


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PAPILIO   XII.,   XIII. 


Ijater  Mr.  Wright  wrote  me  that  on  15th  September  he  found  a  half  grown 
larva  of  Jiiitulitu  near  his  house. 

Mr.  Baron,  some  years  ago,  reported  that  in  north  California  he  saw  Rutulus 
laving  on  willow,  and  he  got  the  egg.  This  was  mentioned  in  Papilio  III.,  p.  65, 
1883.  Mr.  R.  H.  Stretch,  who  has  had  great  experience  in  collecting  and  breed- 
ing butterllies  in  California,  and  is  a  careful  observer  of  their  habits,  wrote  me, 
30tii  April,  1883  :  "  I  see  a  note  of  yours  about  the  egg  of  Rutulus  Oi.  willow. 
Now  Rutulus  is  always  found  hawking  up  and  down  willow  thickets  in  preference 
to  any  other  locality,  and  I  have  always  supposed  it  to  be  a  willow  feeder, 
though  I  never  succeeded  in  finding  the  larva."  Unquestionably,  willow  is  the 
usual  food  of  this  species,  but  other  plants  must  also  be  eaten,  though  they  may 
not  be  preferred. 

Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  in  Psyche  II.,  p.  180, 1878,  says  that  one  female  of  several  con- 
fined by  him  when  in  California  over  a  branch  of  wild  cherry  laid  twenty  eggs, 
but  the  others  refused.  He  found  the  young  larvae  more  difficult  to  raise  than 
those  of  Turnus^  and  in  fact  they  all  died  when  past  the  first  moult.  He  says, 
"  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  informs  me  that  he  has  repeatedly  found  larvae  of  this 
species,  but  usually  lost  them  before  they  changed  to  chrysalis."  As  to  this  state- 
ment, Mr.  Edwards  tells  me  that  he  probably  spoke  of  Eurymedon,  which  he 
formerly  mixed  up  with  Rutulus,  and  that  he  never  had  larvae  of  Rutvlus  but 
once,  and  then  from  three  eggs  which  he  saw  a  female  lay  on  alder,  Alna  viridis, 
as  mentioned  in  Papilio  II.,  p.  113.  These  larvae  died  from  neglect  after  third 
moult.  So  that,  as  far  as  known,  willow  and  alder  are  the  only  food  plants  of 
this  species,  for  the  eggs  obtained  by  Mr.  Mead  were  laid  in  confinement,  and  the 
larvtc  died  not  long  after  hatching. 

The  first  lot  of  eggs  sent  me  by  Mr.  Wright  suffered  from  mould  on  the  jour- 
ney, and  but  one  hatched.  I  offered  the  larva  leaves  of  cherry,  apple,  and  tulip 
tree  (this  last  the  favorite  food  of  P.  Turnus),  but  it  died,  having  eaten  nothing. 
The  next  lot  arrived  3Ist  May,  ten  days  en  route,  and  all  apparently  healthy. 
One  larva  came  out  1st  June  and  eight  the  next  day.  I  gave  these  tidip  leaves 
only.  On  the  5th  five  larvae  died  suddenly,  after  vomiting  a  purple  fluid,  and  by 
till-  Gth  all  were  dead.  They  seemed  to  have  been  poi.soned  by  the  food,  which 
they  had  eaten  of  very  sparingly,  nibbling  a  little  here  and  there.  Evidently  the 
food  was  distasteful  to  them. 

On  5th  June  more  eggs  arrived,  and  to  the  larvae  from  them  I  offered  tulip, 
cherry,  apple,  and  willow.  Next  day  all  were  found  on  the  willov/  and  feeding. 
Two  other  lots  of  eggs  came,  to  11th  June,  and  only  willow  was  given  the  larvae. 
Ih'nceforth  there  was  no  more  trouble  and  no  loss.  The  larvae  are  as  easy  to 
raise  as  are  those  of  Turnus.     Some  examples  at  each  stage  were  preserved  in 


PAriLio  XII.,  xin. 

alcohol,  but  fifteen  were  allower]  to  go  to  pupation.  The  first  chrysalis  formed 
Sth  July  and  this  gave  butterfly  25th  July,  or  at  nineteen  days.  The  second 
formed  8th  July  and  the  butterfly  came  out  28th,  or  at  twenty  days;  both 
female.  On  25th  August  ciune  a  male  at  seventeen  days,  on  28th  a  female  at 
nineteen  ;  and  others  appeared  at  intervals  to  5th  September.  Later  some  chrys- 
alids  which  I  supposed  were  hibernating  gave  butterflies  irregularly,  the  last  on 
18th  November.  One  large  mule  came  26th  April,  and  two  chrysalids  died  dur- 
ing the  winter'.  This  male  was  fully  as  large  as  any  of  the  fall  brood  and  in  ap- 
pearance like  those. 

The  larva  of  Rutulua  is  in  habits  similar  to  Turnus.  It  is  sluggish,  scarcely 
moving  at  all.  It  weaves  a  web  across  part  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  it 
rests  on,  whereby  the  leaf  is  somewhat  drawn  together,  enough  to  leave  an  open 
space  between  the  web  and  leaf.  The  web  .serves  as  a  bridge  on  which  the  larva 
lies  in  comfort  when  a  flood  pours  down  the  leaf.  I  measured  one  of  these  webs 
on  whicii  a  full-grown  Turnus  rested,  and  found  it  two  and  a  half  by  one  and  a 
half  inches  in  extent,  and  four  tenths  inch  above  the  bend  of  the  leaf.  It  was  so 
firm  that  I  observed  no  depression  from  the  weight  of  the  larva.  On  sprinkling 
water  vertically  upon  the  leaf,  it  passed  through  the  web  readily. 

I  fed  both  weeping  and  golden  willow,  and  tiiey  were  equally  relished.  Al- 
though Turnus  is  known  to  feed  on  many  species  of  plants,  and  of  widely  difierent 
groups,  no  one  has  observed  willow  to  be  one  of  them,  and  when  I  have  at- 
tempted to  force  the  larvn9  to  eat  willow,  it  was  without  effect.  In  California 
are  many  plants  allied  to  those  on  which  Turnus  feeds,  and  that  Rutulus  should 
be  nearly  restricted  to  willow  shows  a  difference  quite  as  significant  as  anything 
seen  in  the  larva  or  imago.  During  part  of  the  summer  I  was  rearing  a  lot  of 
Turnus  larva?  from  the  egg,  and  so  was  able  to  compare  the  two  species  stage  by 
stage,  with  the  results  before  set  forth  and  shown  on  the  Plate. 


NoTK.  While  tliis  paper  was  passing  through  the  press,  Mr.  James  Behrens  wrote  me  from  Mt. 
Shasta,  L'al.,  tliut  he  had  recently  found  larviB  of  Rutulus  on  a  species  of  balsam-poplar,  and  fed  them 
with  the  leaves  of  this  tree  in  confinement. 


PAPILIO   XITI. 


; 


J 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATK. 

a.  Eao  ;  magnifitil. 

b.  VouNo  Larva  of  Rutulus  ;  magnified, 
i",  i».  Same  in  ouiline;  magnified. 

b*.  Tubercle  on  second  segment  ;  magnified, 

c.  C.  YouNQ  Lakva  of  TuKNus  ;  m'sgnified. 
c«.  Tul)ere!e  on  second  segment;  magnified. 

d.  rf»  Larva  of  R.itulus  after  first  moult;  magnified. 
rf'.  Same  in  outline;  magnified. 

e.  el  Larva  of  Tuhnus  after  first  moult ,  magnified, 
/i/^i/*   Larva  of  RuTULUs  after  six.nn.i  „     i.    i 

f*  f   Simn    ,  '•  '''""'"S  ^'»"'»"  "^oloringi  macrnified 

y  ../^ .  Same  stage,  segments  3,  4,  5  ;  ma-nified  -na^nmea. 

9.  Larva  of  Rt;Tt;t.„s  after  tl.i.d  n,oul.;"s,ightIy  enlarged. 

V'-  isame,  later  in  the  stage;  enlarged. 

fl».  Spots  on  fourth  segment,  showing  variation. 

h.  Larva  of  Tuu.vus  after  third  moult  ;  enlarged. 

A'.  Spots  on  fourth  segment,  showing  variation. 

..  Maturk  Larva  of  Rutulus  ,  natural  .ize. 

.^.  Same,  back  view,  showing  the  spots  on  fourth  segment. 

>  .  bpots  on  fourth  segment  in  variety. 

;.  Mature  Larva  of  Turnus;  natural  size. 

jl  Spots  on  fourth  segment  in  variety. 

k.  RUTULUS  shortly  before  pupation. 

'■  Chrysalis  of  Kutulds. 

m.  Same  in  outline;  showing  the  spots  on  fourth  segment. 


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PIEUIS  1. 


PIERIS   SISYMBRI,  1-5. 

/VnV  S,\,/,nhn,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Sue.  Knt.  .1..  r,a„,c,  185^  p.  284. 

-M.uj:.  —  Expiuxls  1.3  to  l.G  inch. 

Upper  M.le  wliito  with  a  fhint  yellow  tint;  bases  of  wings  dusted  with  Mack  • 

pnmaneshave  the  costal  n.a.-gin  .n,v  for  three  fifths  the  length  fro„ril     t  e 

|-lsot  the  nen-nle«  hon.  apex  to  second  bnu.h  of  n^edian  covert      vilck 

.   X  wluoh  dnnnnsh  gradually  in  length  down  the  margin;  midway  ^tw 

Ku-gn.  and  cell  rs  a  transverse  black  ban.l.  interrupted  opposit    cell,  ami  ru  n  , 

->  costa  to  upper  n.edian  interspace ;  on  the  arc  a  bhJk  bar,  indexed  ^^ 

>.K.  ,^.econuar.es  mnnaculate  ;  fringes  of  both  wings  white  ;  black  at  the  ends  of 

Under  side  san,e  color;  the  markings  repeated,  but  paler  or  gray,  the  bars 
along  margni  of  pnmaries  greenish-gray.  .\.cncijai> 

Se..ondaries  have  all  the  nervures  ...^d  branches  bm  ,dly  ed<rcd  on  both  sides 
;v   1.  gr..n,sh^gray    son.what  interrupted   on   the  extralcafarea   ^  a^ 
;;;;;iLr:::lS:^  --'-^  ^^'-^  -  ^'^  --le.  panting  towards  ami 

lto.lv  g,„y.,l,OV0,  tllOI-aX  ,vl,ite    l,..lmv.  „l„l„,„o„   yolIowM,  ;   lc..rs„l,ite-    mI,,! 

"I'll  K,  tlie  tip  orange.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 
Ukmalk.  —  Expands  from  1.0  to  2  Miches 

nuSr  i,f  r  ^"''  "h  '""''•  ''^:'  ""'""^'  ^'"^  '^''^-^^'^-^  band  is  extended  to  sub- 
1    n  n,te  space,  the  second  median  interspace  being  imn.aculate ;  on  under 

Ur;;;:;  r-;""  ^'^  '"  ^••^  r''^  --^---l-^''^  -'^  l-le,  but  ol^en  heavy, 
\  AK.  Flava.     Female.  —  Botii  surfaces  j.ale  yellow.     (Fig.  5.) 


riERTS   I. 


Egg.  —  Long,  iinnow,  conical,  the  base  and  top  flattened,  depressed ;  ribbed 
longitudinally,  the  interspaces  excavated,  and  crossed  by  nuraei'ous  stria; ;  of  two 
examples  under  view,  one  has  the  ribs  rather  prominent,  the  other  flattened, 
as  are  also  the  intervening  spaces,  and  the  middle  is  much  swollen,  after  the 
manner  of  an  egg  of  Colias ;  both  have  14  ribs ;  color  when  first  laid  yellow, 
shorth'  before  the  end  of  tire  stage  red  (Figs,  a  «",  d"  micropyle). 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  .9  inch  ;  cylindrical,  tapering  slightly  from  middle 
segment  to  extremity  ;  color  light  yellow  crossed  with  stripes  of  black  ;  each 
segment  several  times  creased,  and  on  the  ridges  so  caused  are  small  yellow  tu- 
bercles of  irregular  sizes,  each  giving  out  a  short,  fine  black  hair  ;  on  all  segments 
after  2  and  including  12,  are  two  stripes  to  the  segment;  on  3  and  4  t'.iese  have 
nearly  even  edges;  but  from  5  to  12  the  anterior  one  has  the  front  edge  either 
sinuous  or  cscalloped,  so  that  an  arch  falls  on  middle  of  dorsum,  and  sometimes 
it  is  produced  quite  to  the  anterior  edge  of  the  segment,  and  another  falls  c 
either  edge  o£  dor.sal  area;  usually  this  stripe  is  broken  on  lower  part  cl  iJo 
the  stripe  on  posterior  part  of  the  segment  is  narrow  and  is  prolonged  u  tho 
basal  ridge  ;  along  this  ridge  is  a  macular  black  band  ;  inder  sid-  yellow-white  ; 
feet  black,  pro-legs  yellow;  head  sub-globose,  granulated  ;  the  upper  front  face 
broadly  black  ;  a  black  triangle  over  mandibles,  and  the  ocelli  are  black  on  a 
black  bar.  (Figs. })",  b',  W.)  From  egg  to  chrysalis  33  days  in  April  and  May ; 
in  ]\Iny  and  June  30  days. 

CiiKVsALis.  — Length  .5  to. 53  inch  ;  cylindrical;  the  head  case  narrow,  exca- 
vated on  either  side  ;  a  short,  stout  projection  Ijctween  the  eyes ;  mesonotum 
prominent,  rounded,  a  little  carinated,  followeil  by  an  excavation  about  as  deep 
a-*  the  mesonotum  is  high,  but  not  evenly  rounded,  rather  angular  ;  on  either  side 
of  dorsum,  on  anterior  abdominal  .segments,  are  thin  and  angular  elevations,  oil 
slight,  the  foremost  one  most  prominent;  color  dark  browri ;  whole  surface,  ex- 
cept the  wing  covers,  covered  with  Irregular  granulations.     (Fig.  c.) 

Tliis  species  is  found  boih  in  North  and  South  California,  in  Nevada,  in  South- 
ern Colorado,  and  in  Arizona.  Mr.  O.  T.  Baron,  in  his  excursions  through  North- 
ern California,  A)und  Sisi/mhri  iibundant,  and  twice  succeeded  in  Ijringing  the 
larvic  to  maturity,  and  imago.  Eggs  laid  11th  April  hatched  25th.  Tiie  first 
moult  took  place  7th  May,  the  second  on  13th.  the  third  20tli,  ai,.  pupation  took 
place  2Sth  May.  These  eggs  were  obtained  by  confining  the  female  in  bag  o-  er 
the  food-plant. 

Another  lot  of  egg.s  which  were  found,  hatched  5th  May.  The  first  moidt 
took  place  14th,  the  second  on  10th,  the  third  on  25th,  and  pupatior  'i'>  June. 
By  Mr.  Baron's  observatio.is  there  were  but  three  moults.  Mr.  T  •-  "lead, 
in  1878,  found  the  butterlly  as  well  us  caterpillar.'^  in  Southern  California,  and 


:'F 


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PIERIS   I. 

mado  tlie  drawing  which  I  have  used.  I  was  able  to  compare  it  with  several 
hu\x  m  alcohol  sent  me  by  Mr.  Biu-on.  The  chrysalis  is  drawn  from  an  alco- 
holic example,  also  from  Mr.  Baron.  The  outline  is  correct,  but  the  color  may 
not  be  so  accurately  given  as  if  I  had  had  the  living  chrysalis  at  hand.  Mr. 
Baron  says  the  color  is  "  dark  brown,"  and  the  appearance  of  these  examples 
would  indicate  that  the  natural  color  is  of  one  shade.  There  are  no  black  dots, 
as  is  common  in  chrysalids  of  species  of  Pieris. 


PIERIS  I. 


PIERIS   NELSOXr.     6,  7. 


Pirrh  Nflmni. 


Malk.  —  Expands  2  inches. 

Upper  side  white;  costal  margin  of  primaries  and  hases  of  both  win^rs  dusted 
Mnck ;  at  apex  of  primaries  and  to  second  branch  of  median,  serrated  black 
patches  on  ends  of  thenervules;  and  beyond,  an  extra-discal  transverse  row  of 
small  spots,  of  which  two  are  deep  black ;  namely,  one  in  lower  snb-costal  the 
other  m  upper  median  interspace  ;  another  spot  in  snb-median  interspace  is  repre- 
se.Ked  by  a  cluster  of  scales;  on  the  costal  margin,  the  upper  spot  is  joined  to 
he  black  margmal  edging  by  a  stripe  of  black  ;  on  arc,  a  sub-oval  black  spot, 
througli  which  runs  a  whitish  streak  ;  fringes  white. 

Tinder  side  of  primaries  white,  with  a  faint  greenish-yellow  tint  over  apical 
nrca;  the  markings  repeated,  those  aijout  apex  difl'used,  gray-brown;  the  inner 
row  gray-brown,  the  lower  spot,  on    sub-median  interspace,  as  distinct  as  the 

Secondaries  white,  faintly  tinted  greenish-yellow ;  all  the  nervures  and  branches 
l)roadIy  bordered  with  gray-brown,  especially  those  which  include  tlie  cell  and 
the  branches  of  median  and  the  sub-median ;  indeed  the  interspaces  are  nearly 
Hosed  up  l)elow  the  cell ;  beyond  the  disk  these  borders  are  joined  by  serrations 
"1  tlio  interspaces,  most  conspicuous  from  outer  angle  to  upper  branch  of  median, 
liut  continued  across  the  median  interspaces. 

Body  above  covered  with  long  gray  hairs,  abdomen  Idack  on  both  dorsum  and 
sides;  under  side  of  thorax  yellow-gray,  abdomen  white;  palpi  white  with  many 
Ijlack  hairs ;  antenna)  black  ;  club  black,  tip  green. 
From  1  $  taken  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Nelson,  at  St.  Michael's,  Alaska,  June,  1881. 
I  Mtortunately  no  ?  was  taken.     The  species  is  near  Callklke,  Esper,  but  dif- 
tersin  the  coloration  of  the  under  side,  which  is  gray-brown  instead  of  green, 
MiKl  on  upper  side  in  the  shape  of  the  cellular  spot,  which  is  a  short  oval,  in 
stead  of  a  long  curved  bar,  as  in  2  ^  2  9  European  Callidkc  before  me  (also  in 


PIERIS   I. 


Esper's  figure,  Platu  115,  Fig.  2),  and  in  the  presence  of  a  spot  in  sub-median 
inturMpace.  I  submitted  this  example  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  British  Museum,  for 
comparison  with  CaUidlce,  and  he  observed  that  it  differed  therefrom  in  the 
points  indicated,  and  says :  "  We  have  a  similar  specimen  marked  North  Amer- 
ica, and  which  I  had  separated  by  a  label  as  probably  distinct." 

Kirby,  Catalogue,  attributes  CaUidlce  to  Europe  and  Asia,  with  no  special  lo- 
calities named.  Staudinger,  Catalogue,  says :  '*  Summits  of  the  Alps,  and  Pontus 
and  Asia  Minor,  Alpine."     So  that  it  would  not  appear  to  fly  in  Eastern  Asia. 


lan 
for 
the 
ler- 

lo- 

itu,s 


PIERIS  I. 


PIERIS   nECKERII.    8,9. 

Picrh  Beckerii,  Edwards,  But.  N.  A.  I,  p.  28,  pi.  8,  1H71. 

By  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Mead,  1  am  able  to  give  figures  of  the  mature  larva  and 
clirvsnlis  of  Beckerii.  The  larva  was  drawn  and  colored  by  him  from  nature, 
and  the  outlines  of  the  chrysalis  were  drawn,  but  not  colored.  The  coloring 
given  on  the  Plate  is  from  Mr.  Mead's  description. 

Mature  Larva.  — "  Length  1.25  inch  ;  color  greonish-white,  thickly  marbled 
or  sprinkled  with  gray,  and  with  a  very  dislinct  orange  belt  between  the  seg- 
ments ;  each  segment  also  has  10  or  18  jet  black  tubercles  which  taper  into  black 
bristled;  the  head  is  tinged  with  yellow."    (Fig.s.  d,  d".)  T.  L.  Mead. 

Chrysalis.  —  "  Is  of  much  the  same  general  shape  as  that  of  Pieris  Protod'ice, 
Bois.,  but  less  angulated  ;  the  front  i^  terminated  by  a  blunt  point ;  the  cephalic 
portion  is  rounded,  with  uneven  surface,  and  with  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  tho- 
rax, is  dark-grayish  brown  ;  the  ridge  above  the  wing  cases,  which  is  quite  con- 
spicuous in  Protod'ice,  is  absent  in  Beckerii ;  the  remainder  is  gray,  nearly  white 
upon  the  wing  cases,  and  on  tlio  ridges  of  the  first  two  abdominal  segments  ;  a 
pale  stigmatal  streak  extends  from  the  margin  of  the  wing  cases  to  the  tail;  in 
line  acrcss  dorsum  are  four  black  dots  at  the  boundary  between  thorax  and  ab- 
domen.    Duration  of  this  stage  aJ^out  15  daj-s."     (Fig.  e.)  T.  L.  Mead. 

Mr.  Mead  says  :  "  In  the  Mohave  Desert,  24th  May,  1878,  I  found  numbers  of 
those  larvaa  on  various  cruciferous  plants." 

Since  this  species  was  figured,  it  has  been  alleged  by  several  authors  to  be 
identical  Avith  P.  Chloridice,  a  species  credited  in  Dr.  Staudinger's  Catalogue  to 
^"outhern  Russia,  Persia,  and  Siberia.  I  have  examples  of  Chloridice  from  Dr. 
Staudinger,  and  I  apprehend  that  while  there  is  a  certain  resemblance,  such  as 
woidd  connect  the  two  forms  in  a  sub-group,  there  is  by  no  means  identity.  One 
ciuuiot  properly  be  called  a  variety  of  the  other,  or  a  local  race  of  the  otlier. 
Bi'ikerii  in  l)oth  sexes  is  well  represented  on  my  Plate.  Dr.  II.  A.  Ilagen,  in 
1881,  took  27  or  more  examples  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Terr.,  and  says: 


riEUis  I. 


"  My  spociinens  agree  exactly  with  the  excellent  figures"  of  Vol.  I.,  But.  N.  A. 
It  is  not  necessary  therefore  to  re-figure  lic<;ker'd  on  account  of  variation,  but  to 
make  the  distiuftion  between  it  and  Chloridke  patent,  I  give  figures  of  the  upper 
and  under  side  of  JJeckerll  <?  (8);  of  upper  side  of  the  9  ('J);  both  from  Vol.  I.; 
and  tlie  corresponding  wings  of  CMoridlce  i  (10),  9  (11),  from  the  exa'nples  in 
my  collection.  CV/Aj/'trf/ce  is  a  much  smaller  species,  and  looks  more  like  unAn- 
thocaris  than  a  Pieris.  My  examples  of  Bccker'd  measure  <?  (J  2  ;  'J.l  inches  ;  9  9 
2;  2.2  inches.  Of  the  ii  Chloridlce,  one  is  l.G  in.  the  otiier  1.8  in.;  the  9  l.G 
inch.  The  males  Chloridlce  have  a  cluster  of  continent  black  .sjjots  at  apex  of 
fore  Aving  and  on  upper  part  of  hind  margin,  and  these  are  also  confluent  with  the 
spots  of  the  inner  row,  so  that  nearly  the  whole  apical  area  is  black  and  trian- 
gular, nuich  as  in  certain  species  of  Antliocharis,  as  A.  Aiisonidca,  for  example, 
only  the  black  is  intense  in- the  Pieris  and  pale  in-  the  other.  The  discal  sjiot  is 
particularly  characteristic  of  an  Antliocharis,  being  a  narrow,  curved  bar,  with  a 
fine  white  line  running  through  it  lengthwise,  along  the  arc  of  cell.  In  all  re- 
spects this  bar  is  very  close  to  that  of  Aiith.  IlijuntU. 

In  Jit'ckcrii,  the  apical  spots  are  smaller  and  shorter  in  proportion,  do  not 
touch  each  other,  and  are  entirely  separated  from  tiie  spots  of  the  inner  row. 
The  spots  of  the  two  rows  are  parallel,  and  there  is  nothing  of  the  triangle.  And 
the  discal  spot  is  a  large,  nearly  s(|uare  patch,  of  quite  another  shape  from  that 
of  Chloridlce,  with  the  white  streak  considerably  thickened  in  the  middle,  not 
a  uniform  line.  Jkckerll  S ,  on  the  upper  side,  looks  in  all  respects  more  like  $ 
Pieris  Occldentalls  than  it  looks  like  Chloridlce.  Comparing  the  females:  Cldo- 
rldlce  has  the  spots  at  apex  so  run  together  that  merely  along  the  hind  margin  in 
middle  of  each  interspace,  is  any  white  seen ;  the  inner  row  of  spots  are  lost 
altogether  in  the  black  area.  This  area  ends  below  squarely  at  the  second  me- 
dian interspace.  The  discal  spot  is  of  .same  shape  as  in  the  male,  but  twice  as 
broad. 

In  .^^eckcrli  9  there  is  a  marginal  series  of  comparatively  small  lanceolate  sep- 
arated spots,  six  in  ninnber,  .uid  there  is  an  inner,  or  extra-discal  row  of  four 
nearly  equal  large  black  spots  in  line  across  the  wing,  nowhere  touching  the 
marginal  spots  ;  and  the  discal  spot  is  very  large  and  rhomboidal.  On  the  under 
side  of  primaries  of  Beckerll,  in  both  sexes,  are  two  black  spots  belonging  to  the 
inner  row,  one  in  the  upper  median,  the  other  in  sub-median  interspace.  (Fig. 
8.)  In  the  females  these  are  large,  in  the  males  they  vary,  and  in  one  of  my 
examples  the  lower  spot  is  wanting.  Dr.  Ilagen  writes  of  his  examples  of  Beck- 
erll, that  in  the  females  the  two  spots  are  very  marked  and  black,  but  the  males 
never  have  these  spots  so  large,  sometimes  faint,  sometimes  wanting.  Dr.  Ilagen 
has  examined  figures  of  Chloridlce  in  Fischer,  E.sper,  Ilerbst,  IlUbner,  and  Bois- 


IMEIUS  r, 

(luval,  iiiid  states  that  in  all  tho  llguivs  only  tliu  hlack  spot  noar  tlie  iniUM'  angle 
is  rep'Tsented,  there  heiiij!;  iiu  sure  in(li(;ation  of  the  other.  In  my  examples  of 
('li/oridlce,  the  female  has  i)oth  hlack  spots,  the  males  have  a  few  hlack  seiiles  in 
upper  uu'ilian  interspuee  (Fig.  10),  hut  none  in  the  suh-me(han.  This  surface  of 
the  fore  wing  is  that  of  an  Anthoeliiiris. 

On  the  under  side  of  seeondaries,  the  general  pattern  is  same  in  hoth  forms, 
ihe  spots  heing  hright  yellow-green  in  Chlorhllcc,  more  gray  in  Btchrril.  (See 
Figs,  t,  7.  in  the  Plate  in  Vol.  I.  The  contrast  is  .same  as  shown  in  Figs.  8,  10, 
ou  tlie  present  Plate,  of  the  apical  area  of  under  side  of  primaries.)  The  patterns 
of  imder  side  should  count  for  little  in  Pieris  and  xVnthooharis,  inasmuch  as  in 
l)()th  genera  similar  patterns  in  markings  and  color  run  through  a  whoh;  sul)- 
group  in  repeated  instances.  It  is  to  the  upper  side  we  must  look  for  decided 
dilferences. 


All  we  have  to  consider  i.s,  does  Beclierli  lireed  true  to  its  type  ?  Undoul)tedly 
il  does.  No  example  has  yet  heen  .seen  differing  in  any  degree  from  those  fig- 
ured in  \'ol.  I.  There  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  Beckcrii  and  Chi  or  id  Ice 
ever  had  any  closer  connection  with  each  other  than  any  two  species  of  any  sul)- 
gruup  of  hutterllie-s  may  have.  To  assert  that  one  is  a  variety  of  tlie  other,  tliere- 
f(ire,  is  to  assert  what  no  one  can  prove,  and  no  one  can  po.ssihly  know.  All  we 
do  know  is  that  Beckerii  i.s  a  perniiinent  form,  separated  by  important  characters 
fioiu  any  other.  That  is  to  say,  it  is  a  species.  We  have  to  accept  the  facts  as 
we  lind  them. 

Beckerii  iidiabits  more  or  less  of  the  Pacific  .>^lope  from  Oregon  to  Southern 
California;  also  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Arizona.  Dr.  Hagen's  examples  were 
taken  Jane  24th,  25th,  and  July  20th,  and  he  regards  them  as  of  the  sunnner 
brood.  Mr.  II.  Edwards  took  those  which  are  figured  in  Vol.  I.,  in  Nevada,  in  April, 
and  they  wei'e  therefore  of  the  earliest  brood  of  the  year.  Mv.  Mead  obtained 
si'veral  of  the  hutterllies  in  Southern  California  in  May,  1878,  from  chrysalids, 
some  of  which  are  in  my  collection,  and  these  woidd  be  the  second  brood  of  the 
year.  Mr.  Baron  took  the  summer  brood  in  Northern  California.  I  .see  no  dif- 
ference between  the  two  broods. 


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ANTHOCARIS   I. 


ANTHOCARIS  OLYMFIA,  1-4. 


AnlhiKarii  Olympia,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  1871. 

M.\LE.  —  Expands  1.6  inch. 

Upper  side  pure  white,  gray  at  bases  of  wings ;  primaries  have  at  the  apex 
II  pule  gray  sub-triangular  patch  terminating  on  either  margin  in  a  small  .spot 
of  darker  color ;  on  the  arc  a  straight  black  bar,  reaching  the  .sub-costal  nervure ; 
costal  margin  slightly  specked  with  black. 

Secondaries  have  a  few  black  scales  at  outer  angle,  and  a  small  wedge-shaped 
black  spot  preceding  these  scales  on  costa  ;  fringes  white. 

Under  .side  white  ;  primaries  have  a  small  gray  sub-apical  spot  on  costa,  nearly 
lovercd  with  green  scales,  and  a  faint  greenish  patch  on  hind  margin  partly  cov- 
ering the  discoidal  interspaces ;  discal  spot  narrow,  Ivmate,  inclosing  a  white 
streak.  Secondaries  crossed  by  three  bands  of  yellow-green  on  a  gray  ground, 
the  intorinediate  spaces  being  white  ;  the  first  band,  near  base,  forms  the  seg- 
iient  of  a  circle  ;  the  second,  just  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  wing,  of  irreg- 
ular width,  projects  a  short,  truncated  branch  on  sub-median  nervure  that  con- 
nects with  the  third  band,  and  ends  in  a  sharp  spur  a  little  inside  abdominal 
margin ;  the  third  band,  commencing  on  abdominal  margin,  is  at  first  broad, 
and  after  connecting  with  the  second,  narrows  to  half  its  previous  width,  then 
enlarges  greatly  and  curves  towards  hind  margin,  which  it  strikes  in  three 
liranches,  besides  sending  a  fourth  to  outer  angle  ;  sometimes  this  last  branch  is 
ilisconnected  and  forms  a  marginal  spot;  these  bands  all  marked  more  or  less  by 
sniiill  white  spots  and  points.  Tdy  black,  covohmI  with  gray  hairs;  beneath 
greenish  white ;  palpi  white  with  many  gray  hairs ;  antennte  gray  above,  yel- 
lowish below  ;  club  brown  above,  bright  yellow  below  and  at  tip. 

Female.  —  Expands  1.7  inch. 

Similar  to  nu'le  ;  the  apical  patch  inclosing  a  .-  •  .fie,  distinct,  white  spot ;  discal 
mark  broader,  sinuous,  sending  a  short  spur  nlong  sub-costal  nervure  ;  costal 
edge  more  irrorated  ;  under  side  as  in  male. 

The  specimens  of  Olympia  originally  described,  and  till  then  the  only  ones 
known  to  me,  were  taken  at  Coalburgh,  West  Va.,  in  April,  1871,  by  a  young 
(collector  whom  I  had  enjoined  to  take  "  everything  that  was  white,"  and  were 


ANTHOCARIS  I. 


brought  in  company  with  a  number  of  Anthocaris  Genutia  and  Pieris  Virginien- 
sis.  Not  long  after,  a  collection  of  butterflies,  made  by  Mr.  Boll,  in  Texas,  and 
belonging  to  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  at  Cambridge,  were  sent  me 
by  Dr.  Hagen  for  examination,  and  among  them  was  a  male  of  Olympia.  Since 
that  time  I  have  been  informed  by  Dr.  L.  K.  Hayhurst,  that  he  has  once  taken 
the  same  species  in  Missouri.  Mr.  G.  M.  Dodge  also  has  taken  a  pair  at  his 
former  residence  in  Bureau  County.  Illinois ;  thus  .showing  a  wide  distribution 
for  so  extremely  rare  a  species.  In  April,  1873,  another  fine  male  was  taken  in 
my  garden  at  Coalbm-gh. 

Olympia  is  more  delicate  and  less  strong  of  wing  than  Ausonides,  and  of  a 
low,  uncertain,  and  tremulous  flight.  In  West  Virginia  it  accompanies  Genutia, 
and  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  female  of  that  species,  frequenting,  with  it, 
cultivated  grounds  —  gardens  and  meadows. 


ANTHOCARIS   II. 


ANTHOCARIS    AUSONIDES,  5-8. 

Aufhocarb  Atisomles  (Au-son'-ides),  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  .le  France,  1852.     Lep.  de  la  Cal.,  1869. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.5  to  1.9  inch. 

Upper  side  white,  sometimes  pure,  but  most  often  yellow-tinted,  much  sprinkled 
with  blade  scales  at  bases  of  wings  ;  primaries  have  the  apex  gray  or  black  in 
.•l.jsnig  a  white  patch  on  costal  margin,  and  white  marginal  rays  in  the  discJidal 
...1(1  upper  medum  interspaces;  the.se  rays  sometimes  expanding  into  oval  or 
rounded  spots,  just  within  the  margin,  in  which  case,  including  the  costal  natch 
there  are  three  or  four  spots  crossing  the  apex;  costal  edge  slightly  specked 
with  black ;  a  black  spot  on  arc,  reniform  or  lunate,  or  sometimes  a  siiiuous 
bar,  usually  reaching  the  sub-costal  nervure. 

Secondaries  have  a  mottled  appearance  owing  to  their  transpareucv  •  frintre 
of  primaries  alternately  black  and  white,  of  secondaries  white,  black  at 'tins  of 
ii'Tvulos.  1 

ruder  side  of  primaries  as  above,  except  that  th-  dark  apex  is  wantino-  or  is 
.■.presented  only  by  small  clusters  of  dull  green  scales,  which  a.v  suflu.sS  with 
yellow,  as  ,s  also  all  that  portion  which  is  '  ,k  on  upper  side,  the  white  natch 
usually  retaining  its  color  ;  a  white  line  on  , ,..   nro  within  the  discal  spot      ' 

Secondaries  mottled  with  dull  green  disposed  in  three  rnir.,,1,  Iran.sverse  ban.K 
and  a  demi-band  on  the  inner  side  between  the  margin.!  .nd  central  ;  the  mar- 
^na]  hand  deeply  scolloped;  all  the.se  usually  suffused  with  mellow,  and  Jiversi- 
IH'.I  With  points  and  patches  where  the  absence  of  the  green  scales  .liscloses  the 
"Int.-  ground;  the  nervures  of  the  disk  yellow.  Body  above  grav-black  h 
neath  yellow-white ;  legs  same  ;  palpi  white  with  many  gray  hairs;  ..'nn.nna.  and 
<'lnl)  irrfiy  specked  with  black  above,  ochraceous  beneath. 

FK.MALE.-Same  size,  and  closely  resembles  the  male;  frequently  secondaries 
^'H  upper  side  are  suffused  with  a  buff  or  ochraceous  tint 

Mature  Larva. -Length  1  inch.     Cylindrical,  slender;  head  small   n,  ,nd 
f^Tceu  specked  with  black  ;  body  entirely  covered  with  black  granules  each 

"t  «  nch  springs  a  short  hair ;  marked  longitudinally  by  three  lead-colored  stripes 
'">'■  "•r.>^al.  two  lateral,  the  intervening  spaces  being  yellow;  the  lateral  stripe.' 
-Ijrc'd  below  with  white  that  shades  into  yellow;  legs  black,  pro-legs  greenish- 


ANTHOCARIS   II. 


Chrysalis.  —  Length  .9  inch.  Slender,  cylindrical,  thickest  in  the  middle, 
t^iperiiig  therefrom  jiretty  evenly,  the  extremities  being  of  nearly  equal  size,  the 
anterior  a  little  flattened ;  viewed  laterally,  the  figure  is  that  of  a  highly  obtuae- 
aiiglod  triangle,  the  sides  equal,  the  base  nearly  straight,  there  being  only  a 
slight  wave  at  thorax ;  color  gray-brown,  covered  with  tine  longitudinal  darker 
streaks. 

This  species  is  eonnnon  in  California  and  Colorado.  It  is  also  brought  from 
Utah,  Arizona,  and  Montana,  and  I'rom  Vancouver's  Island.  The  late  Robert 
Kennicott  sent  me,  some  years  ago,  a  specimen  taken  by  himself  on  the  Yukon 
River,  a  very  high  latitude  for  a  species  of  .so  delicate  a  genuM.  In  the  At- 
lantic States,  the  allied  A.  Genulia  is  very  rarely  found  north  of  latitude  40°, 
twenty  degrees  south  of  the  Yukon  River.  Of  the  habits  of  this  species  Mr. 
Henry  Edwards  writes  :  "  It  is  one  of  the  very  first  to  appear  in  spring,  and 
as  early  as  the  end  of  February,  if  the  weather  be  moderately  warm,  nuiy  bo 
-oon  sporting  owv  the  llowers  of  Brassica,  Radix,  and  otiier  cruciferous  plants. 
It  is  local,  but  Avhere  found,  occurs  in  some  abundance.  Through  the  whole  of 
the  San  Joaquin,  Alameda,  and  Napa  valleys  it  is  common,  though  only  in  the 
early  season,  for  it  is  siugle-bi'ooded.  .ii.d  its  existence  seems  to  terminate  about 
the  end  of  April." 

The  larva  was  discovered  Ijy  Mr.  Mead,  in  Colorado,  in  1871,  and  from  one 
sent  by  him  the  drawing  on  the  Plate  was  made.  Mr.  Mead  wrote,  28th  June, 
as  follows  :  "  At  Turkey  Creek  Junction  there  were  mrny  eggs  and  some  larva> 
of  Avtionkles  to  be  fo;nid,  the  latter  feeding  on  the  llowers  and  seed-vessels 
of  a  cruciferous  plant.  The  eggs  were  long,  ribbed  longitudinally,  and  in  color 
light  yellow.  The  larviu  are  .solitary,  and  are  seen  stretched  at  length  on  the 
stem  or  .seed-pods  of  the  plant." 

Fi'om  a  chrjsalis  also  sent  by  Mr.  Mead,  the  butterfly  emerged  at  Coalburgh, 
in  the  spring  cf  1872. 

There  is  a  strikhig  resemblance  between  the  larva  of  ^b;.so«/f/('s  .and  that  of 
Picrix  I'rotodlce,  a  ))utterfly  ver}-  common  in  the  Southern  and  Western  States. 
Thcii  larva)  are  more  alike  in  color,  form,  and  markings  than  often  happens  be- 
tween species  of  the  same  genus.  The  iliry.salids,  on  the  contrary,  may  be  said 
to  have  no  resemblance  whatever. 

Aitsoiiides,  as  remarked  by  Dr.  Boisduval,  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from 
Auxonia,  Ilubner,  a  species  found  in  the  regions  bordering  the  Mediterranean, 
and  subject  to  much  variation,  especially  in  the  degree  of  mottling  of  the  under 
side  of  .secondaries.  The  alpine  var.  iSinyilonia,  Freyer,  seems  nearest  the  usual 
American  type,  though  we  have  also  individuals  in  which  the  markings  approach 
Belia.  Esper,  considered  to  be  another  variety  of  Ausonia.     A  comparison  of 


ANTHOCARIS   11. 

the  lurva,  and  chrysalids  would  best,  determine  the  rehitionship,  but  I  have  been 
unnblo  to  find  a  description  of  the.sc  stages  in  Ausonia.     It  is  to  be  noticed  that 
w  .ere  a  species  becomes  widely  dispersed  and  sections  are  separated  by  impass- 
ab  e  barriers,    he  l™  are  often  first  to  differ,  and  may  become  quite  distinct 
1..;  ore  any  wide  difference  is  observed  in  the  imago.     As  in  the  case  of  the  Pa- 
p.hos,  Turnus,  and  Enrymedon,  where  the  butterflies  differ  but  in  color  while 
the   arva,  are  strikingly  unlike.     So  with  several  of  the  Oraptas  figured  in  Vol 
.  of  tins  work.     And  m  determining  the  identity  or  otherwise  of  two  forms 
mm  opposie  sides  of  the  globe,  especially  if  they  inhabit  the  regions  below  the 
Hoival,  so  that  the  segregation  may  be  presumed  to  have  been  complete  for  a 
long  period  the  preparatory  stages  are  a  most  important  element  in  the  com- 
parison.    If  the  .separation  is  marked  in  these,  even  though  not  clear  enousrh  in 
,e  butterflies  to  be  fixed  by  description  _  as,  for  instance,  in  th    presen  t^^ 
o    .Wa  and  Auson.des-ii  is  safe  to  conclude  that  on  one  of  both  Jd 
iK.re  has  been  a  departure  from  the  original  type,  and  that  henceforward  be 
..veen  these  two  there  wdl  be  nothing  but  divergence.     They  have  rea  hed  a 
|)ou.t  at  which  they  may  properly  be  treated  as  distinct  species 


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ANTHOCHARIS  U. 


ANTHOCHARIS  GENUTIA,  1-4. 

AnlhocJinru  Oenutia,  Fiibricius,  Ent.  Syat.,  HI.,  p.  193,  1793.  Godnrt,  Enc.  Mcth.,  IX.,  p.  1G8,  <f,  1819. 
Iktisdiivnl,  Spec.  Gen.,  I.,  p.  S69,  1836.  Butler,  Cat.  of  Fab.  Diurnal  Lep.  in  Brit.  Mua.,  1869.  Midta, 
lliibner,  Exot.  Samml.,  1816.     L'herminieri,  Godart,  i.  c,  p.  167,  ?. 

Male.  — Expands  from  1.5  to  1.8  inch. 

Upper  side  white,  often  slightly  tinted  with  yellow,  the  bases  of  wings  dusted 
with  black ;  a  few  black  specks  on  costal  margin  of  primaries;  on  the  apex  of 
primaries  a  large  bright  orange  patch  covering  the  area  nearly  to  cell,  edged  on 
both  margins  with  small  patches  of  black  scales  ;  on  the  arc  a  small  rounded  or 
ovid  black  spot ;  secondaries  delicate,  immaculate ;  flringes  white,  black  at  tips  of 
the  norvules. 

Uiiiler  side  of  both  wings  white,  slightly  yellow  along  the  margins ;  the  orange 
shade  shows  faintly  through  the  wing,  and  the  apical  area  and  costal  margin  of 
primaries  are  slightly  specked  and  marked  with  greenish-yellow  ;  the  discal  spot 
it!peated ;  secondaries  wholly  mottled  with  patches  of  green  scales. 

Body  blackish  above,  beneath,  the  thorax  gray,  abdomen  yellowish ;  logs  yel- 
low ;  palp'  <^ray ;  antennaj  blackish  above,  white  beneath ;  club  orange  beneath 
and  at  tip. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.5  to  1.','  inch. 

Similarly  marked,  but  wanting  the  orange  patch. 

This  pretty  species  is  regarded  by  Dr.  Boisduval  and  Mr.  Butler  as  the  one 
<]os('ribed  by  Fabricius  under  the  name  Genutia,  though  the  habitat  is  given  as 
India,  nnd  the  description  is  a  brief  one  and  applicable  to  other  species  as  well. 
It  is  still  rare  in  collections,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  preparatory  stages, 
except  thiit  Mr.  Boll  has  seen  the  female  laying  eggs  upon  a  species  of  Cardi- 
niinc.  Tiie  larva  and  chrysalis  will  be  found  to  resemble  in  shape  and  general 
appearance  Ausonides,  figured  on  the  preceding  Plate.  Genutia  flies  in  the 
Mpring,  is  single-brooded,  and  appears  to  be  restricted  to  certain  localities.  I 
cannot  learn  by  correspondence,  or  by  reference  to  several  local  lists  of  butter- 


ANTHOCHARIS  II. 

flies,  that  It  has  been  taken  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  outside  of  West  Virginia, 
though  it  certainly  must  inhabit  Ohio  and  the  adjoining  States.  Mr.  Hutler 
credits  the  example  in  the  British  Museum  to  Illinois.  Dr.  Boisduval  erroneously 
gives  the  habitat  as  Boston  and  vicinity.  At  Dallas,  Texas,  Genutia  has  been 
taken  by  Mr.  Boll  in  low  and  open-timbered  land  along  the  hirger  creek  and 
river  bottoms,  in  the  months  of  February  and  March.  It  is  found  in  certain 
spots  in  New  Jersey,  near  Philadelphia,  and  in  Maryland,  near  Baltimore,  and  1 
have  taken  it  myself  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  which  is  the  most  northern  limit  of 
its  flight  recorded.  Here,  at  Coalburgh,  I  used  formerly  to  sec  it,  in  April,  flying 
about  my  garden,  but  of  late  years  it  seema  to  have  disappeared.  It  flies  low, 
swiftly,  with  a  peculiar,  tremulous  motion,  and  is  readily  distinguished  from  other 
Pierida  by  this  flight,  as  well  as  hy  the  coospicuous  coloring  of  the  xuale. 


am 
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ANTIIOCHARIS  II. 


ANTHOC MARIS  JULIA,  6—8. 

Anthocharu  Julin,  £()war<)B,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  800.,  IV.,  p.  6t,  1871. 

Malk.  —  Expands  1.3  inch. 

Upjtor  side  clear  white,  the  bases  of  wings  dusted  with  black ;  the  costal 
rnarifin  of  primaries  yellowish,  specked  and  cros.sed  by  black  j  on  the  apical 
ari>ii  a  bright  i.tid  deep  colored  oningo  patch,  edged  outwardly  by  a  sharply  ser- 
in ted  lilii(;k  band,  which  is  broadest  at  apex,  and  narrow  as  it  descends  the,mar- 
j;iii.  l)ut  is  not  broken  into  spots ;  on  the  arc  a  sinuous  black  bar  nearly  pro- 
(iMctcd  to  costal  edge,  and  at  its  upper  extremity  expanded  in  direction  of  base, 
iiiling  the  space  between  costal  and  subcostal  nervules;  from  the  lower  third 
ol'  hind  margin  proceeds  a  stripe  of  scattered  black  scales  which  borders  the 
inner  side  of  the  orange  patch,  and  sometimes  ends  a  little  below  the  lower  buter 
(oiniT  of  the  discal  bar,  bat  more  often  curves  round  the  bar,  and  is  separated 
I'nini  it,  roacliing  to  the  subcostal  nervure  ;  in  no  cose  observed  does  this  stripe 
form  a  continuous  line  with  the  bar,  as  is  often  seen  in  Sara  ;  secondaries  usu- 
ally immaculate,  but  sonietimes  showing  small  nuirginal  black  .spots,  or  clusters 
ol'  sciiU's  on  the  nervules ;  fringes  of  primaries  alternately  black  and  white,"  of 
,«eo(>ndaries  white,  black  at  the  tips  of  the  nervules. 

rnder  side  white,  the  apex  and  hind  margin  bordered  with  yellow ;  between 
tlii-i  and  the  orange  patch  a  pinkish  space ;  the  nervules  on  both  margins  bor- 
dered with  greenish-brown,  dusted  with  yellow  ;  the  patch  reduced,  paler  col- 
ored ;  costal  margin  pinkish  specked  and  crossed  by  brown  ;  the  bar  on  the  arc 
reiliieed  and  nearly  bisected,  ending  at  subcostal  nervure;  secondaries  have  the 
Hei vines  on  basal  area  orange,  elsewhere  yellow;  the  surface  covered  with  ir- 
icgulnr  greenish-brown  patches  arranged  along  the  nervules  and  branches,  and 
on  the  marginal  area  forming  a  pretty  continuous  broad  band,  all  dusted  thickly 
willi  yellow  scales. 

Hody  gray-black  above;  beneath,  the  thorax  white,  abdomen  yellowish,  legs 
^vhite.  the  femora  orange ;  palpi  mixed  white  and  black ;  antennae  orange  at 
base,  gray-brown  above,  gray  below ;  club  black  tipped  with  yellow. 


ANTHOCIIARIS  H. 

Female. —Expands  from  1.1  to  1.5  inch. 

Upper  side  bright  lemon-yellow,  the  orange  patch  as  large  as  in  the  male,  but 
paler,  replaced  by  yellow  next  the  serrated  apical  border ;  on  the  inner  side  of 
this  yellow  ground  a  line  of  black  scales;  the  discal  bar  as  in  the  male  ;  fringes 
yellow ;  under  side  yellow,  and  marked  as  in  the  male. 

This'  species  was  first  made  known  by  Mr.  Mead,  who  took  twenty-two  ex- 
amples, 10.?,  129,  10th  to  12th  June,  1871,  in  Colorado,  a',  high  elevations,  in 
the  pine  woods  near  Firplay,  South  Park,  and  on  Beaver  Creek.  I  have  re- 
ceived  a  few  others  from  parts  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  a  single  male 
from  Montana. 


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COLIAS    I. 


COLIAS  NASTES,  1—4. 


Wia.«  A'o.ife.'i,  Boisduval,  Icones,  pi.  8,  18.')2.     Ibiil.,  Spue.  Gen.  I.  p.  CIH,   I83fi.     Hcrrick-Schiiffer,  Srhiiii'tt. 
]il.  7.  f.  II,  M,  and  83,  f.  103,  404,  1843.     Moschlcr,  WU'n.  Knt.  Moiiat.  iv,  p.  3.'54,  pi.  U,  IStiO. 

M.vi.K.  —  Expaiuls  1.-5  inch. 

I'lipor  side  groonish-yoUow  or  groonish-white,  usually  much  and  uniformly  ir- 
loniti'd  with  gniy-brown  over  entire  surface  ;  sometimes  but  little  however  on  the 
disks,  though  densely  on  the  hind  margins,  in  which  case  there  is  f(jrmed  thereby 
a  liroad  marginal  border  ;  both  wings  have  a  sub-marginal  .series  of  oval  spots, 
the  color  of  the  ground,  not  very  well  delined,  being  more  or  less  dusted  with 
brown  ;  those  of  secondaries  often  incomplete,  and  some  of  them,  especially  ne.xt 
iiiiiir  angle,  often  lost  in  the  prevailing  brown  shade  ;  discal  spot  of  primaries 
-iiiMJI.  black,  of  secondaries  small,  pale  yellow,  often  indistinct;  costal  edges  and 
fringes  roseate.  Under  side  of  primaries  (>itlier  greenish-yellow  or  white,  the 
apical  region  washed  with  yellow,  and  surface  more  or  less  densely  dusted  with 
gray-l)rown  ;  the  discal  spot  black  inclosing  either  a  jnu'e  white  space,  on  which 
are  a  few  roseate  scales,  or  the  space  is  cjf  the  ground  color,  without  roseate  ; 
Itevoiid  the  disk  a  transverse  row  of  brown  points,  obsoleti-  except  two  or  three 
next  inner  margin;  secondaries  dark  green,  or  often  greenish-yellow,  the  hind 
iiiingiii  paler,  and  the  whole  surface  densely  covered  with  brown  scales;  discal 
s]ioi  white  with  a  few  roseate  scales,  and  a  dull  red  nariow  border,  a  spur  of 
same  red  often  projecting  posteriorly ;  or  .sometimes  there  is  a  ro.seate  point 
outside  the  di.scal  .spot  in  direction  of  outer  angle  ;  a  small  red  patch  at  base  of 
wiiiji'. 

Body  gray  above,  thorax  grayish-green  beneath,  the  collar  dull  red  ;  abdomen 
vcllow;  legs  roseate;  palpi  greenish-yellow,  with  interspersed  red  hairs;  antenniw 
I. 'own  al»ove,  yellow  beneath  ;  club  yellow  at  tip  and  beneath. 

I'kmai.e.  —  Expands  1.0  inch. 

I  pper  side  greenish-white,  dusted  as  in  the  male,  with  wide,  brown,  marginal 
borders;  the  oval  spots  as  in  male,  but  well  defined  on  both  wings;  under- 
s!ile  or  primaries  densely  covered  with  gray-l)rown,  the  ground  being  scarcely 
visible  .'xcept  along  inner  margin  ;  apex  slightly  yellow  ;  secondaries  of  nearly 
one  uniform  shade  of  browni.sh-green,  a  little  pale  along  hind  margin;  di.scal 
spots  on  both  surfaces  as  in  the  male. 


COLIAS   I. 


Lauva  unknown. 

This  pretty  butterfly  is  found  in  Eastern  Labrador,  flying  with  Pelidne,  us 
mentioned  in  tiie  notes  on  that  species.  As  Pelidne  liad  been  regarded  as  but  a 
variety  of  Paloino,  so  Nastes  vma  held  to  be  only  a  form  of  Phicomone.  Mr. 
Moschler  has  compared  the  two  at  length  in  his  paper  cited,  with  abundant  ma- 
terial before  him,  and  foncludcs  on  the  distinctness  of  the  two  species.  Dr. 
lioisduval  gives  Iceland  and  Greenland  also  as  the  habitat  of  Nnstes,  but  there 
would  seem  to  be  error  in  this,  especially  as  to  l(!eland,  which,  Mr.  Moschler 
informs  me,  possesses  no  diurnal  lepifloptera  whatever,  and  he  is  not  aware  that 
Nastes  has  been  found  in  Greenland. 


COLIAS    I. 


COLT  AS  PELIDNE,  5—8. 


t'l'-* 


0.//,(<.  /V/,W,»..  Boi^duvRl,  Iconi's,  pi.  H,  is;)2.  Ilii.l.  Spue.  Gdn.  1,  p.  (i-H,  18;)6.  Bois.  an.!  f.w.  p.  66, 
,,1.  il.  18,13.  II,.rii<k-S,ha(f..,-,  .Si'limett.  pi,  8,  f,  (3.  U,  .ind  7,  f.  35,  36,  1813,  M.w,-liler,  Wlcn.  Knt' 
MhiiiiI.  Iv.  |i,  319,    1860.     iMhraihrinsh.  Snidilrr,  I'roc  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  i(ist.  1862,  p.  107. 

M.u.K.  —  Expands  l.-^fo  1.7  indi. 

Tppcr  .sido  <,n-oonish-_v('llo\v.  tlic  ba.^cs  of  botli  \vino;s  nnd  nnioli  of  tho  disk  of 
sccondMrics  sprinkled  witii  hlfick  ;  priiniirios  iiavo  ii  broad,  fn.scous,  inar<,nnal  iior- 
^vv.  sonu'tinics  crosc  witliin.  often  jji-ctty  irgnlarly  .'irnati'd,  usually  crossed  to 
iiMrgin  hy  yellow  nerviires.  a  little  advanced  on  costa.  and  prqjectin<r  a  short 
■^piir  alonj,^  inner  margin  ;  the  Imrder  of  secondaries  of  niedinin  width,  attennated 
:ii  cither  extremity,  terminating  at  lower  hrandi  of  median  ;  discal  mark  on  pri- 
Miaiics  either  wanting  or  represented  by  a  few  black  scales  only  ;  on  secondaries 
>^(iHielinies  wanting,  but  often  a  small  orange  spot;  co.xtal  edge  of  each  wing  deep 
niscatc.  as  are  al.-^o  tho  fringes,  the  latter  often  partly  re])laced  by  yellow. 

ruder  side  of  primaries  leinon-yellow,  sometimes  but  .slightly  (insted  with  gray 
■iloiig  costal  margin,  >'!«e  remainder  of  wing  i)eing  immaculate,  often  iiowevt"r 
iliiisely  covered  with  gray  scales  over  the  entire  wing,  except  (mi  inner  margin  ; 
-(coiidarics  green  covered  with  gray  scales,  most  densely  on  the  three  fourths  of 
wiiiLilVom  base,  the  onterfonrth  forming  a  pale  border  to  the  dark  disk;  discal 
-pnt  (if  i)rimaries  small,  oval,  black,  inclosing  a  yellow  (rarely  ro.seate]  streak: 
(if  secondaries,  round,  roseate,  narrowly  edged  by  dull  red.  and  often  accom- 
panied by  a  red  point  or  small  spot,  in  the  direction  of  outer  angle;  at  ba.«e  of 
>(c(indaries  a  deep  roseate  patch  ;  fringes  long,  roseate. 

liody  al)ove,  yellow,  collar  dull  red;  beneath,  thorax  and  abdomen  yellnw; 
l<\-s  roseate,  the  femur  yellow  ;  ])alpi  greenish-yellow,  red  at  tip ;  antenna'  lirown 
il">ve.  ro,seate  below;  club  yellow  below,  anil  ferruginous  at  tip. 

Fk.m.\i,k.  —  Expand.s  l.C)  inches. 

rpper  side  either  groeni.sh-white,  or  white  with  a  faint  yellow  tint,  sometimes 
^vithont  markings,  or  perhaps  only  dusted  with  gray  about  the  apex  of  prinia- 
11'"^ ;  liut  usually  with  a  gray  border,  broad  at  apex,  narrowing  posteriorly,  not 


COLIAS   I. 


always  reaching  inner  angle,  inclosing  more  or  less  completely  four  or  five  spots 
of  the  ground  color ;  sonietinies  the  horder  is  restricted  to  a  narrow  edging  hoth  at 
apex  and  on  margin  ;  secondaries  usually  immaculate,  but  occasionally  a  small 
cluster  of  dark  scales  is  found  at  outer  angle  ;  discal  spot  of  primaries,  when 
pi'esent,  a  narrow,  black  oval,__with  white  streak;  of  secondaries,  small,  pale 
orange ;  under  side  of  prinuiries  delicate  greenish-white,  apically  yellow,  either 
pale  or  dark,  and  this  portion  of  the  wing  as  well  as  the  costal  nuirgin,  more  or 
less  dusted  with  gray  ;  secondaries  yellow  densely  covered  with  gray  ;  discal  spot 
as  in  male. 

L.vitVA  imknown. 

PdUJiic  is  found  abundantly  in  parts  of  Ijjibrador,  from  far  north  to  the  ex- 
treme south,  Hying  in  July  and  in  com[)any  with  JVitsfes,  occasioiuilly  with  Pa- 
IcBiio.  All  these  species  were  taken  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  in  July  and  August. 
ISGO,  on  Caribou  Island,  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  and  at  Strawberry  Harbor,  on  the 
main  land.  I  have  received  from  Mr.  Mo.schler  a  series  of  both  Pelklne  and 
JS'dstcn,  colk'cted  at  Okkak,  about  si.v  degrees  to  the  north  of  the  Straits,  and 
the  specimens  from  the  two  localities  agree  in  all  respects,  so  far  as  I  can  discover. 
I  cannot  learn  that  PelUlnc  has  been  taken  on  Newfoundland  or  Anticosti. 
but  Mr.  Scudder  informs  me  that  a  single  specimen  has  been  taken  at  Watcr- 
ville,  Maine.  Mr.  Scudder  described  Lahradorcnsls  from  Dr.  Packard's  specimens, 
muler  the  impression  that  these  represented  a  distinct  species  from  Pelldne. 
Bois..  a  determination  justified  by  the  figures  given  in  Boisduval  and  Lecoiitc. 
In  the  accompanying  text  Pelldne  is  described  as  larger  than  Puheno.  tlir 
reverse  being  the  rule,  according  to  Mr.  MiJschler,  and  the  figures,  which  are  ol 
a  male  only,  represent  a  monstrous  example,  nearly  twice  the  size  of  any  iv- 
(U'ived  by  me  from  Mr.  Moschler,  and  so  out  of  drawing  as  to  suggest  that  tlii' 
original  must  have  been  an  entirely  diflerent  species  from  Pelidne,  and  thai  ic 
never  came  from  Labrador.  In  the  "  Icones "  both  .se.xes  are  given,  and  more 
correctly  portray  the  Labrador  Pelldne,  and  in  n.-Schiifler,  the  figures  arc 
a<liuirable  both  as  to  form  and  coloring. 

Much  has  been  written  on  the  question  as  to  whether  Pelldne  is  only  a  form 
of  Puheno  or  a  distinct  species.  Mr.  Miischler,  in  the  paper  cited,  has  compared 
the  Lal)iador  Pelldne  with  the  European  Palceno,  and  concludes  that  there  aiv 
no  sul)stantial  reasons  for  regarding  them  as  varieties  of  one  species.  On  tlic 
other  hand  Mr.  J.  G.  Schilde,  in  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  1873,  argues  that  the  Europeiui 
Paheno,  the  Finland  Lapponlea,  the  Alpine  Werdandl,  and  the  Labrador  Pt7*V/ c. 
are  all  one  and  the  same  thing,  and  the  Labrador  Palwno,  which  he  allows 
presents  constant  difl'erences  from  the  European  Paheno,  forms  the  connecting 
link  between  the  latter  and  the  Labrador  Pelldne.     Some  of  the  Lajjponica  also 


COLIAS    I. 

iijxrec  with  the  Labrador  Pelidne,  and  some  with  the  European  Paheno,  forniing 
iiiiother  connectinff  Hiik.     He  attributes  the  dift'oronces  between  all  these  varieties 
K.  locality  and  elimate.     A  careful  reading  of  Mr.  Schilde's  paper  leads  nie  to  the 
ll.Ilowing  conclusion :    that   occasionally  a  variety  of  Pelidne  appears  that  re- 
sembles a  variety  of  Palmio  or  the  average  type  of  that  species  ;  and  the  con- 
verse also  is  true.     But  the  average  type  of  each  species  is  distinct,  and  the 
(diincction  between  the  two  is  no  more  than  might  be  e.\i)ected  between  anv 
two  nearly  related  species  that  at  some  time  have  come  from  a  connnon  ancestor, 
iiotii    Pnhvnn    and   Pelhlne   are   stated   to    be  very   variable,  and    among  the 
iiinltitiide  of  variations  some  of  either  species  must  approach   the  otlier.    "evcu 
.Ml'.  Schilde  .says  that  the  name  of  PelUhie  should  be  retained   for  the  Labra.lor 
liriiiich  of  the  species,  and  really  nothing  more  need  be  said,  for  if  the  two  forms, 
supposing  them  to  have  at  some  time   been  one,  are  now  so  distinct  that  each 
lirccils  true  to  itself,  each  is  to-day  a  good  species.     There  can  be  no  better  test 
ol'  a  species.     When  eggs  laid  by  a  female  Pelidne  produce  that  type  and  also 
/V/w/o,  or  eggs  by  a  female  Pa^wwo  produce  the  two  forms,  then  undoubtedlv 
the  two  are  shown  to  be  one  species,  and  dimorphic.     And  it  is  surprising  that 
Ml  little  has  been  done  in  Europe,  where  Lepidopterists  have  worked  for  a  cen- 
tury, towards  settling  such  questions  as  this,  whether  any  two  or  m(n-e  given 
liirnis  are  species,  or  varieties  only.     Certaitdy  the  relationship  of  Palmio  and 
l.iipiionim,  or  Palmio  and  Pelidne,  could  be  determined  in  one  sea.son  by  the 
\ CIV  simple  process  of  shutting  up  one  or  more  females  of  either  with  a  plant  of 
irrowing  clover,  on  which  the  eggs  will  be  deposited  abundantly.     This  alone 
will  test  the  relationship,  and  no  amount  of  argument  as  to  climatic  inliuences 
;ver  can. 


IQIo 


ty 

^'4? 


■5% 


'n 


r'rawii  > V  MHt7  Fi-Hr* 


1.  lli»«n.  I'ol 


PHILODICP'.    1.2  6  ,  3.  4-9,5  9  v-ar.,  6  V  albino 


a,i'    lu/i/.s  nmifiiifuul  r       l,,iiv,t  alhr-i"  moiiH 


(//?/•/■       /"  iiiimll         ;    f 


i     ,;  ,,  nialiiie 


roi.t.\> 


r  c   < 


iV'H-" 


i!  r  -*.'i;;ii 


p:tL«    iwlfaM 


w 


r,./i>i.« 


I'tlhrm 
A  rttlii/fi 
Kurojii, 

Ml.  ;. 


M 

Up 

liMSc ; 
iit'oiid 
the  V 


V;ilici 


(ill      CIl 


iil;lllt> 

Un 

Htf'a  > 

N|Mlt      1 

|iiiik 

ni'fiiii 

iiinf;.'! 

DM    till 
tlIll|()K 

S«r 

l]ll>tc( 


COLIAS   II.,   Ill 


COLIAS   rillLODICE. 

Cnlim   I'hilnilicc  (I'lii-loil'-i-cc),  Gixlarl,   Eiic.   .\Icili.   IX.,  |i.    100.   isi!i.     SHaiii-oii,   Zixil.   Illust.,   2il  fer. 

II..  |il.  lio,  |H;)1.      Iliiis.  anil  I.cc,  p.  (il,  |.I.  -.'l,  ISSU.      Huis.,  .S|k.c.  (Jrri..  I.,  p.  (117,  18a(i. 
I'alirnn,  Ci:iim'r.  Pap.  K.\..  I.  pi.  11,  F.  (J.,  177'.. 
Aullii/ii'r,  Iliiliiiir.  Ziilr.   Kx,  .Scliniclt,  f.  ;tl)7,  .'108,  182:1. 
'•-'""'/"""""'■.    •''I''l>' ^  •ll'i^'l-  Iti-.  Kilt.  Ilaust.,  I.,  p.  1(1,  pi.  1,  lH-.!8.      Swainsiin,   Zool.  Illii.^t.,  above   cit<'d, 

pi.  :•<.  IH.'tl.     IIimipliiT.  -  an<l  Wr.itniKKl,  liiit.  Itiil.,  p.  17,  pi.  ;l,  1848. 


Mai.1..  —  Kxpuiids  2.2-i  iiu'lips. 

Upper  sidt"  .snlpliiir-vt'llow.  oticii  loinon-ycllow,  n.xii.illy  Imt   little  olwcured  at 
liMse;  co-till  niiirgin  «»r  primaiie.s  (liiste<l  with   lijaek  ;  the  bonier  of  hind  tiiiirgin 

at  the  apex  often  ])artly  enissed  hv 


im 


)ii(l,  Mark,  more  or  less  dusted  witi 


1  vellow, 


the  yellow  neivules,  soiiietinies  irrecnilarlv  dentafed  on  the  inner  .-^ide.  Inif 


nsiia 


llj 


even  vdifed  or  sliirhtly  ero.se,  ciirvuij(  ronn<lly  at   the  apex,  generally  nineh  ad 
Vi.iicecl  on   the  costal   inaririn.  and  projecting  a  short,  .spnr  on  the  iiJ!i«'r  margin  ; 
ilJM.d  >.pot  large,  siih-ovate,  Mack;  costal  edge  pink. 

Secondaries  have  also  a  hroad  marginal  horder,  usually  .somewhat  c.xoavated 
i>M  each  interspace,  oominencing  aliove  the  n|)per  hrancli  of  suh-eostal  nerviiro 
Miiil  ending  a  little  l»efore  the  inner  angle;  <li.scal  sjm)!  round.  ofltMi  duplex,  pale 
iiraiige  ;   fringes  pink  and  yelhtw. 

er  st<le  of  primaries  either  of  same  shade  as  (d)ove.  or  deeper,  the  apical 


Und 


Hie.i  sometimes  orange-tinted  ;  the  costal 


mai 


,'in  dnste(I  with  hrowii  ;   the  discal 


nt   h 


ack  with  yellow  central   point   or  streak.  Imt 


(X'casionallv  this  str<'ak  ih 


pink  or  is  silver  wliite  ;  hotli   wings   have   an  extra  di.scal    series   of  small   fer- 
nigimms  or  brown  patches,  or  c'listers  of  soiile.x,  whic  h  lies  parallel  with  the  hind 


in:ngins.  and  on  primaries  curves  at  the  apex,  so  that  (he  upper  two  clusters  fall 
on  the  edge  of  the  ( ostal  margin,  but  often  the  series  is  partly,  and  som  times 
aliunvt  wholly,  wanting. 

i>«*pondaries    usually  either  pale   yellow  or  reddish-oringe.  and   more  or  leas 
dusted  with  brown  ;  at  the  '-.liter  angle  a  ferrugin juh  or  brown  patch,  and  a  small 


COLIAS  II.,   III. 


pink  piiicli  at  biiw  of  wing;  tlic  discal  s|M)t  usually  duplex,  there  being  one  largo 
round  silvered  spot,  and  a  small  one,  either  with  or  without  silver,  in  tlie  direc- 
tion of  the  outt'r  angle,  each  edged  narrowly  with  dark  f'tMru-inous,  outside 
wiiich  is  a  liroad  ring  either  of  pale  ferruginous,  or  of  deep  yellow  dusted  with 
I'errugiuous ;  these  rings  usually  eoutlueut  ;  the  silver  scales  partially  replaced  by 
pink  ;  costal  edge  of  ])riinaries  an<l  fringes  of  both  wings  pink. 

Hody  above  eovi'red  with  greenish-yellow  hairs,  the  collar  dull  red  ;  under  side 
legs  pink;  ]);dpi  yelluw.  reddish  alxive   and  at  tip;  antenna' l)rownisli- 


•11 


vellow 


red  above,  pink  below  ;  cluli  brown,  ferruginous  at  tip. 

Fkmai.e.  —  K.xpands  'J.-')  iiuhes. 

Upper  side  usually  of  a  l)righter  yellow  than  the  male,  but  often  green-'inted  : 
the  luaigiual  border  of  priuuiries  broad,  inclosing  a  series  ol'  y"!l.>w  patclu's,  the 
one  <Mi  the  upper  median  interspace  usually  wanting  ;  secondaries  have  the  bor- 
der sometimes  nearly  as  broad  as  primaries,  and  in  that  ea.se  it  partially  incloses 
yellow  |)atcbes  ;  but  mo-^t  often  it  is  narrow,  anil  souu'tiines  is  reduced  to  a  slight 
l)lai-keuiug  of  the  upper  half  of  the  margin,  or  even  to  small  clusters  of  scales  iit 
the  ends  of  the  nervules;  di.scal  spots  as  in  the  nuile  ;  under  side  as  in  the  mal'  . 
varying  in  sanu-  manner  both  as  to  shades  of  color  and  degree  of  irroration. 


Ai.iiiNO.  alwavs  female.     Color  greenish-white,  i;iarked 


as  in  til 


the  t 


vpe 


dividuals  are  occasionally  met.  the  upper  sides  of  which  are  of  a  shade  betwc 
greenish-white  and  \  ellow.  the  underside  faintly  blue-tinted.    (Figs.  5,  0,  PI.  ■]. 


ei\ 


Mki.wk;  var.     Occasional  anil  subject   to  much  vaiialion.     So  far 


as  known 


to  me.  coidiued  to  the  male.    (  Figs.  S,  0,  I'l.  3.) 


Ki;i;.  —  Leuy-th  .(lit  inch;  narrow,  fiisifi 


)rin,  laperuig  evenly  irom  tlie  uui 


•  Idle  l< 


either  extremity,  riltbed  longitudinally   iiid  crossed  by  niuuerous  striii 

.1 


tl 


le  ex- 


color   pale    velliiw 


111 


tremitics   blunt,  the  base   rather  luoadei'  than  the  suuunit 

(Fig.  II.)  when  first  deposited,  which  changes  a  iew  hours  alter  to  pale  and  tlici 

to  dark  crimson  (Fig.  «■).     Deposited  ini  cultivated  clover,  especially  Trifoliiiii 


I 


■•ateiis,".  iiu  tile  iipiier  side  of  the   leaf;  also 


on  the  jfarilen  pe; 


iiiM  on  luiiiiii"- 


Mr.  fl.  .M.  l)odge  has  found  the  eggs  on  the  builiilo  |)ea.  .Nslralagus  caiyocarpii-^. 
in  Nebraska.  The  duration  of  this  stage  varies  with  the  climate  or  the  season. 
At  r'oalbiirgh.  the  larva'  emerged  in  July  and  .Vugust  in  four  days,  in  October  in 
ten  days.     In  the  Catskill  .Mountains.  New  York.  Mr.  Mead  found  the  period  in 


Jiilv  to  be  live  and  six  dav^ 


Ml 


'aunders  gives  seven  days,  in  Ontario. 


Yot'.Nu    Lauva  —  L'liglh    .<H'  inch,  cvlindi  ical,  of  uuili)rm  size  fi 


oin  secoiMi 


to  eleviiith  si'giueiils,  thence  tap.  ring  to  the  last;  color  brownish-green;  cm  li 
segment  creased  four  or  five  times  transversely,  the  foremost  ridge  thus  cnus(  d 
on  each  marked  by  three  black  tuberculous  dots  on  either  side  ;  similar  dots  in 
line  below  tlie  spiracles;  I'roni  each  dot  ri.ses  a  short,  whitish,  clubbed  process; 


COLIAS  II.,  III. 

(lie  rtiiiiiiiidcr  of  the  upper  .surfaco  iirofjiilarly  wpecked  witli  brown  points,  from 
cMcIi  of  wliicli  sprinjfs  a  wliitt;  liair;  lii-ad  ob-ovate,  granulated,  dark-brown. 
(l-'iiT-  ''.  iiiii^uilit'd.)     To  first  moult  tlirei-  da\'s. 

.\fli'r  iir.st  moult;  leii^^iii  .12  inch;  .xliapo  as  before;  tlie  segmiMits  creased; 
ilic  whole  U|)per  Hurliicc  covered  with  minute  whitish  tubercles,  which  are  l)lack 
ill  ilicir  suuunits,  and  are  dispo.sed  on  the  riil<xes  so  as  to  form  lioth  longitudinal 
iiiiij  transverse  rows;  each  tidjerde  giving  a  short  hair;  color  dull  gri-eu  ;  under 
siilc  and  legs  pale  green;  head  black,  shape  as  belbre.  (t'ig.  c.)  To  second 
iiiDult  three  days. 

After  second  moult;  h-ngth  ..'»  inch  ;  the  body  nineh  as  at  last  stage,  but  now 
liliic-grccii.  and  showing  a  faint  whitish  lateral  stri|)":  head  ]y.\\o  green.  (Fig,  d.) 
Tti  tliinl  inuidt  lour  days. 

Aftt  I-  third  moult;  length  .7  inch  ;  the  principal  change  consists  in  the  lateral 
slri|ic,  which  is  now  white  and  distinct,  an<l  usually  show^•  a  red,  or  orange,  or 
yellow  <liscoloration  on  the  anterior  segments  ;  somi-tinu's  black  lunate  sjiots 
;i|i|icar  beneath  tlu-  stripe,  on  st)me  of  the  segments,  es|iecially  the  .second  and 
tliinl.     I  Fig.  e..  nut.  size,  e^  magnified).     To  fourth  moult  tour  days. 

.Mlir  fourth  moult;  length  1  inch;  the  8tri])e  now  incloses  a  crimson  streak, 
s>iiietimes  broken  into  patches;  there  is  most  often  an  absence  of  black  spot.s 
iHiieath  the  stripe,  but  many  examples  discover  more  or  less  of  them  up  to  a 
coiiiplete  .series,  largest  on  the  anterior  segments.  (Fig./".)  lii  about  three  days 
after  this  moult  the  larva  is  full-grown,  and  prepares  to  change  to  chrysalis. 
(These  observations  weri^  made  at  (Joali)urgli,  W.  \  a.) 

.Matihk  L.\1{V.v.  —  Ix'ngth  1.2  inch;  body  cylinilrical,  tapering  slightly 
I'liiin  seventh  to  last  .segment,  and  from  the  fifth  towards  the  head  ;  each  .segment 
(leased  four  or  live  times  transversely,  tin-  surface  between  the  creases  rising  in 
niiiiiiliil  ridges,  on  which  are  arraiigi'd  in  rows  line  whitish  tubercles  ti;iped  with 
liiai  i\.  Ibnning  both  longitudinal  and  trans\<rse  regular  lines;  eaol'  tubercle 
lliiowing  out  a  shori  white  hair  ;  color  dark  g: een,  pale  green  on  under  side  ;  in 
iiiii' with  the  spiracles  is  a  white  or  cream-whi.e  stripe  from  the  front  of  second  to 
till'  end  of  the  twelfth  segment,  through  the  middle  of  which  runs  a  stri'ak  of 
<iiins(Mi.  broken  at  the  junction  of  the  .segments;  fre(|uently  on  the  lower  edge 
ef  ilii«  stripe  is  a  row  of  lunate,  black  sjjois,  large  anteriorly  and  diminishing  to 
ii  point  on  twelfth  segment,  the  jxisterior  half  of  the  row  often  ol)solete,  even 
uliiii  till' other  spots  are  tlistinct;  head  smaller  than  second  segment,  ob-ovate. 
pale  green,  finely  tubarculated,  pilose,  the  mandiiiles  ami  ocelli  black.  (Fig.  g 
s ; jliily  iiiiignilied.) 

From  fourth  moult  to  (;hry.salis  there  is  an  interval  of  four  or  live  days.  Totai 
tVoiii  the  egg  to  chrysalis  about  eighteen  days  in  midsummer. 


:mh 


■  ■•  <ii .- 


COLIAS   II.,   III. 


CnuYSAi-is.  —  Loiif^th  1  iiidi  ;  cvlindrifal,  tliickosl  in  niidillc,  tapoiing  to 
oitliiM-  cxtii'iiiil V  ;  lu'iul-fiise  jxiintt'd.  (he  i-yos  promiiioiit  ;  tlioriicic  procoss 
uliiflit,  roiiiidi'd  ;  coIdi-  yclli»\v-}fii't'ii ;  a  yi'llow  hiterid  liiii'  IVoiu  \vinj^-(!ase  lo  last 
sc^rmcnt  ;  ami  liclow  this  a  row  of  red  points,  one  on  cat'li  scj^nicnt    (Kig-  h.) 

Duration  of  tliis  stajro  I'itrlit  davs.  From  tiit^  laviny;  of  tiie  c^'i'  to  tlie  enu'r- 
genci'  of  liic  liiittcrllv,  tliirty  day-s  i»  West  Virifiniu.  in  .Inly  and  August.  In 
the  C"atsi<ill  Mnnntaius.  liiirly-nini'  days.  LarviO  wliicli  Initrlifd  iilst  SoptenibiT, 
at  ("oailinijili.  iiy'ii'rnatod  wIumi  aliont  half  grown. 

I'IiUoiI'kc  is  till' coniinoiicst  of  huttcrllii's  throughout  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
States  and  Canada.  Mr.  Coupi-r  found  it  in  the  island  of  Antieosti.  And  it  also 
irdiahils  NcwI'oundland.  It  is  less  ahuudani  in  \'irginia,  and  still  less  southward, 
hut  its  range  is  limited  only  hy  the  (iulf  of  Mexico.  In  the  Mississippi  valley  tln' 
orange  s|)eeies  predominate,  hut  year  hy  year  P/illoillve  encroaches  on  their  ter- 
ritory. l'rofes.sor  Snow  states  that  it  is  hecoming  well  known  ahout  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  though  as  yet  l)y  no  means  e(pia!ing  Furi/fhnne  in  nundters.  Mr. 
Dodge  writes  to  same  ellt'ct  from  eastern  Neliraska,  .Mr.  .1.  A.  .\llen  fouml  it  ir. 
Iowa,  though  nowhere  abundant.  I  !■<;^•l>  also  exampiC"  iVom  Dakota  and  Texas. 
The  rapid  advance  (jf  the  species  is  prohahly  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  food- 
plant  of  its  larva  is  the  conniion  red  clover,  which  everywhere  keeps  step  willi 
the  picmeer.  The  t'oliades  are  not  at  all  forest  species,  and  it  is  reasouai)Ic  to 
snp|)ose  that,  on  the  first  .si'ttlement  of  the  country,  the  range  of  I'hilntlici'  \\;\< 
reslricteil  to  the  savannahs  along  the  sealtoard.  or  to  open  spots  where  the  nati\i' 
species  of  Iritoiium  oi-  of  lupinus  )rrew  ;  hut  that  with  the  introduction  of  a  mon' 
|)alatahle  w  less  pri'carious  food-plant,  it  has  increasi-d  and  dispeised  till  it  now 
oceupii's  half  the  continent.  The  oi'ange  species  have  never  made  their  way  east 
of  the  p.airies,  except  as  occasionally  a  few  inilividuals  have  wamlered.  Their 
larvie  naturally  feed  on  such  plants  as  jri-ow  on  the  prairies,  and  oscr  the  wesleni 
territiM'ies.  hnt  are  known  to  hetake  themselves  to  the  red  clover  in  some  degree. 
and  upon  this  circumstances  nuiy  hei'eafter  compel  them  to  depenil  a.s  the  coun- 
tr\'  iieconiis  populated.  Al!  the  other  .\merican  species  of  Colias  are  compara- 
tively local  in  their  haluts. 

Where  I'lt'iloilKT  is  foimd  no  one  can  have  failed  to  notice  it.  either  in  gardea 
or  (ield,  as  it  gently  Hits  from  tlower  to  llower.  or  courses  along  tin'  road  or  across 
the  nu'adow.  with  sustained  ami  wavy  llight.  It  is  sociatde  and  in<|uisiii\r. 
and  may  often  lie  seen  to  slop  in  mid-<'areer  as  it  overtakes  or  meets  its  fellow. 
the  two  llutterinir  alioul  eacii  other  for  a  momeut.  tlien  speediug  on   their  wa\-: 


)rthey  moiuit  in  air.  a|iproacliing   ri'Ireating.  w 


ith  a  slow,  vertical  and  tremnliM 


ascent,  till   the  eve  ci-ases  to  fo 


them.     When  the  clover  is  in   hlo.ssom   il 


meadows  are  yay  and  animated  with  the«e  yellow  hutterlliet, and  wiierever  brigiil 


^ 


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V 


^ 


r 


< 


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'*)        'I     tl 


t'        -tSfr^if. 


-i.  f-l       j.'!  ''-.I 

t 

■Km    . 


HI       t 


r<^' 


J«a*iV; 


COLIAS    II.,   III. 

Il.iwi'is  art"  will  siiri-ly  lie  .>(ooii  I'lulixllrc.  Oii  iimri^foldrt  and  iiriliiiiiit  siii;;l('  /.in- 
iiiiis  tlicy  (lcli<j;lit  to  pastiii'o,  for  they  have  a  keen  sense  of  color.  I  have  known 
lie  111  liiciii  (<i  alijfli(  on  an  amethyst  in  a  lady's  ring,  after  hoverin<^  ahont  its 
wcMiiT  so  |)ci'sisteMtly  as  to  attract  attention,  ami  it  rested  some  seconds. 
Ddiilillfss  there  wei'i'  pn/./.led  perceptions  on  soiuidinj^  tliat  stony  tlower. 

It  is  the  hal)il  of  J'/iilDiHie  to  gather  in  dense  niassoH  hy  scores  and  hmidrods, 
ii|i(in  wet.  spots  in  the  road,  swarming  when  distnrhed  and  settling  again  when 
ilie  interrni)fion  censes.  In  the  ("an.  Knt.  11.,  ]).  S,  iStl'.t.  the  Hev.  (J.  J.  Heth- 
iiiie  writes:  "On  tin;  third  of  Angnst,  a  iiright  snnny  morning,  after  an  e.vces- 
Hvciv  wet  night,  I  drove  ahont  ten  miles  along  country  roads;  I'vory  few  yards 
ihire  was  a  patch  of  mod.  and  at  each  there  were  from  half  a  ilo/eii  to  twenty 
I 'liiloillvi',  lit  least  one,  1  should  think,  I'm-  every  yard  of  distance  traveh'd.  1  must 
ilicM  have  seen,  at  a  very  moderate  computation,  ten  thousanil  specimens  of  this 
liiittcrlly."  In  Westwood's  Arcana  Entomologica,  !,,  p.  Ill,  the  late  Edward 
DrnMcday  .xays:  "  I  have  seen  in  Illinois,  in  the  autumn,  ('(dias  I'/ilfotllcr  and 
Ciisiiiiid. 'VevMit  I\^lrlj)j)('  and  Jjisu,  iuu]  (Jallidryas  Kuhttlv,  in  groups  literally  of 
liMinhcds  (the  first-named  in.sect  generally  making  nineteen  twentieths  of  the 
conipany),  in  a  Hpiico  not  .si,\  feet  .square." 

.\s  might  l)e  e.\p(>cted  of  so  prevailing  a  species.  P/iihx/lrr  is  sidtject  to  great 
varialiiMi.  and  many  of  its  varii'ties  are  extreme.  It  would  he  easy  to  indicate; 
<i\cnd  of  these  which  seem  only  to  await  favorahle  circumstances,  as  segregation 
for  ii  period,  to  <'ause  them  to  hecome  permaiu-nf  ;  that  is.  to  heccuni'  distinct 
-^|ii'(ics.  They  vary  in  size,  in  color,  in  the  extent  and  contoui  of  the  margimvl 
liniilcr.  in  the  discal  spots,  in  all  the  markings  of  the  under  side,  ami  in  tin; 
il('i;rce  of  dusting  of  hoth  sides;  in  si/e,  from  an  expanse  of  1..'5  to  2.(i  inches;  in 
riiliir.  Irom  pale  sulphur  to  lemon  ami  lu'ight  yellow;  in  the  hreadth  of  the  hor- 
ilri-i.  from  .1  to  ..'{  inch;  in  its  ^^\tent  on  costal  margin;  in  the  contour  of  its 
inner  edge,  from  regular  to  erose  and  crenated,  sometimes  also  crossed  nearly  to 
ilir  ni.irgiu  l)y  yellow  nervules,  sometimes  only  at  the  apex,  and  often  not  at  all  ; 
in  ihi'  size  and  shape  of  the  discal  spot  of  primaries,  from  a  nu'ie  stre:d<  m  a  l;irge 
innmlcd  spot  or  an  irregidar  patch,  and  with  occasionally  a  long  sjum'  juojccting 
rriiin  it.  perhaps  connecting  it  with  the  nuirginal  horder ;  in  the  discal  spot  of 
secendaries  from  nil,  or  a  shade  scarcely  flillering  from  the  groun<l  color,  to 
nrange.  ami  either  single  oi-  douhle  ;  in  the  color  of  the  under  smfjico.  fiom  jiale 
111  iiright  vfllow.  or  to  ochraceous  ;  in  the  discal  spot  of  |)rimaries.  from  yellow- 
iintcrrd  to  pink,  or  silver-white,  or  even  wholly  hl:u'k  ;  in  the  extr.a-discal  spots, 
liiiin  a  comi»lete  series  across  hoth  wings  to  almost  none  at  all.  only  a  lew  dark 
^<\>\v^  here  and  there  heing  present.  (1  have  never  .seen  an  example  in  which 
ili>ic  \\;is  ahsolutcly  no  trace  of  the.se  spots,)  and  in  color,  from  pink  through 


COMAS   II.,   III. 


rernigiiioiis  to  lilack  ;  in  llic  spot  at  (inter  iiii;r|(>  of  .xccoinlarifM,  IVoni  iiolliiii;:;  lo 
a  larj,'*'  hntwii  patch  ;  in  the  Ita^ial  patcli,  IVoiii  clear  pink  to  nwty  red,  ami  Home- 
tiint's  wlinlly  absent  ;  in  the  discal  niarkin;,'s,  Iroin  a  sin;^le  rnnml  silver  spot  in  :\ 
Hliglit  rinjr.  <>r  witliont  rinjr.  to  a  dunlile  spot,  or  two  sepaiuteil  spots,  nearly 
eqnal,  on  a  iarj^e  lerrii<.;inous  jiatch,  wliicli  itsell' may  lie  ronnd  oi*  ii  leirnhir  ;  tlir 
silver  scales  olli'ii  icplacH'il  liy  roseatir  ;  in  the  ilnstinj(  of  upper  side,  Ironi  a  sli^rlil 
olisenrily  at  liase  to  so  dense  a  coverin};  as  to  j;ive  a  gray  slunle  to  whole  sin- 
faeu  ;  ot'  the  niider  side,  IVoni  a  clear  snrl'ace  to  one  as  thickly  coated  as  in  J'<- 
llilne.  Tlio  I'eniales  vary  in  the  same  dej,'reo,  and  any  pecidiarity  in  one  sex 
may  lie  matched  in  the  otiier.  Occasionally  ii  female  is  seen  in  whi<'h  there  i-i 
an  aliscMce  of  the  usual  sidi-marginal  yellow  spots,  the  liorders  then  liein;;  lilacl<, 
and  so  far  assimilated  to  those  of  the  male.  (Fig.  1.  I'l.  .'{.)  Sometimes  al.-<o  tlic 
males  are  orange-tinted,  and  two  examples  are  known  to  mo  in  collections.  One 
of  those  is  in  the  possession  of  jMr.  (.'harles  Wilt,  of  I'hiladelphia.  The  other 
was  given  me  .some  years  since  liy  the  late  Benjamin  I).  WaNli.  and  was  taken 
by  him  in  Illinois,  in  coitu  with  a  yellow  female,  which  also  I  have.  The  oraiiixi' 
hue  of  this  luafe  is  decided,  and  especially  upon  the  inner  half  of  primaries. 
(Fig.  1.  I'l.  .'!.)  The  yellow  s|iecies  may  .'■omclimes  accjuire  charairteristics  of  llic 
orange,  witho\d  actual  hyliridism,  according  to  the  fact  stated  liy  Darwin  (Ori^'. 
Spec,  'ith  ed.  Am.  p.  loS),  that  "iIh^  varieties  of  one  species  when  they  range 
into  the  habitations  of  other  species  often  actiuire  in  a  slight  degree  .some  of  their 
chara<'ters."  Or  the  present  may  lie  an  example  of  hyhriflism,  ffir  that  llic 
orange  species  do  sometimes  mate  with  the  yellow  is  not  to  lie  doulited.  I  have 
a  pair  taken  in  coitu  liy  Mr.  Dodge,  in  Nebraska,  the  male  of  which  is  an  Kiiri/- 
t/ieme  of  the  most  pronounced  type,  the  female  the  ordinary  yidlow  Philndife. 
Mr.  Dfiilge  says:  '*  Ilnfortiniately  1  killed  the  male  before  separating  them,  ami 
the  female  dieil  without  depositing  eggs."  It  is  stated  by  Muschler  (Wien.  Kill. 
Monat.,  IV  ,  p.  22),  that  the  European  Coliades  do  occasionally  hybridize,  as 
Ernie  with  Edvua  and  with  Mijrmhlone. 

The  melanic  variety  figured  was  taken  by  Mr.  fliarles  Worthington,  of  Chi- 
cago, '■  in  an  upland  grass-lield,  near  the  village  of  Pahnyia,  N.  Y.  Thei'e  were 
two,  hut  only  one  was  captured,  and  a  third  was  seen  about  a  mile  away." 
Another  example  was  taken  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Pearson,  of  Montreal,  in  August. 
1S7'"),  at  Chateauguay  IJasin,  the  upper  surface  <if  which  he  describes  as  "  (|(i|i 
brownish  black,  somewhat  green-tinted  if  seen  obliipiely.  On  the  under  side  liie 
primaries  ar(>  dark  brown  and  Kcccmdnrios  almost  olive-green." 

The  examples  of  PhlluiUce  taken  in  the  district  in  which  I  live  are  of  a  larger 
average  size  than  those  frtim  States  farther  north,  but  still  many  are  diminutive. 
The  small  variety  figured  3,  PI.  3,  and  which  seems  to  be  identical  with  Iliili- 


COI.IAS    II..    III. 


nil'."'  Aiillifi'ih',  I  liiivi'  fiikt'ii  at  ('oailiiii^ili,  iiikI  liiivc  rcci-ivcd  liotli  from  'IVxiih 
ami  .N'uvii  Scotia.  It  Im  clinriicterixiMl  hy  vitv  narrow  bonlfrs.  roKtrictfd  on  coMtii, 
ami  liy  tiic  considciiouH  inarkiiijfH  of  the  iiniK-r  siilc.  A  more  (limiiiiilivc  piiir, 
liiit  less  iilx'rrant,  I  liasc  in  my  collection,  the  male  cxpiindin;'  !..'>  indi  iiml  tin* 
Ifmalc  lull  1.2.  ca|ilnrcil  in  a  meadow  at  Newl)m';.di.  N.  Y.  'I'in-  female  (  Kij^.  7, 
I'l.  ;!.),  ill  wliicli  tlie  discal  spot  of  primaries  j)roJects  ii  .spnr  towards  tin-  liorder, 
\\a>t  lircil  li\'  me  at  CoallMii'^di,  as  wa^  llie  other,  in  wiiieli  tiic  liorder  is  iminiicn- 
lale.  Mr.  lieakirl  ( I'roc.  Knt.  Soc.,  IV.,  p.  2111)  mentions  an  e\ani|ile  in  wliicli 
ilic  connection  of  the  iliscal  spot  with  the  Itoriler  was  complete,  as  Itein^  in  the; 
((ijlcclion  of  tlie  Kntomolojrical  Society;  anil  Mr.  Ijintner  (same  work.  vol.  ill., 
|i.  "i"))  descrilies  a  female  with  immaculate  liorder.  .Mr.  Heakirt  al.«o  speaks  of 
(iiic  in  which  the  border  takes  tin'  ll)rni  of  the  "  doit's  iieail  "  characteristic 
iif  ('.  Cii-nonln,  a  variation  which  I  my.self  have  not  observed  in  the  present  spe- 


ic-^,  lull  which  does  sometimes  an 


ppea 


r  ui 


the  f 


enuile 


Ah/v///« 


'icnie,  and  is  indit  iitivo 


III  the  jfciieric  allinity  of  the  two  .-ipeciea. 

Ity  iiiciosinj.^  ihe  I'emales  of  J'/il/ixlitr,  at  the  proper  season,  \\ith  a  |)lani  of 
i;iowiiij(  (!lover,  egj^H  are  readily  obtaiiu'd,  and  in  this  way  I  have  i-epeatedly 
raided  the  larva*.  In  snch  cases  the  parent  is  carefully  preserved  foi'  comjiarison 
wlili  its  pi'oj.'eny.  Sometimes,  out  f)f  a  brood,  the  variation  from  the  mother  has 
liciii  nniioliceaiile,  l»ut  in  other  cases  very  jfi'cat.  and  this  mijrhl  well  be  owinjr 
til  ilic  ililK-rence  lietween  the  parents.  So  a  pale  snlphiir-colored  fennde  will  ])ro- 
iliiic  xiiiie  lik»'  itself  and  some  of  a  deep  yidlow,  etc.  In  the  few  instances  in 
uliiilil  have  tiiken  pairs  in  coiMi,  there  was  a  clost-  resemblance  between  them 
ill  nijor  and  imirkinjrs,  but  many  oliservations  are  rerjiiireil  to  deduce  any  rule 
ill'  lefidiii  as  to  like  seeking  like.  Albinism  is  conliiu'd  to  the  female,  and  ex- 
aiii])le.!  are  not  uncommon  in  tin-  field.  Ol'  cou\-se,  these  unite  with  yellow 
miles,  and  the  product  is  partly  albino  and  partly  yellow,  or  it  may  be  all  yel- 
low. In  one  in.stanre  I  hml  five  bnlterllies  from  egjj.s  laid  by  an  albino,  and  there 
id  foiu'  yellow  femah's,  no  a'bino.      In  another  case  of  four 


rc-iM 


Ited 


one  nnile  am 


th 


neitlier 


ftiiiales  one  was  an  albino.  Mr.  Mead  has  met  with  similar  results,  ami 
III  IIS  have  known  an  albino  to  be  produced  from  the  ej^gs  of  a  yellow  feiiiahv 
Tlie  yellow  femnk's  rai.scd  by  \nc  from  albinos  liave  all  resend»le<l  one  another  in 
llii^.  that  the  nmler  sin'face  of  secondaries  has  been  densely  coated  with  gray 
Males,  i/iving  a  |)eculiar  and  nu'aly  appearance,  and  nearly  all  of  both  sexes  have 
li.nl  coii.-picuous  double  iliscal  spots  on  the  nnder  side  of  .secondaries,  as  repro- 
seiiled  in  Fig.  2,  I'l.  ;5. 

Till  i;i,ii!iio  cater|»illars  dilTer  in  that  sinne  have  a  series  of  black  spots  beneath 
the  la  cral  \),'A(].  while  in  others  there  is  no  trace  of  this  ;  but  the  same  brood 
will  e.xiiiljit  Loth  varieties.     The  deepest  colored  examples  of  the  butterfly  which 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


MELITtEA  I. 


bordering  on  the  Ohio  Riven*,  and  in  Kansas.  It  is  the  only  MelitaBa  wliidi 
inhabits  tlie  Atlantic  slope,  thongli  from  the  Rocky  Monntains  to  the  Parillc 
the  genus  is  numerously  represented,  and  it  is  probably  the  only  butterll\  in 
its  district  whose  li'rvie  construct  and  pass  the  winter  within  webs.  I(  js 
always  local,  abundant  where  found  at  all.  and  is  usually  to  be  seen  only  in  ilic 
vicinity  of  swamps.  It  is  of  slow  and  .sluggish  flight,  and  alights  on  the  leaves  of 
shrubs  and  on  the  ground  rather  than  on  flowers.  The  life-history  of  this  species 
was  long  a  mystery,  and  has  only  come  to  be  understood  within  the  last  live 
years.  In  November,  1868,  Mr.  liillings.  Can.  Ent.  I.,  p.  28,  writes  tliat  he  lias 
"  accidentally  discovered  a  locality  for  this  rare  butterHy  within  two  miles  of  the 
city  limits  of  Ottawa.  It  is  in  an  oi)en  swamp,  densely  surrounded  by  coniferous 
trees  which  are  almost  im])enetrable,  and  occupies  a  space  of  eight  or  ten  iicrcs. 
This  season  I  watched  faithfully  for  the  appearance  of  the  imago,  making  occa- 
sional visits  to  the  spot  during  the  month  of  June.  It  was  first  observed  on  tiie 
3d  of  July,  and  between  this  and  the  2()th  I  made  five  or  six  excursions,  ciiptm- 
ing  over  t^^•o  hundred  specimens.  I  .seldom  met  theni  on  the  wing,  but  generally 
resting  on  the  alders  or  ferns."  And  Mr.  Billings  states  that  it  is  not  improliahle 
that  the  species  is  double-brooded,  judging  from  the  fact  that  two  years  before  liu 
had  seen  a  female  late  in  August  or  early  in  September,  which,  as  will  appear, 
must  have  been  an  exceptional  occurrence.  The  food-plant  Mr.  Billings  had  not 
discovered. 

In  a  subsequent  number  of  the  same  volume,  page  59,  I  communicated  some 
facl-  which  I  also  had  gathered.  In  May,  1868,  a  boy  living  in  the  neighboriiooil 
of  Coalburgh  had  brought  uie  several  chrysalids  o^  Phaeton,  part  of  which  Ik^  lia<l 
found  suspended  on  the  under  side  of  fence  rails  close  to  a  small  swamp  near  his 
father's  house,  and  said  that  he  had  seen  many  caterpillars  on  the  rails.  Rcinjf 
unable  to  go  to  the  spot,  I  sent  him  back  with  directions  to  bring  me  caterpillars 
and  to  search  for  the  food-plant.  A  few  days  later  he  returned  with  about  eighty 
chrysalids  and  but  two  caterpillars,  which  change(]  innnediately  after  I  received 
them.  He  reported  that  the  caterpillars  were  running  over  the  branches  of  the 
pawpaw  bushes  (Asimina  triloba),  though  he  could  discover  none  feeding  thereon, 
and  that  such  as  he  had  taken  had  changed  to  the  chrysalids  brought  In.  The  fol- 
lowing year,  20th  May,  I  was  passing  this  place  when  my  young  collector  told  ine 
that  he  had  found  the  plant  we  had  been  in  search  of,  and  would  show  it  to  ne. 
We  went  to  the  border  of  the  swamp  and  he  led  me  to  a  clump  of  Chelone  gl;il)va, 
eaten  nearly  to  the  water,  and  .said  that  this  had  been  black  with  the  caterpillars  ii 
few  days  before.  There  were  several  other  clumps  in  view,  'Al  much  eaten,  anil  I 
.succeeded  in  finding  two  caterpillars  on  one  of  them.  This  plant  is  common  in 
swamps  and  in  meadow  brooks  over  the  northern  part  of  the  continent,  ami  iVoin 
a  large  stool  sends  up  many  fleshy  stems  to  the  height  of  about  three  feet. 


MKLIT^A   I. 


Oil  22(1  April,  1874,  I  wont  again  to  the  swamp,  hardly  expecting  to  find  the 
Ciii'lonc  out  of  the  ground,  as  the  weather  had  been  cold  and  vegetation  back- 
uanl.  But  the  moment  I  reached  the  water  my  eye  fell  upon  two  or  three  of 
ilicse  caterpillars  on  the  lower  leaves  of  an  isolated  stem  which  was  not  more 
tliiin  six  inches  high.  Near  by  were  other  stems,  each  with  one  or  more  caterpil- 
hiis.  and  so  it  was  as  far  as  I  could  distinguish  the  plants  over  the  water.  These 
l,irva>  wore  nearly  mature.  On  the  stem  l)eing  jarred  they  instantly  rolled  up  and 
(li()|i|H'd  to  the  ground.  Some  I  saw  resting  beneath  the  plants  on  chips  or 
Icivcs.  Others  were  running  over  the  hummocks  which  projected  above  the  sur- 
liiii'  of  tlie  water,  moving  rapidly  and  throwing  tlieir  heads  to  the  right  or  left 
a-;  if  lei'ling  their  way.  Two  days  after  I  visited  the  swamp  better  prepared  for 
(■x|il()riiig  the  water,  and  could  have  brought  away  hundreds  of  the  caterpillars. 
TIk  V  Acre  to  be  found  wherever  a  plant  of  Chelone  grew,  not  at  all  .screened,  but 
in  |iluin  sight,  and  wherever  there  were  fallen  trees  or  dead  branches  there  were 
to  lir  seen  many  at  rest. 

.\t  this  larval  stage  this  species  must  be  subject  to  few  enemies,  an^l  must  be 
(iliiiiixidus  to  the  birds  which  abound  in  swamps.  Otherwise  none  ould  reach 
niiilnrity.  for  not  the  least  effort  is  made  for  concealment  after  the  caterpillars 
li,i\c  deserted  the  web,  and  the  contrast  of  color  with  the  green  leaves  makes 
tliiiii  unusually  conspicuous.  The  only  shelter  sought  by  them  is  in  rainy 
wmtlier  or  from  the  sun  when  the  heat  is  extreme,  and  that  is  attained  by  shift- 
in;:  tu  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves. 

At  dillerent  times  up  to  September,  1875,  I  visited  the  swamp,  and  so  have  be- 
came MC(iuainted  with  the  complete  history  of  the  species.  On  13th  June,  1875, 
1  liiimd  three  clusters  of  eggs,  and  brought  home  two  of  them.  These  two  were 
laiil  on  leaves  of  the  same  stem,  a*  some  distance  from  the  top,  both  upon  the 
iniilillc  of  the  leaves,  on  under  side,  one  close  against  the  midrib,  the  other  scarcely 
tuucliiug  it.  The  former  comprised  about  two  hundred  eggs,  densely  packed  in 
a  Miniewiiat  irregular  mass,  two  layers  deep,  each  egg  I'esting  on  its  base.  The 
otlici'  cluster  was  rounded,  four  layers  deep,  witli  a  few  eggs  which  represented 
a  lilth.  the  bottom  liiyers  apparently  regular,  but  nmny  of  the  eggs  of  the  upper 
ono  inclined,  and  some  lying  on  their  sides.  There  .seemed  to  be  about  four 
Inin'Ircd  eggs  1n  this  cluster.  (See  Figs.  a,n'-.)  The  color  wav  a  peculiar  shade  of 
•  linHoii.  like  that  of  wilted  currants,  having  a  tint  of  Idue  in  it,  but  two  or  thue 
"I  I  lie  eggs  were  lemon-yellow  when  first  observed,  and  this  I  am  informed  by 
Ml  Sciidder  is  the  color  when  newly  laid.  From  him  also  I  learn  that  the  dura- 
limi  of  this  stage  is  nineteen  to  twenty  days.  The  larva)  began  to  emerge  24th 
■'iiiir.  tliirteen  days  after  I  brought  home  the  eggs,  and  about  thirty-six  houns 
'"  Inic  the  disclosure  the  color  of  these  had  gradually  changed  from  crimson  to 
lilark. 


MELITiEA   I. 


The  larviB  were  immediiitely  placed  upon  a  plant  of  Chelonc,  and  in  obtniii- 
ing  this  I  noticed  many  little  webs  already  constructed.  One  colony  which  1 
encoiintored  was  in  a  state  of  great  agitation,  its  members  running  about  wildly 
and  throwing  their  heads  and  two  thirds  the  body  in  a  jerking  way  from  right 
to  left,  all  in  same  manner  and  like  so  many  automata.  The  cause  of  the  idiinn 
seemed  to  be  a  small  crimson  ichneumon  tly  which  was  hovering  about,  and  wiilrh 
alighted  on  one  of  the  leaves  which  protruded  from  the  web.  My  presence 
frightened  it  away,  however,  so  that  1  failed  to  see  its  mode  of  attack. 

Placing  the  young  larva;  on  tlie  leaves,  some  at  the  top  and  some  well  down 
the  stem,  each  lot  began  at  once  the  construction  of  a  web  ;  in  case  of  the  ter- 
minal leaves,  drawing  them  together.  While  part  were  bu.sy  at  this,  others  wore 
eating  the  pulp,  and  even  gnawing  the  midrib,  by  which  tlie  leaves  easily  yielded 
and  were  soon  folded  over  and  incorporated  in  the  web.  Those  on  one  of  the 
lower  leaves  in  same  way  contrived  to  double  the  leaf  over,  but  1  noticed  that 
in  a  few  hours  all  those  which  began  life  low  down  the  stem  had  clind)ed  (o  the 
upper  leaves  and  joined  the  colony  there.  As  the  larvie  grew,  leaf  after  leaf  was 
inclosed,  a  detachment  woiking  at  the  next  pair  of  leaves  below,  whicli  were 
taken  possession  of  by  the  colony  as  soon  as  the  upper  ones  were  consumed. 
These  hrst  webs  were  slight,  and  quite  tran.>*parent,  the  warp  composcid  of  long, 
regular  and  colorless  threads,  whicli  ran  from  the  stem  to  the  middle  of  the  next 
leaves  below,  and' were  boun<l  together  by  innumerable  cross-threads  wdiich  took 
no  regularity  whatever.  Two  or  more  holes  were  left  for  egi'css,  and  the  eat- 
ing away  of  the  leaf  made  other  opt^nings.  The  web  at  this  stage  does  not  icsist 
rain  very  well,  anil  in  a  long  continued  storm  more  or  less  destruction  of  the 
larvii;  follows.  ]jut  as  soon  as  the  skies  clear,  the  survivors  set  themselves  at 
repairing  or  rebuilding  altogether. 

Six  days  after  leaving  the  egg,  the  larvtB  began  to  pass  the  first  moult,  whicli 
process  continued  for  two  days  before  all  the  colony  had  changed,  and  forthwith 
they  eat  voraciously,  stripping  the  leaves  much  faster  than  they  could  form  a 
web  to  cover  them.  Many  of  the  larvaj  during  this  stage  remained  outside  in 
small  clusters,  and  fed  on  separate  leaves,  even  on  separate  stems ;  but  as  the 
time  for  the  second  moult  drew  near,  they  came  together  and  constructed  a  I()o.se 
web,  within  which  the  moult  took  place. 

About  the  middle  of  the  next  stage,  on  a  bright  day,  I  noticed  that  each  of  my 
colonies  was  suddenly  active  in  spinning,  and  it  at  once  occurred  to  rae  that  they 
anticipated  a  storm  and  were  providing  against  it.  Before  night  nuicli  more 
substantial  and  larger  webs  than  had  been  hitherto  constructed  were  ready  for 
occupation.  During  the  night  a  steady  rain  set  in  and  continued  for  twenty-four 
hours,  but  it  found  each  colony  safely  housed.     The  next  day  was  clear,  and 


MELTT^A   I. 


111!  Imiuls  were  busy  in  repairing  and  strengtiiening,  working  hotii  within  tlie 
ui  iis  ami  without. 

Till'  largest  of  these  structures  was  long  and  narrow,  ta])ering  at  either  end, 
alioiit  three  inches  broad  in  the  middle,  and  so  thiek  and  closely  woven  as  to 
fdiK  cal  the  interior.  For  egress  while  at  work,  two  somewhat  tubular  openings 
uciv  left  on  the  middle  of  one  side,  and  tiie  threads  about  these  were  doubled. 
To  ,-np|)ort  this  large  web  the  u])[ier  part  of  a  stem  of  swamp  grass,  which  was 
/riiuing  in  same  tub,  was  bent  down,  and  its  broad  and  spreading  leaves  were 
Ijdiniil  over  the  surface,  and  this  with  tiic  stem  of  Chelone  was  stiff  enough  to 
icsi>t  the  wind.  After  the  larva;  had  ceased  work  and  rmally  retired  witiuu  the 
well,  a  slight  covering  was  spun  acro.ss  the  outlets,  sullicient  evidently  to  throw 
oil  water  and  to  keep  out  spiders.  Two  or  tiiree  days  later,  about  20th  July, 
till'  ihin.  moult  was  passed,  and  thenceforward  the  larva>  did  not  leave  the  web, 
hilt  entered  on  their  period  of  rest,  which  would  endure  till  the  Hdlowiug  April. 
Watching  the  same  stages  in  the  swamp,  the  same  peculiarities  were  to  be 
iiotiicd.  In  some  cases  very  large  weljs  were  constructed,  and  the  one  repre- 
sented on  the  Plate  was  11  X  4  inches  at  its  extremes.  In  nearly  all  ca.ses, 
assistance  from  other  plants  was  sought  to  support  the  stem.  And  the  com- 
|ilciril  webs  were  not  confined  to  Chelone  but  were  often  built  on  other  plants 
at  some  distance,  one  to  three  feet  from  the  food  plant.  I  thought  at  first  that 
sui  li  j)lants  must  al.><o  have  l)een  eaten  of  by  the  larviv,  but  could  find  no  evi- 
dence of  it,  and  larva;  which  I  kept  meanwhile  confined  in  glasses  would  eat  of 
no  leaf  l)ut  Chelone. 

Six  wt'eks  later,  the  webs  were  found  to  be  bleached  white,  and  were  weather- 
worn and  considerid)ly  .shrunken  ;  often  distorted  too  by  the  growth  of  the  plants. 
The  elli'ct  of  the  shrinkage  was  to  compress  the 'arv;e  into  a  hard,  compact  nuiss. 
On  opening  some  of  the  webs,  I  invariably  found  a  small  percentage  of  larviB 
uiiich  had  not  pas.sed  the  third  moult.  The  condition  was  not  that  of  torpidity, 
nor  even  of  lethargy,  for  there  was  an  immediate  and  general  movement  on  the 
il'-lurhance  being  made,  and  many  of  the  larva'  would  attempt  to  escape.  I 
Innught  home  some  of  them  and  placed  them  upon  a  young  plant  of  Chelone, 
Ihii  iliey  showed  no  disposition  to  feed,  nor  to  construct  another  web.  They  ran 
oM'itlie  le.ives  for  a  few  horn's  till  the  whole  plant  had  l)een  thoroughly  explored 
ami  then  left  it,  betaking  themselves  to  the  gra.ss. 

I  made  an  excursion  to  the  swamp  7th  April,  lS7o,  to  determine,  if  po.ssible, 
liow  early  the  caterpillars  left  the  web  ;  but  1  found  them  alreaily  scattered. 
tlioimh  the  food-plant  was  as  yet  scarcely  above  the  water.  Several  caterpillars 
wiiieh  I  brought  home  were  placed  on  a  cliunp  of  the  plant  in  a  ves.sel  of  water, 
to  jiievent  escape,  and  sticks  were  set  to  give  them  opportunity  to  rest  after 


MELITiEA   I. 


their  liiihit.  So  1  ascortainod  that  they  did  not  feed  in  tlie  night  on  accoiinl  of 
^he  low  tem])eratiire,  nor  in  eool  and  cloudy  days  when  the  niercnry  fell  lulow 
iboiit  50°  Far.  'I'owards  evening  they  collected  on  the  sticks  in  a  dense  cluster, 
usually  resting  with  heads  downward,  and  there  remained  till  morning.  If  tjic 
day  was  bright  and  warm  they  became  active  as  soon  as  placed  in  the  sunshiiic. 
At  this  time  spring  was  far  advanced  with  us,  the  apple  trees  in  blossom,  and  the 
forest  rapidly  coming  into  leaf,  when  on  the  18th  and  19th  April,  snow  fell,  nail 
freezing  weather  s(!t  in,  such  as  at  this  season  had  never  been  e  iperienced.  The 
nuM'cury  sank  to  12°  above  0,  and  nearly  every  green  thing  was  killed,  —  the 
Chelone  leaves  particularly.  1  had  no  alternative  but  to  lose  the  caterpillars  lor 
want  of  food  to  give  them,  or  to  try  the  effect  of  cold  in  suspending  aninintioa. 
They  were  therefore  placed  in  a  cold  cellar,  and  there  remained  for  ten  days 
with  I'o  injury,  recovering  activity  at  once  on  being  brought  into  light. 

Owing  to  the  sympathy  of  these  larvae  with  the  changes  of  the  weather,  the 
intervals  between  the  last  moults  were  irregular. 

When  ready  to  change  to  chrysalis  the  caterpillar  of  P/iae/o/i  wanders,  often  to 
a  great  ilistauce  from  its  feeding  ground,  which  its  rapid  movement  easily  eniihles 
it  to  do,  and  .«e('ks  shelter  under  logs,  fence  rails,  or  the  weather-boarding  of 
buildings,  spins  a  button  of  white  silk  from  which  it  suspends  by  its  last  segment, 
and  in  about  thirty-six  hours  thereafter  the  change  takes  j)lace. 

The  lirst  Ijutterfly  fntm  the  chrysalids  of  1801)  was  on  the  wing  at  Coalburgh, 
lUth  May;  from  those  of  1874,  18th  May.  At  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  1  hail  taken 
the  butterlly  fresh  from  chrysalis  2()th  June.  Mr.  Scudder  gives  25th  Juno  as 
the  dat(>  of  appearance  in  New  Hampshire,  and  Mr.  Billings  the  3d  July  at 
Ottawa. 

Mr.  f^cuddcr  states  that  iha  liirvic  o?  Phaeton  have  been  found  to  feed  in  the 
spring  on  Ijonicera  ciliatn.  Mr.  T.  Glover  writes  me  that  Viburnui.r  dentiituin 
is  also  a  food-plant. 

Year  after  year  1  have  seen  Phaeton  flying  in  various  localities,  but  always  in 
early  summer,  and  it  is  not  po.><sible  that  a  fall  brood  should  have  occurred  at 
Coalburgh  without  my  having  had  knowledge  of  it,  either  of  my  own  observa- 
tion, or  that  of  the  many  experienced  lepidopterists  who  have  spent  time  with 
me.  Therefore  it  seems  remarkable  that  Mr.  Billings  should  have  se<Mi  an 
individual  of  this  species  in  August  or  September.  But  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette  also 
informs  me  that  he  saw  one  flying  near  Galena,  111.,  in  August,  1872,  and  lixes 
the  date  beyond  doubt,  because  he  was  then  on  his  way  to  the  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  at  Dubuque.  There  must  occasionally  then  be  cnse.^  m 
which  the  larvte  proceed  to  maturity  instead  of  entering  on  their  hybernation,  a 
phenomenon  not  unknown  among  the  single-brooded  butterflies  whose  larva) 


MELITiEA   I. 

hv  iHTimte,  as,  for  oxiiiiiple,  in  the  gomis  Liincnitis.  In  the  case  of  Thyciodea 
.\>/rk'is,  a  species  nearly  allied  to  Phaeton,  part  of  the  summer  brood  mature, 
wliilc  much  the  larger  part  become  lethargic  in  July,  and  so  pass  tlic  winter! 
i!ul  in  this  species  there  is  a  second,  or  late  sunnner  brood,  all  the  larva'of  which 
livl.crnate  at  third  moult.  The  growth  of  the  larviB  or  Phaeton  is  so  rai)id,  three 
oiil  of  its  live  stages  requiring  but  about  twenty  days,  that  there  is  evidently 
innpic  time,  in  the  latitude  of  Coalburgh,  lor  a  second  brood,  and  one  might  be 
expected  to  occur. 


AVIiMt  is  the  mysterious  principle  whicli  teaches  the  larvic  of  Phaeton  alone, 
oiif  of  a  hundred  species  of  butterflies  that  frequent  our  fields,  to  protect  them- 
Hclvcs  in  a  web  woven  by  the  community;  which  regulates  the  labor  of  each  in 
l.uiMi.ig,  strengthening,  repairing,  or  extending  this  web  as  the  occasion  reciuires; 
which  prompts  one  detachment  to  work  on  the  inside,  another  without,  some  to 
(liMw  up  leaves  which  shall  be  inclosed  for  the  connnon  food,  some  to  secure  in 
adNMiicc  further  supplies  to  be  ready  when  the  first  are  consumed  ;  which  per- 
mits tiiom  to  scatter  in  groups  and  brings  them  together  again  as  the  several 
periods  of  moulting  draw  near,  and  at  last,  when  the  moment  comes  to  prepare 
for  II  state  of  rest  that  is  to  endure  for  nine  nionths,  during  which  they  will 
l)e  helpless  against  wind  and  storm,  and  t!ie  assault  of  enemies,  leads  them  to 
liuihl  a  more  substantial  structure  than  before,  proof  against  rain  and  snow,  fix- 
iii.u-  upon  and  binding  down  contiguous  stems  for  its  support,  leaving  way's  for 
oo-ress  while  the  work  goes  on  and  closing  them  up  when  the  work  is  "done,  and 
when  an  open  door  would  endanger  the  house  !  How  do  these  creatures  cora- 
iiiimicate  with  each  other?  Do  they  act  under  the  direction  of  one  common 
master,  that  everything  is  thus  done  at  the  right  time  and  in  the  right  way,  or 
hiive  they  something  akin  to  the  knowledge  and  judgment  of  far  superior  beings 
whi.h  leads  each  one  to  see  what  is  needed,  and  to  do  it  without  compulsion  and 
wiihont  conflict  or  interference  Avith  others  ?  I  wonder  if  all  is  really  harmony  ; 
if  s.iiiie  do  not  shirk  their  duties;  if  there  be  not  bickerings  and  fightings  and 
lnr\  icidos  !  Let  us  hope  not.  They  seem  to  dwell  in  peace,  and  we  will  ttssume 
thai  fhey  do,  and  go  to  them  for  a  lesson  as  to  Solomon's  ants  or  Sir  John 
Lubbock's  wa^s. 


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PHYCIODES  I.,  II. 


PHYCIODKS   ril Alios. 

Vliir'mih.i  TiKiriif,  Driiry. 

MAliCIA.  K.lwanlH,  Trans.  Am.  K„f.  .Soc,  II.,  p.  207,  IHfiHj   M.,  Cnn.  Knt    IX     n    1    .877 

M()Rl-||i;US,  i:,lwu„l.H,  Can.  Knt..  IX.,  p.  r,5,  1877.  '  P'    '    *"* 

il/o-/.//<.».*,  Fab.  .Sv.t.  Knt.,  p.  ,M0,  177.5;   1,1.,  Rnt.  Spt.,  HI.,  p.  1.55    rfti 

mros,  Drnrv.  I     pi.  21  ?,  17.     Ii„i,.  ami  1,..,..,  p.  170,  pi.  .|7  cf  (no'  9),  183.-). 

Coci/la,  CraniiT,  II.,  pi.  lOI.,  (i^js.  A.,  U. 

f'liarof,  IlaniH,  Ins.  Musii.,  2(1  cd.,  p.  289,  1«G2. 

Alien-.  l',„:h,r,l,i.  .Sanndcia,  in  I'aukaril's  Guide,  p.  256. 

FoM  MARCIA. 
Ai.M.K.  —  E.xpaiuls  1.5  incli. 

rpp.;,  .si.l.  ml.fulvm,,.,  handed  and  reticulated  with  black  ;  the  hind  mar^nn  of 

pnnKu.,..,s  b,.oadIy  bordered  with  black,  through  which  r.ni«  a  crenated   line  o 

M.n,...  ol  narrow  crescents  either  yellow-  or  red-fulvou.s,  the  one  in  unper  mod  an 

.n.crspace  large,  the   others  often  obsolete  ;    witi.in  the   anterior  edge  of  the 

-order  IS  a  series  of  nearly  equal  and  often  connuent  fulvous  .spots,  extending 

o,n  sub-costal  to  sub-median  nervure,  the  lower  spot  sometimes  pupillated  with 

u-k  ;  next  beyond  is  a  broad,  sinuou.s,  f.ilvous  band,  sometimes  macular  ;  from 

t  H.  fosta  a  subtriangu  ar  black  patch  covers  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  is  connected 

.V  an  Ob hque  line  with  a  smaller  patch  on  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  within  the 

c  of  eel    IS  a  black  spot  with  interior  fulvous  spot  or  stripe  ;  in°  the  middle 
oil  a  doiil^le  ring,  and  another  below  cell ;  and  at  base  of  and  below  cell  rounded 

Secondaries  have  a  black  border  of  nearly  even  width,  extending  round  outer 

f '  "f  '"^':?'"°  "^'!'-  '''  '^"*^'--'-  -1g«  -  yellowish  crenated  lii^,  often  nu.e- 
"la.  and  sometimes  quite  obsolete;  beyond  is  a  series  of  .seven  la  .e  fulvo  . 
spopeach  pupiUated  with   black,  the   upper  .spot  nearly  or  quite   los      n 

n  ■  ,     1  ^   the   di.scoidal  and  upper  median  interspaces;  remainder  of  win.- 

<    L  v'  r  ^     '^^  '•''  °"*'''  P'^'^'^"  "f  '^''  b'^'^'-^l  ^'^^  ^™ited  by  black: 
•nc^i,ularly  cham-shaped  spots,  within  which  are  similar  spots  crossing  the  middle 


PHYCIODES   I.,   II. 

of  cell ;  there  is  great  variation,  however,  in  the  extent  of  the  black  surface, 
the  bands  and  lines  often  being  so  lieavy  as  to  render  the  surface  of  both  wings 
largely  black  ;  in  others  the  basal  and  extra-discal  markings  are  small  and  at- 
tenuated, the  reticulations  distinct ;  fringes  black  mixed  with  cinereous,  nnd 
sometimes  with  a  little  white  at  apex  of  primaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous,  dull  yellow  on  costa  and  at  apex,  bright 
yellow  on  middle  of  hind  margin ;  often  also  a  lilaceons  tint  suffuses  the  inrgin; 
the  rest  of  the  margin  brown  ;  a  submarginal  ferruginous  crenatcd  line  cross(?.s 
the  entire  wing  and  at  the  apex  is  a  second  similar  and  anterior  to  the  other; 
at  the  inner  angle  is  a  large  black  patch ;  the  patches  on  costa  and  inner  margin 
repeated,  reduced  ;  and  a  second  one  on  costa  half  way  from  cell  to  apex;  the 
outlines  of  the  spots  on  basal  area  are  seen  indistinctly. 

Under  side  of  secondaries  has  the  hind  margin  bordered  by  a  double  crenated 
line,  making  a  complete  series  of  long  and  narrow  submarginal  crescents,  of 
which  the  middle  one  is  most  conspicuous ;  on  the  extra-discal  area  a  series  of 
small  brown  spots,  corresponding  to  the  pupils  of  the  fulvous  spots  above  ;  the 
Ijtisal  area  limited  on  the  middle  of  the  disk  by  two  irregular  lines,  partly  wavy, 
partly  angular,  and  differing  much  in  individuals,  forming  a  transverse  hand 
more  or  less  pronounced ;  anterior  to  these  are  several  other  wavy  lines  to  base ; 
all  these  usually  ferruginous,  sometimes  brown  ;  a  brown  cloud  covers  more  or 
less  of  the  marginal  area  ;  on  middle  of  costal  margin  a  brown  or  ferruginous 
patch,  and  another  on  disk,  both  often  nearly  obsolete  ;  the  ground  color  of  the 
wing  varies  much,  being  sometimes  deep  yellow,  sometimes  buff,  or  brown,  or 
brown  with  much  white  over  basal  area,  with  more  or  less  of  a  lilac  tint ;  some- 
times the  whole  win";  is  tinted  with  ferruginous. 

Body  above  bhack  ;  beneath,  thorax  and  abdomen  white,  the  latter  yellowish  at 
extremity  ;  legs  fulvous,  the  inner  side  of  the  femora  white ;  palpi  Avhite  at 
ba.se,  buff  above,  black  on  upper  side  ;  antennae  black,  gray  beneath,  and  ringed 
with  white ;  club  black  tipped  with  fulvous. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.5  to  1.7  inch. 

Upper  side  very  much  as  in  the  male,  varying  in  similar  manner,  but  never  so 
denuded  of  black  as  is  often  seen  in  the  male  ;  in  many  examples  the  sinuou.s 
discal  band  of  primaries  is  yellow-ochraceous  instead  of  fulvous,  and  the  spots  of 
the  outer  series  are  partially  pupillated.  The  under  side  .shows  similar  variations 
to  that  of  the  male,  but  more  extreme,  the  coloration  being  more  intense,  tiie 
band  more  distinct,  and  the  dark  areas  more  extended. 

The  ornamentation  of  the  imder  side  of  secondaries  indicates  at  least  four 
principal  varieties  of  this  form  of  the  species,  distinct  at  the  extremes  in  both 
sexes,  and  with  many  intergrades.     The  variation  of  primaries  and   of  u[)per 


PHYCIODES   I.,  ir. 

surfiice  is  less  extreme  and  is  not  siitficiently  distinctive,  and  therefore  the  sec- 
oiiiliU'ios  alone  may  he  used  in  cliaracterization. 

\i\v.  A.  The  marginal  cloud  and  costal  patch  wanting  ;  the  basid  area  sil- 
vcri'd  or  white,  perhaps  a  little  discolored  at  extremity  of  cell ;  the  crescents 
silsiTcd  or  white  ;  extra-discal  area  yellow-brown.     (Figs.  1,  2  <i.) 

\'.\\:  B.  The  larger  part  of  the  wing  dark  brown,  but  usually  the  discal  band 
is  iiiii)))scured  or  nearly  ,so,  and  is  white  and  conspicuous,  as  is  also  the  costal  mar- 
gin next  base  and  at  outer  angle  ;  except  at  this  angle  the  crescents  obscured. 
(Fil;-.  ;i  (?;4,  5  9.) 

\iir.  C.  In  the  male,  the  ground  is  either  bright  ochrey-yellow  throughout, 
till'  l)!\ud  and  basal  area  not  differing  from  the  area  beyond  the  disk,  with  a 
iiKuuiiial  cloud,  and  a  large  brown  spot  on  the  disk  (Fig.  9);  or  the  ochre-yellow 
is  sliu'iitly  obscured  over  the  disk  and  outer  limb,  and  the  spaces  between  the 
rcliciilated  lines  are  partly  yellow,  partly  faint  white.  (Fig.  6.)  The  discal 
spot  v;iries  much  in  shape,  being  sometimes  a  transverse  bar,  sometimes  a  lon- 
iriiiiiliMal  one  limited  to  the  cell  (Fig.  C),  or  perhaps  a  triangular  patch  (Fig.  8). 
In  the  feiiude,  primaries  have  the  hind  margin  largely  covered  with  bright  yel- 
low ;  secondaries  eitlier  bright  or  deep  ochraceous,  the  band  and  spaces  variegated 
wiili  faint  white  and  yellow,  delii.ately  tinted  with  brown  on  the  disk,  the  cres- 
cents white  or  silvered  where  not  covered  by  the  cloud.     (Fig.  7.) 

\'ar.  D.  This  variety  runs  into  the  summer  form  of  the  species,  the  ground 
liciiiii'  either  bright  or  deep  yellow,  or  inclined  to  buff,  sometimes  with  a  red- 
dish tint ;  in  the  male,  the  reticulations  are  less  distinct,  the  band  al  rays  lost  in 
the  uTound  color,  the  cloud  small,  narrow,  and  dark  colored,  often  concealing 
•!ic  crescents  on  middle  of  margin ;  on  the  disk  a  small  brown  patch  and  a  slight 
one  on  costal  margin  ;  often  one  or  both  these  are  wanting.  (Figs.  12,  .A.)  In 
the  female  the  reticulations  are  .strong,  ferruginous,  the  cloud  and  boUi  discal 
iinii  costal  patches  conspicuous.  (Fig.  13.)  This  female  resembles  the  female 
of  \';ir.  B  of  the  summer  foiiri  more  than  it  does  its  own  male.  There  are  nu- 
ini  rolls  intergrades  between  B  and  C,  C  and  D,  but  watit  of  srace  prevents  my 
illiisiriiting  more  than  one  of  them,  —  C  D.     (Figs.  10,  11.) 


FuUM  MOHPHEUS. 

Siuue  size  as  Marcia  in  both  sexes,  and  '"ot  distingui,sh<able  on  the  upper  side, 
v;u\ing  in  same  manner.  On  the  under  Side  of  primaries,  the  male  has  the  mar- 
gin ornamented  with  dark  brown  and  yellow,  the  black  patches  large  and  in- 
tense, t.e  ground  pale  fulvous.  Secondaries  have  the  ground  yellow-buff,  but 
Viuying  somewhat  in  individuals,  the  reticulations  ferruginous,  slight,  often  more 
or  less  obsolete,  and  no  costal  or  discal  patch,  though  sometimes  there  is  a  slight 


PHYCIODES  I.,   II. 


disooloration  at  the  end  of  the  coll ;  the  marginal  cloud  ntarrow  and  dark,  con- 
ccalint^  the  orosocnt.s;  at  the  angles  the  crescents  are  of  the  color  of  the  grounfl; 
in  somr  oxaniplos  the  middle  crescent  on  the  cloud  is  silvered;  in  some  also  the 
cloud  is  rediiceil  to  a  more  shade  along  the  margin.  There  is  little  variation  in 
the  male,  hut  juuoh  in  the  female.  Some  of  these  are  like  the  male,  the  retioii- 
latod  lines  stronger,  and  a  slight  costal  patch  present ;  the  cloud  as  in  the  ninle. 
I  designate  this  variety  as  A.  (Figs.  1,  2.)  Var.  B  has  the  lines  heavy,  tiie 
costal  patch  conspicuous  and  dark,  and  a  .similar  but  larger  one  on  middle  of 
disk;  the  cloud  diffuse.     (Fig.  .3.)     This  resembles  Var.  D,  Marcia. 

Many  examples  of  the  siimmer  brood  of  Morpheus  are  very  melanic  on  upper 
side,  especially  those  from  the  C.atskill  Mountains ;  the  black  being  intense,  while 
the  discal  band  on  primaries  is  pale  yellow.     (Fig.  4.) 

A  tliird  variety,  C,  1  have  received  from  both  Georgia  and  Texas,,  taken  in  iAIay 
and  August.  On  the  upper  side  the  fulvous  is  bright ;  the  lines  are  fine  and  the 
inoshos  open  ;  on  the  under  side,  secondaries  are  without  patch  or  cloud,  any 
dark  shade  being  limited  to  the  middle  crescents  on  the  edge  of  the  maru:in; 
the  submarginal  linos  on  l)oth  Avings  dark  and  heavy,  and  the  reticulations  either 
faint  or  o))solcte.  (Fig.  5.)  I  have  not  observed  this  variety  in  more  nortiiern 
examples. 

Egg. —  Conoidal,  truncated,  depressed  at  summit,  rounded  at  base,  the  lower 
half  indoutod  like  a  thimble,  tlie  excavations  being  shallow  and  arranged  in  close 
and  I'ogular  rows;  the  upper  half  smooth,  with  about  fifteen  slightly  raised  ver- 
tical ril)s.  terminating  at  the  rim  above ;  color  pale  green.  (Fig.s.  a,  a',  magni- 
fied.)    Duration  of  this  stage  four  to  seven  days. 

Young  Lauva.  —  Length  .06  inch  ;  cylindrical,  largest  anteriorly,  th,e  seg- 
ments each  well-rounded  ;  sparsely  pilose,  the  hairs  black,  and  on  the  anterior 
segments  directed  forward ;  color  yellow-green  clouded  with  brown  ;  head  obo- 
vato,  dooply  cleft ;  pilose  ;  color  dark  brown.  (Fig.  b,  inagnified.)  Duration  of 
this  stage  five  to  six  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  .1  inch;  cylindrical,  stoutest  in  the  middle  segments; 
armed  with  seven  rows  of  short,  fleshy,  brown  spines,  each  thickly  set  with  short, 
concolorod  bristles ;  there  is  also  at  the  base  of  body  a  row  of  small  spines,  sim- 
ilar to  the  others,  one  on  each  segment  from  the  third,  and  over  the  pro-legs  two 
on  oacl)  ;  on  the  second  segment  a  dorsal  collar,  with  minute  spines ;  l)ody 
stri]iod  longitudinally  with  light  and  dark  brown  and  sordid  white  ;  the  dorsum 
light  l)rown  edged  with  white,  and  on  this  brown  area  two  interrupted  white 
streaks ;  on  the  side  a  dark  brown  stripe  on  light  ground,  and  in  line  with  the 
lower  lateral  spines  a  white  ridge ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  brown  ;  head  snb- 
cordate,  the  vertices  rounded,  and  across  each  a  gray  band ;  another  gray  bnnd 


PHYCIODES  I.,  II. 


on  front  lower  face ;  color  shining  black.    (Fig.  c,  magnified.)    Duration  of  this 
nUi'^o  five  to  six  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .22  inch;  same  shape;  the  stripes  almost  the 
siiiiie,  the  white  dull,  the  brown  darker;  a  whitish  line  runs  with  the  dorsal  row 
of  spiner,,  which  are  light  in  color  with  In-own  tips  ;  the  first  lateriils  are  also 
liiilit  a;ul  stand  on  a  whitish  stripe  ;  the  second  laterals  on  a  broad,  dark  stripe, 
iind  lire  almost  black;  the  lower  laterals,  on  a  white  ridge,  are  white;  ^he  spines 
lliickly  set  with  short,  straight  bristles,  standing  at  a  high  angle,  and  dark 
ti|>p('d  ;  nndcr  side  dark  brown;  head  sub-cordate,  dark  brown  and  black,  with 
;i  wliite  spot  on  each  vertex,  and  one  on  front  lower  face.  (Fig.  d,  magnified.) 
To  tliird  moult  in  summer,  three  days.  Where  the  larva  passed  the  third  moult 
ill  the  fall  the  interval  was  from  seven  to  fourteen  days. 

After  third  fall  moult:  length  .3  inch;  the  dorsum  light  brown  edged  with 
flint  white  at  the  first  lateral  row  of  spines,  tlie  brown  area  showing  two  macii- 
liir  white  streaks;  below  same  spines  a  black  stripe,  after  which  the  side  is  brown 
with  a  white  stripe  in  line  with  lower  laterals;  head  sub-cordate,  shining  black, 
with  a  gray,  illy-defined  spot  on  each  vertex,  and  another  on  side  of  face.  (Figs 
e,  (■-,  magnified.)     At  this  stage  the  larva  biicomes  lethargic. 

Alter  fourth  moult  in  spring :  length  .44  inch  ;  color  yellow-brown  dotted 
witli  sordid  white;  the  spines  short,  stout,  yellowish  at  base,  brown  aboe  ;  the 
bristles  short,  divergent,  brown  tipped  with  black  ;  along  the  dorsal  row  a  black 
stripe,  a  yellow  one  in  line  with  first  laterals,  macular,  irregular,  and  a  yellow 
blind  with  lower  laterals;  head  small,  cordate,  shining  black  or  bronze,  with  a 
few  black  hairs ;  across  each  vertex  a  narrow  yellow  bar,  a  yellow  triangular  spot 
oil  front  lower  face  connecting  at  the  lower  angle  with  a  curved  bar  which  runs 
to  the  back  of  head.     To  next  moult  ten  days. 

After  fifth  and  last  moult  in  spring:  length  .6  inch;  to  maturity  ei'dit 
flays. 

M.VTURE  Larva  in  spring.  Length  .85  inch  ;  color  blackish-brown,  dotted, 
e.-ipociidly  on  dorsum,  with  yellow ;  the  spines  more  tapering  than  at  last  stage  ; 
.Mont  at  base  and  there  mostly  yellowish  ;  the  bristles  brown,  black-tipped  ;  on 

sum  a  black  stripe,  often  wanting  ;  with  first  laterals  a  yellow  stripe,  and  a 
of  same  color  next  below  third  laterals ;  in  some  examples  there  is  a  black 


(lor 
baiK 


stript"  between  the  two  upper  lateral  rows;  head  cordate,  shining  bronze  with 
bliick  hairs  ;  across  each  vertex  a  narrow  whitish  bar,  thickened  at  the  front 
ami  bluntly  barbed  on  outer  side  ;  in  front  a  triangular  spot  connecting  at  the 
lower  ■•■•''.  ivith  a  sickle-shaped  bar  on  the  side. 

-uer  third  moult  in  summer:    length  .45  inch;  color  olive-brcwn,  the  dor- 
sum much  specked  and  dotted  with  dull  white ;  a  stripe  of  this  color  in  lino 


PHYCIODES   I.,   II. 


with  first  laterals,  and  a  band  below  spiracles,  above  which  is  another  band  les*" 
distinct,  wliitish  and  macular ;  the  spines  brown,  light  tipped,  many  with  yellow 
or  orange  bases,  the  bristles  black  ;  head  cordate,  bronze  ;  a  straight,  silvery 
bar  across  each  vertex,  a.  triangular  white  spot  in  front  connected  with  a  curved 
white  line  at  the  side.     To  next  moult  three  to  five  days. 

After  fourth  and  last  moult :  length  .80  inch. 

Mati'HE  Lahv.v  in  suunuer.  Length  .95  inch  ;  color  dark  brown,  dotted  with 
yellow  and  strijjed  with  yellow  and  black,  the  yellow  always  dull ;  armed  wilii 
seven  rows  of  spines,  one  dorsal  and  three  on  either  side,  besides  smaller  and  simi- 
lar spines  at  base  of  body,  one  on  each  segment  from  the  third,  and  over  the 
pro-legs  two  on  each  ;  the  spines  stout,  tapering,  dark  brown,  partly  white-tipped, 
those  of  the  upper  and  lower  lateral  rows  more  or  less  orange-tinted  at  base, 
each  beset  with  many  straight,  black  bristles ;  next  belosv  first  laterals  a  blackish 
stripe  edged  on  the  dorsal  side  by  yellow,  and  in  line  with  the  lower  laterals  a 
yellow  ridge  ;  head  cordate,  either  black  or  bronze,  shining ;  on  each  vertex  a 
cordate  yellow  s])ot,  and  on  each  side  a  sickle-shaped  stripe.  (Fig.  /,  nat.  size  ; 
f^,  head  magnified;/'',  section  of  side.)     Duration  of  this  stage  four  to  six  days. 

CiiHYSALis.  —  Length  .50  to  .55  inch  ;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  ninth  and  tenth 
segments  ;  head  case  narrow,  excavated  at  the  sides,  nearly  square  at  top,  there 
being  a  slight  de])ression  in  middle  ;  the  mesonotum  moderately  prominent,  com- 
pressed at  summit,  followed  1  y  a  deep  excavation  ;  the  anterior  edges  of  the  last 
four  segments  of  the  abdomen  prominent,  especially  that  of  the  foremost,  wliich 
is  developed  into  a  conspicuous  ridge  ;  on  the  abdomen  several  rows  of  fine  tu- 
bercles, two  of  which  are  prolonged  and  terminate  on  the  mesonotum  ;  the  color 
varies  much,  being  light  cinereous  throughout,  covered  with  fine  abbreviated 
bi'own  streaks  ;  or  cinereous  on  dorsum,  the  abdomen  and  wing  cases  tinted  with 
ytUow-brown  ;  or  dull  white  mottled  on  dorsum  with  brown  and  clouded  with 
same  color  elsewhere;  or  wholly  dark  brown,  specked  with  gray;  often  a  row 
of  light  dots  is  seen  at  the  end.s  of  the  nervules  of  the  wings,  and  a  similar  row 
parallel,  a  short  distance  within.  Many  chrysalida  of  the  sunmier  broods  are 
marked  by  black  patches  on  abdomen  and  wing  ca.'ies,  the  ground  being  brown, 
but  in  the  spring  tlie  usual  color  is  cinereous.  (Fig.  gr.)  Duration  of  this  stage 
,from  six  to  thirteen  days,  unless  retarded  by  cold.  The  earliest  formed  chr^s- 
alids  of  the  hybernating  larviu  gave  imago  15th  May,  after  thirteen  days;  later 
in  the  month,  after  eleven;  chrysalids  of  July,  in  West  Virginia,  after  seven 
days  ;  of  August,  six  ;  in  Catskill  Mountains,  1st  September,  after  twelve,  and  in 
same  district,  chrysalids  formed  middle  of  September  gave  imago  at  twenty-nine 
or  thirty  days. 

Tharos  is  one  of  our  most  widely  distributed  butterflies,  ranging  from  54°,  in 


PIIYCIODKS   I.,   II. 


Uiitisli  Coliunbiii,  and  52°  in  Labiiulor,  at  least  as  far  south  as  Mexico  and  the 
(Iiiir  States,  an(i  from  the  Atlantic  to  Montana  and  Colorado.  I  am  not  aware 
tli.it  it  has  been  taken  in  tlie  United  States  west  of  the  Kooky  Mountains,  but 
.Ml'.  Crotcii  found  it  in  British  Columbia,  at  Lake  Lahache.  From  Labrador  and 
Anticosti  Mr.  Couper  brouj^ht  many  examples.  Like  the  allied  species,  Tharon 
ri('((uonts  meadows  and  open  country,  flying  slowly,  with  tremulous  motion,  for 
.^Imrt  distances  and  from  flower  to  flower.  In  the  early  summer  tiie  males  as- 
siiiilile  by  hundreds  about  wet  places,  keeping  company,  in  West  Virgini:;,  with 
Xi/c(cl>i,  and  in  the  Gulf  States  with  Phaon  and  Ves^ta.  It  is  one  of  the  ii)ost 
v;iiial)le  of  species,  and  besides  the  two  distinct  forms,  winter  and  summer,  imder 
wliicli  it  manifests  itself,  has  a  tendency  to  branch  off  into  varieties  and  sub- 
v;ni(>ties,  several  of  the  first  being  well  characterized.  This  peculiarity  was  no- 
ticcii  l)y  Drury,  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  he  says,  "  In  short,  nature 
foniis  such  a  variety  of  this  species  that  it  is  difficult  to  set  bounds,  or  to  know 
all  that  belongs  to  it."  Both  Phaon  and  Batcs'd  appear  to  have  formerly  passed 
iis  varieties  of  Tharos.  In  1808, 1  described,  as  a  distinct  species,  another  of  the 
iiitlierto  supposed  varieties,  calling  it  Marcia.  It  seemed  to  be  a  wide-spread 
s|K'cics,  flying  earlier  in  the  season  than  the  typical  Tharos,  and  differed  from  it 
ill  iiiMiiy  respects.  But  there  wei'e  such  rcsemljlances  also  to  Tharos  tliat  it  was 
iKit  possible  to  determine  its  specific  value,  unless  the  butterflies  could  be  l)red 
rniiu  I  he  egg,  and  as  yet  the  food-plant  of  the  larvp;;,  and  the  larv;c  tliemsclves, 
of  liotli  jl/«rart  and  Tharos  were  unknown.  But,  in  1875,  the  food-plant  was  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Mead.  He  states,  in  Can.  Ent.  VII.,  p.  101,  that  he  planted  in  a 
],iri<;c  box  specimens  of  all  the  common  Composita;  which  he  could  bring  to- 
gether, covered  the  l)ox  with  gauze,  and  introduced  a  number  of  females  of  this 
.'■jn'cies.  A  few  dr.ys  later,  on  examining  the  leaves,  he  found  eggs  deposited  on 
Aster  Nova-AngliiT3,  and  on  no  other  plant.  Thereupon  he  transferred  such  fe- 
males as  were  still  living  to  a  smaller  box  with  fresh  asters,  and  obtained  several 
clusters  of  eggs.  This  iiappened  in  the  montli  of  July,  near  the  last  of  the 
iiKiiith,  at  Hunter,  N.  Y.,  among  the  Catskill  Mountains,  and  as  I  reached  the 
siiiiie  place  at  that  time,  I  Siiw  the  arrangement  and  received  from  Mr.  Mead  a 
cluster  of  the  eggs.  Others  I  obtained  myself  by  confining  the  females  in  bags 
over  the  aster  stems.  The  larvffi  from  these  eggs  were  brought  by  me  to  Coal- 
iHirjrJi.  and  as  I  was  some  days  on  the  way,  I  found  that  they  would  eat  the 
lea\cs  of  any  species  of  aster,  even  German  asters  i'rom  the  garden.  And  be- 
yond these  plants  I  now  know  of  none  upon  which  they  will  feed.  After  pass- 
iiii;-  I  wo  moults,  and  about  4th  September,  the  larviB  all  became  lethargic,  and 
gathered  in  cluster  on  the  cover  of  the  glass  in  which  I  kept  them.  Two  weeks 
later,  part  of  them  were  again  active  and  fed  for  a  day  or  two,  when  these  once 


PHYCIODES   I.,  II. 


more  fonnorl  a  duster  find  prosently  piissed  tlieir  thinl  moult,  after  which  they 
becairie  lothargio.  I  put  them  in  the  cellar,  and  there  they  remained  till  7tli 
Fehrunry,  when  .such  ns  wore  alive  were  placed  on  the  leaves  of  an  aster  in  the 
greenhouse.  The  same  day  some  were  feeding.  They  all  pas.sed  two  more 
moults  before  maturity.  Prol)al)ly  those  larvic  wliich  had  moulted  twice  only 
in  the  autunni  died  during  the  winter,  as  I  found  this  to  be  the  case  in  the 
winter  of  1877-78.  The  (irst  chrysalis  was  formed  5tli  May,  and  its  hutterlly 
emerged  on  18th.  or  iil'ter  thirteen  days.  Another  emerged  30th,  after  eight 
days,  this  stage  being  shortened  as  the  weather  became  warmer.  There  resiillcil 
eight  butterllies,  all  Marvia,  of  the  varieties  designated  B  and  C.  This  then 
settled  the  position  of  Marcin  as  a  dimorphic  form  of  the  species. 

The  first  individuals  seen  by  me  in  tUe  field  at  Coalburgh  were  three  tnalc; 
Murclu,  18th  May,  and  a  w(!ek  later  both  sexes  were  common.  On  2fith,  I  took 
seven  females,  all  distinctly  Marcia,  and  tied  them  up  in  separate  bags,  on  stems 
of  aster.  The  next  day  six  of  the  seven  had  laid  eggs,  the  clusters  varying  from 
about  fifty  to  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  eggs  each.  They  were  always  liiid 
on  the  leaves,  and  usually  on  the  under  side  of  them,  in  rows  nearly  or  quite 
straight,  and  touching  each  other.  In  the  larger  clusters  the  layers  were  three 
deep.  These  gave  hundreds  of  caterpillars,  and  each  brood  was  kept  se|)a- 
rate.  The  butterflies  began  to  emerge  29th  Juno,  the  .several  stages  being  thus : 
egg  six  days,  larva  twenty-two,  chrysalis  five.  There  were  four  moults  and  no 
more,  but  much  irregularity  in  every  larval  .stage,  so  that  some  of  the  butterllies 
did  not  emerge  till  l5th  July.  Just  after  these  larvaa  hatched  I  went  to  the 
Catskills,  taking  one  brood  with  me,  and  they  reached  chrysalis  there,  and  in  that 
stage  were  mailed  to  Coalburgh  whither  I  returned  by  the  time  the  butterflies 
were  emerging.  There  was  no  perceptible  difference  in  the  length  of  the  sev- 
eral periods  of  this  brood  and  the  others  which  had  been  left  at  home,  and  noue 
of  either  lot  became  lethargic.  The  butterflies  from  the.se  eggs  of  May,  with  a 
single  exception,  were  of  the  summer  form,  or  the  typical  Tharos,  which,  for 
convenience,  I  designate  as  Morpheus.  This  was  the  second  generation  of  the 
season,  counting  the  one  which  proceeded  from  the  hybernating  larvce  as  the 
first. 

On  16th  July,  at  Coalburgh,  1  again  obtained  eggs  from  several  females,  this 
time  all  Morpheus,  as  no  other  form  was  flying.  The  eggs  hatched  in  fom-  diiy.s, 
the  larval  stage  was  twenty-two,  and  chry.salis  seven  ;  but  as  before,  many  liuviB 
lingered.  The  first  butterfly  emerged  18th  August.  All  were  Morjjhens,  and 
none  of  the  larvaB  had  been  lethargic.  This  was  the  third  generation  in  succes- 
sion, and  from  the  second  laying  of  eggs. 

On  15th  August,  at  Coalburgh,  I  again  obtained  eggs  from  a  single  Morpheus 


PHYCIODES  I.,  II. 


1111(1  took  them  directly  to  the  Catskills,  where  they  hatched  just  as  I  arrived, 
20tli.  This  was  the  fourth  generation  of  the  season  from  the  third  laying  of 
i.uvrs.  The  weather  in  Virginia  had  been  excessively  hot,  and  so  I  found  it  on 
the  Journey ;  but  on  reaching  the  mountains  it  was  cool,  and  the  nights  decidedly 
(did.  Two  days  after  my  arrival  the  mercury  stood  at  sunrise  at  40"  Far.  Sep- 
tciiihiT  was  a  wet  and  cold  month,  and  I  protected  the  larvae  in  a  warm  room 
iit  night,  and  much  of  the  time  by  day,  for  they  will  not  feed  when  the  tempera- 
ture is  less  than  about  50°.  The  first  chrysalis  was  formed  IStli  September, 
twenty-six  days  from  the  hatching  of  the  larvae,  and  others  at  diflerent  dates  up 
to  tliu  26tli  September,  or  thirty-seven  days  from  the  egg.  Forty  per  cent,  of 
tills  brood,  or  fifty-two  larvat)  out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven,  became 
1(1  hiugic  after  second  moult.  I  entered  in  my  journal  as  follows:  "16th  Sep- 
fcnilx'r,  fifly-two  larvae  have  ceased  feeding  at  second  moult."  "  26th  Septem- 
lur.  rully  one  half  of  the  larvae  which  had  ceased  feeding  at  second  moult  began 
to  li'od  again,  after  resting  c  few  days,  and  have  now  passed  third  moult." 
Al'icr  which  they  became  lethargic  and  so  remained.  I  was  surprised  at  finding 
in  till"  summer  that  the  broods  then  had  but  four  moults,  as  I  satisfied  myself  by 
ir])('iite(l  tests,  in  each  brood,  inasmuch  as  I  had  noted  three  fall  moults  in 
some  ciises,  and  two  in  the  spring,  in  the  larviu  of  1875.  But  later  observa- 
Uom  confirm  the  fact  that  both  this  species  and  JSFyc/els  pass  five  larval  moults 
in  till'  winter  brood,  and  but  four  in  any  summer  brood. 

I  returned  to  Coalburgh  15th  October,  and  till  I  reached  this  place  the 
weiitlier  on  the  way  was  cold,  with  several  frosty  nights.  So  that  for  a  period 
oi'  iliiity  days,  the  chrysalids  had  at  no  time  been  exposed  to  warmth.  The 
cliiy  1  arrived  the  butterfiies  began  to  emerge,  and  before  the  end  of  a  week  all 
tli;it  wore  living  had  come  forth,  namely,  nine  males,  ten  females.  Of  these  nine 
males,  foiu'  were  changed  to  Marcia,  Var.  C,  three  were  D,  and  two  were  not 
changed  at  all.  Of  the  ten  females,  eight  were  changed,  five  of  them  to  Var. 
15.  tluoe  to  C.  The  other  two  females  were  not  different  from  many  examples 
(if  I  lie  summer  brood,  having  large  discal  patches  on  under  side  of  hind  wings, 
hesiiles  the  markings  common  to  that  brood. 

Ten  of  the  chrysalids  I  mailed  from  the  Catskills  to  Mr.  Lintner,  at  Albany, 
N.  v..  asking  him  to  keep  them  in  a  cool  place  until  the  b-i+terflies  should 
eineige.  Between  21st  October  and  2d  November,  these  gave  six  butterflies, 
all  females  and  all  Marcia,  Var.  B. 

Kigliteen  of  the  chrysalids  I  had  placed  in  an  ice-house,  at  Hunter,  20th 
Septeniljer,  laying  them  in  a  tin  box  directly  on  the  surface  of  the  ice,  the  tem- 
perature being  40',  with  little  variation.  Part  were  so  placed  within  three  hours 
iifter  the  forming  of  the  chrysalis,  and  before  they  had  hardened ;  others  within 


PIIYCIODES  I.,   II. 


six  hours,  and  others  whhin  nine  liours  ;  and  so  all  remained  for  seven  days, 
that  being  the  longest  sinnnier  period  of  the  chrysalis.  On  removing  tliciu 
from  the  ice  they  seemed  to  me  dead.  Tiiey  were  soft,  and  when  they  beciiiue 
hard  had  ii  shriveled  surface.  I  brought  them  to  Coalburgh,  and  discovered  no 
sign  of  life  till  2 1st  Octol)er,  when  the  weather  suddenly  became  hot,  the  niir- 
cury  rising  to  87°,  with  a  south  wind.  In  two  days  fifteen  butterflies  emergcil, 
every  one  Marcia,  not  a  doubtful  form  among  them  in  either  sex.  There  wort 
ten  males,  five  females  ;  of  the  former,  five  were  of  Var.  C,  four  of  D,  one  of 
B.  Of  the  five  females,  one  was  Var.  C,  four  of  B.  The  other  three  chrysidids 
were  dead.  All  the  butterflies  of  this  brood  were  diminutive,  starved  hy  the 
cold  ;  but  those  from  the  ice  were  sensibly  smaller  than  the  others.  The  (ex- 
amples of  Var.  B  were  intense  in  the  coloring  of  the  under  surface,  and  the 
single  male  was  as  deeply  colored  as  the  females,  which  I  have  never  seen  in 
nature.     The  examples  of  the  other  varieties  were  extreme,  but  not  so  unusual. 

So  much  for  the  Coalburgh  broods,  and  I  was  able  to  compare  their  behavior 
with  those  of  the  .same  species  in  the  Catskills.  When  I  went  thither  in  June, 
arriving  on  tiie  18tli,  1  found  a  few  male  Marcia,  Var.  D,  Hying,  no  females. 
This  was  exactly  one  month  later  than  the  first  males  had  been  seen  at  Coai- 
burgh.  The  first  female  was  taken  26th  .June,  and  on  27th  and  28th  I  took  one 
cacli  day.  all  of  them  3Iarcia,  C.  No  more  were  seen,  and  no  Morpheus,  though 
I  was  daily  in  the  fields.  So  that  the  first  female  was  thirty-eiglit  days  later 
than  the  first  at  Coalburgh.  These  three  females  I  set  on  aster,  and  two  forth- 
with deposited  eggs. 

The  eggs  were  mailed  to  Coalburgh,  and,  returning  soon  after,  I  found  tliat 
they  had  hatched,  3d  July.  The  first  moult  occurred  on  the  9th,  the  second  on 
12th,  the  third  on  15th,  the  fourth  on  18th,  and  the  first  chrysalis  was  formiMJ  on 
20th,  its  butterfly  emerging  29th  July.  So  that  the  periods  were,  egg  six,  larva 
seventeen,  chrysalis  nine  days.  Five  per  cent,  of  this  brood  became  lethaigic 
after  second  moult.  This  was  the  second  generation  of  the  butterfly  of  the  sea- 
son, from  the  first  laying  of  eggs.  All  the  emerging  butterflies,  were  Morpheus, 
no  Marcia,  and  all  were  characterized  by  an  intense  blackness  of  the  dark  por- 
tion.5  of  the  wings,  as  compared  with  any  Coalburgh  examples.  Also  nearly 
all  the  females  showed  the  discal  band  on  upper  fore  wings  yellow  instead  of 
fulvous  (Fig.  4).  (This  last  peculiarity,  the  change  in  the  band,  appeared  in 
tome  of  the  females  of  the  third  Coalburgh  generation,  but  no  other.)  On  the 
under  side,  the  reticulated  lines  were  unusually  heavy,  and  the  marginal  cloud 
and  brown  patches  largely  extended  and  deep  colored. 

This  second  generation  was  just  one  month  behind  the  second  at  Coalburgh. 
So  far  only  could  I  trace  the  Catskill  generation  this  year;  but  as,  in  1875,  -Mr. 


rilYCIODES   I.,   II. 

iMoad  obtained  eggs  on  the  27th  July  and  following  days,  the  larvae  from 
which  all  hybernated,  that  would  be  the  second  laying  of  eggs  of  the  season, 
uiul  the  resulting  l)iitterllies  the  first  generation  of  the  following  year. 

The  foregoing  Coalburgh  observations  were  supplemented  by  otliers  in  Au- 
gust, 1877.  Between  14th  and  20tli,  I  obtained  three  lots  of  eggs,  from  which 
the  larvfB  in  due  time  emerged.  Those  of  the  first  ah  went  on  to  maturity,  giv- 
\n'^  butterflies  after  middle  of  September,  the  last  emerging  20th.  But  of  the 
other  two  lots  all  became  lethargic.  The  reason  for  this  diflerence  1  could  not 
conjecture.  It  certainly  was  not  owing  to  any  change  in  the  weather.  In  the 
fii'ld  the  species  was  abundant  from  15th  to  25th  August  (this  being  tiie  third 
blood  of  the  year).  But  one  month  later,  when  the  fourth  brood  should  r)e  (ly- 
iii;:.  examples  were  remarkably  scarce.  In  fact,  I  did  not  see  more  than  a  dozen. 
On  23(1,  I  took  one  male,  two  females;  one  of  the  last  was  fresh  from  chrysalis 
and  a  tine  Marcia,  Var.  C,  such  as  I  take  here  in  the  spring.  The  other  two 
Avi'ie  the  summer  form  of  the  species.  On  2Cth,  I  took  a  female  and  set  on  as- 
ter. She  laid  about  twenty-five  eggs  and  all  proved  infertile.  It  would  seem, 
tlierefore,  that  in  this  district,  part  of  the  larvae  from  eggs  laid  by  females  of  the 
third  brood,  middle  of  August,  hybernate,  and  that  the  butterllies  of  tiie  next 
spring  proceed  from  such  larvae  only,  no  larvae  of  any  preceding  brood  having 
been  known  to  hybernate.  But  a  part  of  the  larvae  of  this  third  brood  go  on  to 
luatiirity  and  produce  butterflies  last  of  September.  Some  of  these  may  lay  fertile 
eggs,  but  only  in  a  very  mild  October  could  the  larva)  liom  them  mature,  or 
their  butterflies  appear,  and  the  generations  could  certainly  go  no  furtiier.  But 
at  the  south,  in  the  Gulf  States,  this  fourth  brood  (there  probably  the  fifth,  owing 
to  the  interpolation  of  a  brood  in  the  spring)  no  doubt  does  mature,  and  its  but- 
terllies produce  larvae  which  hybernate  ;  for  fresh  examples  of  the  butterfly  are 
taken  in  October  and  November,  in  Georgia  and  Texas.  Of  several  received 
from  Mr.  Boll,  taken  in  November,  one  was  a  female  Marcia,  C,  the  others 
being  of  the  summer  form.  There  seems  to  be  some  tendency  to  a  premature 
disclosure  of  the  winter  form  in  the  last  months  of  the  year,  such  as  is  known 
ill  case  of  Colias  Eurytheme.  The  same  thing  has  been  noticed  in  Phyciodes 
Fhaon  also. 

At  Coalburgh,  therefore,  there  are  three  full  generations,  the  first  of  which  is 
Marcia,  the  second  and  third  Morpheus,  and  the  larvae  from  the  third  in  part 
hyl)ernate.  But  those  larvae  which  go  on  to  maturity  produce  the  fourth  gen- 
eration of  the  butterfly,  which  is  a  partial  one,  and  practically  infertile.  And  in 
the  Catskills,  the  species  is  digoneutic,  there  being  two  generations  annually,  the 
first  of  which  is  Marcia  and  the  other  Morpheus,  and  a  certain  porportion  of  the 
larvae  proceeding  from  the  first  hybernate,  so  far  as  appears,  and  all  those  from 


PHVCIODES  I.,   II. 

the  Hcconcl.*  In  a  high  hititude,  or  at  a  high  altitude,  we  might  then  expect  to 
find  this  species  nionogoneiitic,  and  restricted  probably  to  the  winter  form  Marnn. 
And  tliis  is  precisely  wiiat  does  occur  in  the  island  of  Anticosti,  and  on  tin- 
soutiiern  coast  of  Labrador.  Mr.  Couper,  who  has  collected  on  the  isliinil.  in- 
forms me  that  he  saw  no  examples  later  than  liUtli  June,  and  expresses  (lie 
opinion  that  no  butterflies  in  Anticosti  or  Labrador  produce  a  second  brood.  The 
sunmier  is  very  short,  and  l)efore  tiie  end  of  July  the  weather  l)ecomes  cold. 
Of  Thurox  from  Anticosti  I  received  fourteen  males,  eight  females.  All  the 
former  were  Murciu,  Var.  D  ;  of  the  females,  seven  were  D,  one  C.  Of  elcviii 
males,  two  females,  from  Labrador,  all  were  D.  Of  two  examples  from  Lako 
Lahache,  IJritish  Columbia,  latitude  54°,  the  male  is  Marcki,  I),  the  ftMuide  C. 
Of  four  males  from  Colorado,  all  were  Murcia,  D ;  of  two  females  one  was  D, 
the  other  C. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  have  received  large  numbers  from  southern  Geoi'gia, 
with  the  dates  of  capture  ;  several  from  North  Carolina,  taken  by  Mr.  Moiiison; 
and  many  from  middle  Texas,  from  Mr.  Boll.  Those  from  Carolina  were  of  the 
first  two  broods  of  the  year,  and  the  earliest  were  all  Marcia,  C.  From  Georgia 
the  winter  examples  were  Marcia,  B  and  C.  Mr.  Boll  sent  examples  of  five 
successive  broods,  beginning  with  February  and  ending  with  November.  Tlie 
butterflies  of  the  earliest  brood  were  Marcia,  B.  AW  of  the  summer  form  were 
very  dark  above,  the  black  intense,  the  fulvous  deep  red,  and  some  of  the  mid- 
summer males  had  the  upper  side  lightly  reticulated  and  the  under  side  of  the 
hind  wings  almost  clear  from  markings  of  any  .sort.  (Var.  C,  Fig.  5.)  This  vari- 
ety appeared  also  in  the  examples  from  Georgia.  A  similar  variety  appears  in 
the  summer  form  of  Phaon.  The  Texas  Tharos  are  of  small  size,  like  those 
from  the  extreme  north. 

I  have  raised  an  immense  number  of  TharoH  larvaa  from  the  egg  to  the  but- 
terfly. The  eggs  are  obtained  with  the  greatest  facility,  and  are  laid  almost  im- 
mediately after  the  fem.ale  leaves  the  chrysalis.  The  larvaD  at  all  stages  are 
hardy,  and  have  not  suffered  from  confinement.  In  their  natural  state  they  are 
at  no  period  protected  by  a  web,  but  are  exposed  and  have  no  shelter  beyond 
what  the  leaf  over  them  affords.  They  are  sluggish,  differing  greatly  from  the 
larvJB  of  Nycteis  in  this  respect,  and  a  pretty  sharp  jar  is  necessary  to  cause 
them  to  drop  from  the  leaf  This  they  do  in  a  coil,  protected  by  their  bristling 
spines  from  all  harm.     When  about  to  moult  they  cease  feeding,  collect  in  groups, 


*  Tills  liiibit  of  lethargy  is  serviceable  in  a  two-brooded  species,  in  a  mountain  region,  and  exposed  to 
iharp  changes  of  temperature.  If  the  fate  of  the  species  depended  on  the  last  larval  brood  of  tb  year,  and 
especially  if  the  larvae  must  reach  a  certain  stage  of  growth  before  they  were  fitted  to  enter  on  their  hylierna- 
tioD,  it  might  happen  that  an  early  frost  or  a  tempestuous  season  would  destroy  all  the  larvas  of  the  brood. 


IMIYCIODKS   I.,   II. 


mill  rost  nonrly  immovable'  for  thirty-six  houm  Tiie  body  contracts,  and  an  the 
tliiic  lor  tlie  moult  approaoliOH,  the  Hkin  becomes  glassy,  as  it  separates  from  the 
iK'uly  t'oriiied  skin  beneath.  The  mwv  spines  lie  folded  down  ami  l»aek,  and  as 
tin-  old  skin,  after  splittinjjf  behind  the  head,  is  shnHled  past  the  successive  seg- 
inciits,  the  s|)ines  and  pencils  of  bristles  suddenly  spring  up,  and  the  latter  in- 
stiintly  become  divergent.  For  Home  moments  the  old  mask  adheres  to  the  now 
iiicc.  but  the  larva  presently  proceeds  to  rub  it  olf  with  its  feet.  Wiien  the 
iiuvM  prepares  for  chry.salis,  it  spins  a  button  of  white  silk,  and  hangs  suspended 
I'oi  ;il)()ut  twenty-four  hours,  its  position  being  nearly  circular. 

Dr.  Aug.  Weismann,  in  his  es,<fay,  "  Ueber  den  Saison-Dimorphismns  der  Schmet- 
t('rliii<;e,"  Leipsic,  1875,  relates  the  history  of  ex|)eriiiu'nts  made  by  him  with  the 
view  of  determining  the  facts  concerning  seasonal  dimorphism  ;  and  experimenting 
oil  clirysalids  of  I'ieris  Ndpi,  which  presents  itself  under  both  a  winter  and  sum- 
mer fonn,  and  upon  Vanessa  Leonna,  which  is  the  winter  form,  and  Prorsa,  the 
suimiu'r  form  of  one  ami  the  same  species,  he  fouml  that  by  application  of  cold 
of  the  temperature  33"  Far.,  to  the  chrysalids  of  the  summer  brood,  the  rosult- 
iiii:  Imtterflies  could  be  changed  more  or  less  completely  from  the  summer  to  the 
wiiitir  form,  and  yet  emerge  the  same  season,  but  that  it  was  not  possible  to 
coiifitrain  the  winter  into  the  summer  form  by  the  application  of  heat.  And  he 
coiichides  that  this  artificial  change  is  based  upon  a  reversion  to  the  original  form 
of  I  lie  species,  or  atavism,  which  is  most  readily  called  out  by  cold  ;  that  is,  by 
iiu;iiis  of  the  same  outside  influence  to  which  the  original  form  was  exposed 
tluoiigh  a  long  period  of  time,  and  the  continuance  of  which  has  preserved  in 
the  winter  form,  to  this  day,  the  primitive  markings  and  color.  The  arising  of 
till' ^mnmer  form  ho  believes  to  have  occurred  thus:  During  the  so-called  ice 
]K'rioil,  the  summer  was  short  and  cool,  and  the  existing  l)utterflies  could  pro- 
(iiici'  only  one  generation  in  a  year.  As  the  climate  gradually  became  warmer, 
ii  pi  riod  must  have  come  on  in  which  the  summer  lasted  so  long  that  a  second 
goiu'iiition  could  be  interpolated.  The  chrysalids  of  Lcvana,  which  had  hitherto 
slept  through  the  long  winter,  could  now,  during  the  same  summer  in  which  they 
ns  i.irvic  had  hatched,  fly  as  butterflies.  There  had  come  to  be  a  state  of  things 
ill  uliieh  one  generation  grew  up  under  very  different  climatic  influences  from 
the  other,  and  gradually  the  difference  which  now  exists  between  the  two  arose 
Ijy  the  changing  of  the  summer  form.  When  the  summer  became  longer,  a  third 
generation  could  be  interpolated,  so  that  two  summer  generations  alternated  with 
one  winter. 

Dr.  Weismann  further  states  that  individuals  of  the  Prorsa  (summer)  form 
Bonietimes  emerge  very  late  in  the  year  (like  those  of  the  fourth  brood  of 


rilYCIODKS  I.,   II. 


ThnroH  wliicli  ii|)p('ur  at  Coalbiir^li,  iis  1  Inive  wtateil),  and  that  if  the  Huminer 
was  lengtlu'iKMl  l»y  a  inontli  or  two,  tliuHO  nould  lay  the  fuiindation  of  midtliur 
Bumincr  gciu'ratioii. 

The  cxpciiiiuMitM  rolato(l  h'd  mo  to  try  tho  oflt'ot  of  cold  on  chrynalidH  of  I  ho 
forms  Wdlnliii  and  I'cldiuonidi'x  of  I'apilio  Ajtix,  in  1875  and  187(1.  Tlie.su  mo 
both  winter  form.",  and  from  their  elirysalid«  either  the  snmmer  form  Mrn'rvlhin 
wonlil  liiive  i.x.sued  in  a  few  tlay.x,  or  in  ea.si!  any  ehrysalis  pat-.sed  tlit;  winter,  as 
happens  to  .some  e.vtent  in  every  hrood  of  this  species,  either  Wnfs/in  or  '/'chi- 
VKmiiJcx  would  have  issneil  the  next  spring.  The  result  was  that  a.  larg((  inopor- 
tion  of  the  ehry.salids  Hnhjected  to  cold  yielded  i)utterllies  the  .same  season,  mid 
nearly  all  these  were  changeil  to  the  winter  form  TcldiiioniilcK.  Where  tlic  colJ 
was  eontinnoMs  (al)ont  40),  the  change  was  complete  ;  where  it  was  insulliciciit 
and  intermittent,  the  change  was  partial,  individual  butterflies  blending  pecu- 
liarities of  the  summer  and  both  the  winter  lbrm.s. 

The  experiments  made  on  7Vi(iro><,  in  187(i,  I  have  stated.  Tho  following  year 
I  brought  to  Coall)urgh,  from  tin;  Catskills,  eggs  obtained  from  Mttrvut.  Tlio 
ehrysalids  therefrom  I  placed  in  an  ice-chest,  at  intervals  of  from  ten  minutes  to 
some  hours  after  they  were  formed.  For  twenty  days  they  were  subjected  to  a 
temperaliu'e  of  '.IT  Vtw.,  when  all  were  removed.  They  wore  divided  into  three 
lots,  the  lirst  containing  all  which  were  exposed  to  cold  at  from  one  to  nine  hours 
after  forming,  tlie  .second  at  from  thirty  to  sixty  minutes,  and  the  third  at  iVoin 
ten  to  twenty  minutes  Rut  I  afterwards  discovered  that  in  this  last  lot  w(!re 
three  chiy.salids  which  were  two  days  old  before  exposure.  The  butterliios 
began  to  emerge  on  the  seventh  day,  and  by  the  ninth  all  had  emerged  that 
were  alive.  Of  the  first  lot  (exposure  one  to  nine  honrs  after  forming),  there 
emerged  nine  butterflies,  5^  49.  The  males  were  Mnrc'ia,  I),  and,  though  vary- 
ing much  on  tJicir  under  surfaces,  were  all  like  examples  of  Marcia  taken  in  the 
Catskills.  Of  the  females,  two  were  good  examples  of  Marcia,  C,  but  the  other 
two  were  suffused,  the  colors  having  run  together,  so  that  tho  definite  markings 
of  the  species  wen*  lost;  also  the  upper  surfaces  wore  more  or  less  hoary.  (I'igs. 
9,  10.)  Of  the  second  lot  (exposure  thirty  to  sixty  minutes),  emerged  five  fe- 
males, no  males.  Three  were  very  little  if  at  all  changed,  but  the  other  two 
were  suffused,  though  to  a  le.ss  degree  than  those  before  mentioned.  (Figs.  7,  8, 
9.)  Of  the  third  lot  (exposure  ten  to  thirty  minutes,  but  with  three  ehrysalids  iit 
two  days),  there  emerged  two  females  only.  One  of  these  was  not  distinguish- 
able from  the  summer  form,  but  tho  other  was  a  fine  example  of  Marcia  15.  the 
under  side  of  the  hind  wings  being  largely  melanizod. 

Figs.  11,  12,  represent  the  butterfly  described  by  Mr.  Saunders  as  Mciitnea 
Packardii;  but  it  is  evidentl.y  a  suffused  Tharos,  of  the  same  character  as  those 


PIIYCIODKS   I.,   II. 


piodiiced  artificially.  It  wa«  tiiktMi  iit  Uriinsby,  Ontario,  and  probably  owes  it) 
pt'ciiliaritit'S  to  its  cbryxaliH  hnving  1)l'i'ii  tVozon  Hoon  aftor  it  formed.  That  mich 
(>xiiiii|dos  aro  no*  frcqufiitly  .seen  on  the  wing  may  bo  partly  dui'  to  tin-  fact  tiiat 
clirysnlids  of  tender  age  .snbji'ctod  to  severe  cold  aro  usually  killed  liy  il.  Fig. 
13  is  ibe  likenoHH  of  an  aberration  sent  me  by  I'rofe.s,sor  Garnian,  and  taken  at 
N'orniid,  IHinoi.s. 

Dorfmeister,  wlio  experimented  on  tbe  idfeet  of  cold  upon  tbc  ebry.salidrt  of 
biitterllies,  as  related  by  Dr.  Wei.sniann,  wa.s  led  to  believe  tbat  teuipeiature  ex- 
erts tbe  greatest  influence  during  the- turning  into  cliry.salis,  but  nearly  a.s  mucb 
nlinitly  after  tliat  time.  By  my  experiments  it  woulil  ajjpear  uimecessary  tbat 
cold  .sliould  be  applied  before  tbe  (rbrysalis  bas  fidly  banlened  in  order  to  elfect 
a  cliange  of  form,  and  tbis  requires  a  longer  or  sborter  time  in  different  .specioH, 
l»iil  never  nioro  tban  a  few  liours.  In  187(5,  tbe  ebry.salids  of  Tluiron,  wbicli 
were  exposed  at  from  six  to  nine  liours  after  forming,  cbanged  as  completely  an 
tliiisc  at  fronv  tliree  to  six  liours.  In  ]H77,  sdl  wbieb  were  exiiosed  at  from  one 
to  nine  bours  clmnged,  while  some  which  were  exposed  at  from  thirty  to  sixty 
iniiuites  were  not  changed  at  all,  though  others  were.  The  turning-pctint  is  evi- 
dently not  at  or  immediately  after  the  forming  of  the  chrysalis.  Tlu'  coid  eoin- 
plitcly  retards  the  development  of  the  butterfly,  and  at  least  tbe  fidl  natural 
chrysalis  period  passes  after  removal  from  ice  before  the  butterfly  emerges.  This 
iiiis  liuppened  in  every  ca.se  under  observation,  even  when  from  insullicient  or 
intermittent  cold  no  change  of  form  has  rcsultcU. 

The  change  of  form  seems  to  bo  almost  wholly  a  matter  of  coloration,  for  the 
Kliiipe  of  the  wings  is  not  altered.  The  natural  shape  of  Walsh'd  is  (piite  difler- 
ciit  from  that  of  Marcellus,  but  when  the  latter  by  application  of  cold  is  forced 
to  assume  the  markings  of  Walnhii,  it  retains  its  own  .shape  nevertheless,  la 
the  other  species  experimented  on  there  i.s  no  difference  in  shape  between  tho 
winter  and  .summer  forms.  The  coloring  process  in  all  chrysalids  does  not  set  in 
till  just  before  the  butterfly  emerges,  no  matter  how  protracted  the  pupal  period. 
It  niiiy  be  days  or  week.s,  and  in  the  case  of  over-wintering  ebry.salids,  it  is  many 
Miniiths.  On  removing  one  of  the  wing  cases,  soon  aftor  the  chry.salis  is  formed, 
the  wing  is  seen  to  bo  a  delicate,  transparent,  colorless  meinl)rane,  crossed  by 
white  veins.  Very  gradually  this  membrane  thickens,  losing  its  transparency, 
anil  becomes  of  a  dull  white.  A  few  hours,  or  one  or  two  days,  before  the  close 
ol'  the  ])eriod,  it  grows  darker,  then  a  faint  discoloration  comes  on,  and  the  pat- 
tern begins  to  show  itself,  tbe  colors  becoming  strong  and  tbe  markings  well- 
(leiined  as  the  dLsclosure  is  about  to  take  place.  On  removing  the  wing  case 
from  a  chrysalis  just  off  ice,  the  wing  presents  itself  in  its  colorless  and  trans- 
parent stage ;  that  is,  the  development  has  been  arrested  by  the  cold,  and  the 


PHYCIODES  I.,  II. 


chrysalis  apparently  comes  out  of,  in  precisely  the  same  condition  as  it  went 
into,  its  cold  hath.  Nevertheless,  during  the  sui)jection  to  cold,  some  change 
has  taken  place,  hy  which  the  coloration  of  cue  of  two  dimorphic  forms  of 
the  butterily  has  been  made  ir  appear  rather  than  the  other. 

As  to  the  degree  of  cold  necessary  to  elTect  a  change  of  form,  it  need  not  be 
extreme,  or  so  low  as  the  freezing  point.  The  most  successful  changes,  witli  lit- 
tle loss  of  life,  have  been  effected  when  the  temperature  was  about  40°.  Tlio 
steady  coolness  of  the  natural  temperature  on  the  last  chrysalids  at  Hunter,  in 
1876,  effected  a  complete  change  of  form.  A  freezing  temperature  has  resulted 
in  the  running  of  the  colors  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  a  few  butterflies 
changed  without  suffu.>;ion,  but  the  loss  was  very  heavy.  In  1878,  I  placed 
twenty-six  chrysalids  of  Grapta  Interrogatlonis  on  ice,  keeping  them  at  32",  for 
an  average  period  of  fifteen  days,  and  every  one  vns  destroyed.  At  the  same 
time,  however,  chrysalids  of  Ajax  were  in  the  box,  and  most  of  them  survived 
the  exposure,  though  up  to  the  date  of  this  writing,  now  forty-one  days  after 
they  were  removed  from  the  ice,  only  three  butterflies  have  emerged.  One  of 
these  was  exposed  in  chry.salis  at  full  three  days  after  forming,  and  is  chunked  to 
TelamonUles  ;  and  the  other  two,  exposed  at  less  than  twelve  hours  after  Ibrm- 
ing,  are  Wuhhii  in  marking.s,  with  the  shape  o?  Marcellus. 

Of  the  four  principal  varieties  of  the  winter  form  of  Tharos,  A  appears  to  be 
an  offset  of  IJ,  in  the  direction  most  remote  from  the  summer  form,  just  as 
Wfilshli  is  on  the  further  side  of  Telamonidcs,  remote  from  the  summer  Ibrra 
3farceJhis.  On  the  contrary,  C  leads  from  B  through  D,  directly  to  the  sum- 
mer form.  Var.  B  may  be  nearest  the  primitive  type  of  the  species.  Be- 
sides that  this  has  appeared  constantly  in  the  butterflies  changed  by  cold,  it 
predominates  in  this  region  over  the  other  varieties.  Moreover,  its  distinctive 
peculiarity  of  color  is  seen  in  the  nearly  allied  species  Phaon  and  Veata,  both 
which  are  seasonall}'  dimorphic,  and  seem  to  be  restricted  in  their  winter  lbrai,s 
to  the  single  phase  denoted  by  B  in  Marcia.  And  in  their  summer  generations 
both  these  species  have  a  close  resemblance  to  the  summer  Tharos,  even  to 
the  peculiar  variety  C  of  this  form,  which  is  found  in  all  three.  It  is  notice- 
able that  the.se  three  speci(.'s  should  be  seasonally  dimorphic,  with  the  forms  .so 
resembling  each  other,  while  the  other  species  of  Phyciodes  inhabiting  the  Atlan- 
tic slope  show  no  especial  difference  between  their  winter  and  summer  genera- 
tions. 

The  significance  of  these  phenomena  I  take  to  be  this :  when  Phaon  and  Vesta 
and  2'haros  were  as  yet  only  varieties  of  one  species,  the  sole  coloration  was  sim- 
ilar to  that  now  common  to  the  three.  As  they  gradually  became  permanent,  or 
in  other  words,  as  these  varieties  became  species,.  Tharos  was  giving  rise  to  sev- 


PHYCIODES   T.,   ir. 

(■nil  sul)-variotics,  some  of  them  in  time  to  become  distinct  and  well  marked, 
wliile  the  other  two,  Phaon  and  Vestu,  remained  constant.  As  the  climate  mod- 
t'lntc'd  and  the  summer  became  lonfror,  each  species  came  to  have  a  simuner  c-en- 
I'lalion  ;  and  in  these  the  resemblance  of  blood-relationship  is  still  manifest.  As 
the  winter  generations  of  each  species  had  been  much  alike,  so  the  summer  gen- 
erations sprung  from  them  were  much  alike. 

And  if  we  consider  the  metropolis  of  the  species  Tharos,  or  perhaps  the  parent 
species  back  of  that,  at  tlio  time  when  it  had  but  one  annual  generation,  to  have 
been  .somewhere  between  latitudes  37°  and  40°,  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  within 
which  limits  all  the  varieties  and  sub-varieties  of  both  winter  and  summer  forms 
ol'  Tluiros  are  now  found  in  luxuriance,  we  can  see  how  it  is  possible,  as  the  <rla- 
cial  cold  receded,  that  only  part  of  the  varieties  of  the  winter  form  might  spread 
to  tiic  northward,  and  but  one  of  them  at  last  reach  the  sub-boreal  regions,  and 
hold  possession  to  this  day  as  the  sole  representative  of  the  species.  And  at  a 
very  early  period,  the  primary  form,  together  with  Phaon  and  Vesla,  h;id  made 
its  wiiy  southward,  where  all  three  are  found  now,  neither  of  them,  so  far  as 
appears,  having  developed  any  marked  varieties  of  the  winter  form. 

It  is  the  female  of  the  summer  form  of  Tharos,  md  that  variety  of  it  which 
discovers  the  brown  discal  patch  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  (Var.  B), 
which  Drury  figured  under  this  name,  in  1770.  Cramer's  Tharos  is  stated  to 
have  come  from  New  York  and  reference  is  made  in  the  text  to  Drury.  But  the 
iigures  are  coarsely  draw'n  and  rudolj  colored,  and  there  has  been  some  differ- 
ence of  opinion  as  to  the  real  species  intended  to  be  represented  by  them. 
Con/fa,  Cramer,  Figs.  A,  B,  Plate  101,  is  Tharos  msile  of  the  summer  form 
(\'ar.  A),  and  Fig.  C  is  probably  intended  for  female  of  same  ;  but  the  text  re- 
I'cis  it  to  Surinam,  and  it  is  given  with  a  doubt  expressed  as  to  whether  it  be- 
longs to  the  male  figured  or  not.  Dr.  Boisduval  considers  this  Cocj/fa  to  be 
synonymous  with  Morpheus,  Fabricius,  and  locates  it  in  southern  California. 
Faliricius  describes  Morpheus  as  a  North  American  insect,  and  in  language  ap- 
plicable to  the  summer  form  of  Tharos.  "  Parvus.'  Alaa  omnes  integerrinue, 
fulva'.  maculis  niargineque  nigris.  Posdcno  punctis  sex  nigris  in  strigam  dispos- 
ili  ver-us  fnarginem  posticum.  Subtus  antica!  fulvae,  nigro  maculata^,  pos- 
ticiB  pallascentes  strigis  undatis,  margine  punctisque  sex  fiLscis."  I  therefore 
Cidl  tlie  species  Tharos,  the  summer  form  Morpheus,  the  winter  form  Marcia. 

riic  figures  of  the  male  Tharos  in  Bois.  and  Lee.  are  not  very  exact,  but  may 
bo  taken  to  represent  the  form  Morpheus.  But  the  female  must  have  been  drawn 
from  liatcsii,  and  evidently  Dr.  Boisduval  had  this  insect  before  him  when  he 
wrote  these  words :  "  We  possess  individuals  which  we  consider  as  varieties,  of 


'  t 


PHYCIODES  I.,  II. 

which  the  primaries  are  black,  with  some  fulvous  spots  and  a  transverse  macular 
band  of  the  same  color.  The  hind  wings  do  not  differ,  except  that  the  hnes  on 
the  basal  area  run  together.  Beneath,  the  hind  wings  are  wholly  deprived  of  a 
brown  border;  the  fore  wings  have  likewise  a  part  of  the  border  effaced,  but 
that  which  remains  is  blacker  than  in  ordinary  individuals." 


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PHYCIODES  II. 


PHYCIODES  PHAON,  14—17. 
Phyciodes  Phaon,  Edwards,  Pro«.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  II.,  p.  505. 

Dimorphic  form  HIEMALIS.     (Figs.  16,  17.) 

Male.  —  Expands  from  1  to  1.4  inch. 

Upper  side  black,  banded  and  spotted  with  fulvous,  the  patterns  being  the 
same  as  in  the  melanic  examples  of  the  summer  form  of  Tharos ;  the  extra- 
discal  band  on  primaries  being  lighter,  more  orange-fulvous  than  in  that  species, 
and  the  sinuous  discal  band  varying  from  yellow-ochraceous  to  so>'did  white; 
on  secondaries  the  extra-discal  series  of  pupillated  spots  is  limited  to  six,  and' 
these  are,  in  most  examples,  partly  covered  by  the  broad  black  marginal  borders  ; 
fringes  of  primaries  black,  yellow-white  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  of  second- 
a lies  yellow-white,  black  at  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  orange-fulvous,  the  markings  as  in  Tharos  ;  the  hind 
margins  bordered  with  brown,  deepening  into  black  next  inner  angle ;  at  the 
apex,  and  in  the  upper  median  interspace,  yellow ;  the  discal  band  repeated, 
iliiluse,  yellow  ;  and  next  within  this  a  conspicuous  black  band. 

.Secondaries  pale  buff,  unevenly  clouded  with  brown  over  the  extra-discal  area 
to  margin,  and  on  disk  and  toward  base;  the  markings  as  in  Var.  B  of  the  winter 
form  of  Tharos,  the  disk  crossed  by  a  clear  band. 

Body  black,  beneath  white,  the  extremity  of  abdomen  yellowish ;  legs  fulvous, 
the  inner  sides  of  the  femora  white  ;  palpi  white  at  base,  yellowish  above,  black 
on  upper  side ;  antennae  black,  yellowish  on  under  side,  ringed  with  white  ;  club 
black,  fulvous  at  tip. 

Female.  —Expands  1.4  inch. 

Similar  to  the  male  in  color  and  markings. 

Dimorphic  form  ESTIVA.     (Figs.  14,  15.) 

Same  size  as  its  co-form  and  not  distinguishable  on  the  upper  side ;  on  the 


PHYCIODES  II. 

under  side  the  colors  of  primaries  are  more  intense,  the  spots  sharply  definod,  the 
marginal  border  nearly  black,  the  discal  border  bright  buff,  and  the  fulvous  por- 
tions bright  orange.  .^     , ,    , 

Secondaries  uniform  buff,  bright,  the  reticulated  hues  nearly  or  quite  black, 
often  partly  obsolete  ;  the  subraarginal  lunules  at  outer  angle  and  on  upper  me- 
dian interspace  color  of  the  ground;  the  marginal  area  on  middle  of' the  wmg 
obscured  by  p  narrow  brown  patch  ;  the  costal  patch  small,  dark  brown  ;  on  the 
middle  of  the  disk  is  sometimes  seen  a  slight  fulvous  tint,  in  some  examples 

daepening. 

The  female  is  paler  colored  on  the  under  side,  the  buff  ground  approaclimg 
white,  and  on  primaries  the  black  spots  are  more  or  less  restricted  ;  on  seconda- 
ries the  lines  are  heavier,  and  the  marginal  cloud  frequently  extends  upward; 
the  submarginal  lunules  are  whiter  than  the  ground,  sometimes  semi-silvcre.l ; 
the  discal  band  is  whiter  and  rather  distinct,  while  towards  the  base  the  spaces 
between  the  lines  are  irregularly  white  or  buff.  But  many  females  scarcely  differ 
from  the  males  in  these  points. 

This  species  inhabits  the  Gulf  States,  aiad  individuals  have  been  taken  as  far 
north  as  Kansas,  as  I  learn  from  Prof.  F.  W.  Snow.  Nothing  is  yet  known  of  its 
preparatory  stages,  nor  of  the  food-plant  of  the  caterpillar,  though  this  will  prob- 
ably prove  to  be  Aster. 


PHYCIODES  II. 


PHYCIODES   VESTA,   18—21. 

PhycMes  Vesin,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soo.,  11.,  p.  871. 

Dimorphic  form  HIEMALIS.     (Figs.  20,  21.) 

Male.  —  Expands  .9  to  1.1  inch. 

Upper  side  black,  marked  with  dull  fulvous  of  nearly  uniform  shade  throueh- 
out  Miter  the  pattern  of  Tharos  and  Phaon,  except  that  the  spots  are  smaller  and 
the  bands  interrupted,  so  that  the  surface  is  more  macular  than  in  those  species 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous  from  base,  including  the  discal  band  the 
spots  of  which  are  confluent  and  diffused;  this  band  is  edged  anterioiTy'by  a 
broken,  zigzag,  black  line,  and  anterior  to  it  are  several  short  black  stripes  •  the 
oxtra-dLscal  area  black,  and  within  this  is  a  complete  transverse  series  of  roiuided 
fulvous  spots;  the  margin  varied  with  brown  and  yellow,  the  latter  on  middle 
and  at  apex;  the  submarginal  crescents  as  in  the  allied  species. 

Secondaries  deep  ochraceous-yellow,  clouded  with  brown  over  the  marginal 
area,  and  on  disk  and  costal  margin,  as  in  the  winter  form  of  Tharos,  Var  B  • 
the  basal  area  reticulated  with  dark  brown,  as  in  that  species,  a,s  also  in  the 
winter  form  of  Phaon,  the  discal  band  being  lighter  than  the  ground  ;  the  sub- 
marginal  crescents  also  as  in  those  species. 

IJody  black,  beneath  yellow-white,  fulvous-tinted  at  extremity ;  legs  fulvous 
the  inner  sides  of  the  femora  white  ;  palpi  yellow-white  with  many  black  hairs  in 
liont,  dark  a\  the  sides  near  tip  ;  antennoB  black,  yellowish-  beneath  and  ringed 
with  wliite  ;  club  black,  tipped  with  fulvous. 
Fkmale.  —  Expands  1.15  inch. 

Upper  side  similar  to  the  male ;  beneath  paler;  on  secondaries  the  discal  band 
is  nearly  white,  and  the  spots  in  the  interstices  over  basal  area  are  partly  white, 
partly  yellowish;  so  the  submarginal  crescents  at  either  angle  are  white,  as  well 
as  the  one  on  upper  median  interspace. 


i  1 


PHYCIODES  II. 

Dimorpbic  form  iESTIVA.     (Figs.  18,  19.)        

Same  size  as  the  winter  form,  and  often  not  to  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the 
appearance  of  the  upper  side;  but  many  examples  are  very  black,  the  fulvous 
markiuKs  all  reduced ;  on  the  other  hand,  some  have  the  fulvous  preponderatuig, 
as  in  the  lighter  examples  of  the  summer  form  of  Tharoa,  which  they  thiMi 
greatly  resemble;  on  the  under  side,  primaries  differ  in  no  important  reHp.H.t 
from  the  winter  form  ;  secondaries  uniform  light  ochraceous,  the  reticulations 
very  fine,  brown  or  ferruginous,  and  disposed  as  in  the  summer  Phaon,i\i^  mar- 
ginal  cloud  slight  and  narrow,  the  costal  patch  slight  or  wanting.  In  the  fo.ni.le 
the  -round  is  varied  in  pale  and  darker  yellow,  the  band  pale,  as  are  sevor.l  of 
the  spots  in  the  interstices  near  base  ;  all  the  lines  heavy,  ferruginous  ;  the  m.ar- 
ffinal  cloud  extended  toward  the  disk,  the  costal  patch  larger;  there  is  also  a 
distinct  ferruginous  patch  on  middle  of  the  disk,  as  in  one  of  the  vanet.es  of 

summer  Tharos.  .     , 

Vesta  seems  to  be  common  in  middle  and  southern  Texas,  and  I  have  received 
a  long  series  of  examples  from  Mr.  Boll,  showing  all  the  variations  observed  by 
him  There  is  no  marked  difference  between  individuals  of  the  wmter  form. 
The  species  flies  in  successive  generations,  from  February  to  November,  and  there 
must  be  at  least  five  annual  broods.  The  food-plant  is  at  present  unknown,  aa 
are  als«  the  preparatory  stages. 


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GRAPTA    I. 


GRAPTA  SILENUS,   1—4. 

Grapta  Silenus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  .Sou.  1870,  p.  15. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.2  inches. 

Primaries  moderately  incised  ;  .slightly  dentated  ;  tail  long,  broad,  and  straif'ht- 
M  prominent  dentation  between  tail  and  inner  angle,  which  last  is  much  produced! 

i  p,,er  side  deep  red-f-lvou.s,  clouded  with  brown-ferruginous  next  ba.^e  of 
•Mrh  wing  and  on  disks,  and  spotted  with  bhu-k ;  hind  margins  have  a  broad  com- 
mon border  of  nearly  uniform  width,  black  with  a  feri-uginous  tint;  on  the  inner 
>i(lr  a  .series  of  separate,  pale  fulvous  spots,  yellowish  next  apex  of  primaries, 
irregular  in  size,  lanceolate ;  primaries  have  a  largo  sub-apical  ferruginous  patch 
on  costid  margin,  another  near  inner  angle,  a  broad  black  spot  from  costa  cover- 
inj:  the  arc,  two  oval  spots  in  cell  placed  transversely  and  sometimes  confluent, 
lud  others  in  first  and  second  median  interspaces,  and  a  large  sub-ovate  .spot  on 
sub-median  interspace  ex-tending  partly  over  the  one  next  above. 

Secondaries  have  the  entire  costal  margin  brownish-black,  a  large  irregular 
Ithuk  patch  on  disk  between  upper  branch  of  sub-costal  and  the  median  nervure  ; 
:i  Inownish-ferruginous  patch  at  base  of  the  upper  median  ifcrvules;  the  whole 
fxtra-discal  area  suflused  with  ferruginous,  passing  impori:eptil)ly  into  the  mar- 
giuid  border;  fringes  fuscous,  with  a  very  little  white  ui  the  euiarginations. 

Under  side  mostly  in  shades  of  black  or  blackish-brown,  the  entire  sinface,  ex- 
(■c|>t  whore  deep  black  prevails,  covered  with  fine,  abbreviateil  streaks  darker 
than  the  ground;  apex  of  primaries  faintly  tinted  with  olivaceous;  costal  margin 
blown,  with  a  few  gray  scales  near  apex,  a  wl'tish  patch  bej-ond  extremit/of 
cell  and  a  smaller  one  nearer  ba.se  ;  base  o*"  primaries  brown,  of  secondaries 
brown  next  costa,  black  towards  abdominal  margin  ;  the  disks  crossed  by  a  com- 
mon, broad,  black  band,  very  irregular  in  its  exterior  outline,  on  lower  part  of 
si'condaries  merging  into  the  black  bnsal  area,  outside  the  band,  on  primaries  ajid 
upper  part  of  .secondaries,  grayisli-white  for  a  little  space,  densely  streaked,  and 
bi'vond  to  margin  blackish-brown;  the  extra-discal  pomls  nearly  or  quite  lost  on 
the  dark  ground ;  sub-marginal  crescents  black,  ob.solesceut,  often  wantiii"-  alto- 
[,^('tlier;  in  the  coll  of  primaries  three  elongated,  narrow,  deep  black  spots,  two  of 


GRAPTA    I. 


which  lie  along  tlio  costal  iierviire,  separated  by  a  very  small  interval,  and  ciili 
edged  by  a  velvety  black  line  ;  the  third,  along  median  nervure,  illy-defined  w  itli- 
oiit  such  eilging  ;  the  spot  on  disk  of  secondaries  dead  white,  bent  at  right  anjili's ; 
the  lower  limb  straight,  tliick,  abruptly  sloping  to  a  point  by  the  cutting  away  lA' 
its  upper  side  ;  the  up])er  branch  narrower,  slightly  curved,  nearly  as  wide  at  top 
as  elsewhere  and  ending  l)luntly;  fringes  with  the  white  area  more  extended 
than  on  upper  side. 

Body  above  black,  covered  with  ferruginous  hairs,  below  black,  sometinK's 
with  a  gray  shade  ;  legs  gray-brown;  palpi  black  at  base  and  in  front,  witli 
whitish  hairs  at  sides,  ferruginous  at  top  ;  antennas  black  above,  fulvous  below ; 
club  black,  fulvous  at  tip. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2.1  to  2. .3  inches. 

In  sliape  very  like  the  male ;  upper  side  dull  yellow-fulvous,  the  spots  'ai'gc  : 
under  side  more  brown  than  black,  the  extra-discal  area  to  margin  pre.ty  Miiill    'i 
in  shade,  the  groimd  l)eiug  dark  gray,  nearly  lost  in  the  denseness  of  t'j    '   ■- 
streaks ;    sub-marginal    points    and  crescents  obsolescent ;    silver  mark  Oi   sane 
shape  as  in  the  male,  often  quite  as  heavy. 

TxVRVA  unknown. 

Sihims  is  found  in  Vf'estern  Oregon  and  in  San  Juan  and  Vancouver's  Islamic, 
where  it  (lies  in  company  with  >Satijni,s.  It  may  be  readily  distinguisiied  by 
the  general  blackness  of  both  surfaces,  by  the  large  size  of  the  black  spot<  dii 
iip])er  side.  i)y  the  obsolescence  of  the  usual  sub-marginal  crescents  on  under 
side,  and  by  the  character  of  the  silver  spots.  In  tiiis  last  respect  and  in  s1im]h' 
of  wings  it  is  near  Gracilis ;  in  the  deep  fulvous  color.  Fanniifi ;  in  the  siib-iniir- 
ginal  crescents  of  under  .side,  Projfwe ;  but  in  important  respects  differs  fnun 
each  of  these. 

The  genus  Grapta  is  well  represented  on  tiiis  contiiumt,  a  greater  number  (if 
specie.i  being  already  known  than  in  the  world  beside.  And  as  several  are  very 
local  in  their  habit,  it  is  highly  probable  that  others  remain  still  to  ])c  di.scovercd. 
Our  knowledge  of  the  butterflies  of  the  entire  Rocky  Mountain  district  —  excfjit- 
ing  Northern  Colorado  —  and  of  the  vast  extent  of  territory  to  the  Nortlnvst 
and  North,  amounts  as  yet  to  a  mere  nothing,  restricted  litr>dly  to  the  scanty 
collections  of  tlie  government  surveying  expeditions,  and  an  occasional  spcciincii 
from  .some  chance  traveller.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  American  Graptas  show  little 
tendency  to  run  uito  varieties.  In  a  series  of  an  liundred  Comma,  or  as  iiiaiiy 
Faumis,  dl  will  be  essentially  alike,  not  differing  between  themselves  to  a  greater 
degree  than  a  number  of  Cardui  or  Afahtntu.  And  in  the  case  of  MH-'e  species 
that  are  dimorphic,  I  find  the  two  forms  of  each  nowhere  con vei;,^'*  Tliis  is 
remurkuble,  because  there  is  a  general  similarity  betw^een  so  many  of  the  species 


GRAPTA   I. 


sane 


tli;it  is  very  perplexing  to  lepitloptcrists  who  have  but  a  limited  acquaintance 
with  them.  And  it  is  so  contrary  to  the  nature  of  the  protean  C  album,  which 
liiiinclies  into  forms  that  imitate  several  of  the  American  species  (see  notes  on 
Ciimma  and  Satyrus,  Vol.  I.),  and  into  some  that  so  far  as  known  are  not  repre- 
sented here,  t'-«it  it  seems  .scarcely  credible  to  those  who  are  familiar  with  that 
one  species  only.  Fortunately  the  preparatory  stages  of  most  of  the  North 
.Viiicrican  species  allied  to  C  album,  are  known  and  described,  and  the  diflcreMces 
liciucen  the  larvfc  and  chrysalids,  sufficiently  prove  the  distinctness  of  eacii  such 
species,  from  the  others  and  from  C  album. 

It  is  a  peculiarity  (,f  this  genus  that  .so  lUiiuy  of  the  species  are  dimorphic.  In 
notes  upon  Interror/atiouis,  Vol.  I.,  I  suggested  that  Commxi  and  Dryax  inigiit 
,iiso  ]ir()ve  to  be  dimorphic  forms  of  one  species,  but  I  doubted  if  the  case  would 
he  foinid  parallel  with  Inferroyatloiils,  in  which  the  two  forms  seemed  to  lie 
i)f  ecpiai  value,  either  one  producing  both  at  all  seasons.  It  seemed  probalile. 
tiiat  Comma  and  Dryus  appeared  in  the  early  summer  brood,  and  Comma  only  in 
the  Mutui.iu,  and  this,  bejause  I  had  always  met  witii  Dri/as  in  summer  and  not 
later,  wlien  Comma  was  exceedingly  al)UU(lant,  especially  in  West  Virginia.  The 
relationship  was  finally  established  in  187o,  by  Mr.  Mead  and  myself,  at  Coal- 
hurgh,  and  again  by  myself  in  1874,  and  proves  that  the  dimorphism  has  no  sea- 
sonal peculiarity.  In  the  first  instance,  we  obtained  eggs  of  Dryas,  by  inclosing 
two  females  in  a  muslin  bag  on  a  branch  of  hop-vine,  of  course,  after  examining 
carel'iilly  to  see  that  no  eggs  had  been  already  laid  the  eon.  This  was  SOtli  July. 
In  a  lew  liours  tliere  were  many  eggs  deposited  on  the  leaves  and  on  the  muslin. 
ami  often  in  column';  of  four  or  five,  as  is  the  habit  with  [nierroyatlon's.  By  otii 
.\ugiist,  the  larvai  were  hatched,  and  we  carried  them  through  their  successive 
moults  with  little  loss,  .so  that  by  21st  August,  when  the  first  changes  to  chrysalis 
cMiumienced,  there  were  more  than  sixty  mature  larva).  There  was  not  much  va- 
riation in  their  appearance,  most  of  them  being  of  .;  black  ground,  with  more  or 
l-.'ss  yellow  in  short  lines,  and  as  represented  on  Plate  of  Comma,  Vol.  I.  fig  a. 
Only  one  of  the  lot  was  yellow-white,  as  shown  on  the  Plate  oi'  Dryas,  and  eveii- 
inally  this  one  produced  a  Dryas  butterfly.  On  30tli  August,  the  lui'^erflies 
hciiUM  to  emerge,  and  all  were  Comma,  excepting  six,  2  *,  4  *,  which  were  Dryas. 
This  last,  therefore,  has  caterpillars  of  lioth  the  white  and  the  black  types,  and 
appears  in  the  autumnal  brood,  though  perhaps  not  so  numerously  as  Comma. 

On  the  loth  May.,  1874,  I  took  a  female  Comma,  true  to  its  type,  the  ii])})er 
■^iili'  of  hind-wings  being  red,  and  the  under  side  of  both  wings  plain  brown,  ami 
inclosed  in  .saine  way  its  before  relateil,  after  examining  the  branch  to  which  I 
fasieiied  it.  Within  the  n^-xt  two  days  eggs  were  laid  abundantly,  and  in  due 
time  1  counted  thirty-nine  caterpillars. 


GHAPTA    I. 

At  the  last  moult,  nearly  all  these  were  light-colored,  many  being  cream- 
white,  and  scarcely  half  a  dozen  were  black.  On  4th  June,  they  begun  to 
change,  and  by  6tli,  there  were  thirty-live  chrysalids.  On  10th  June,  the  lirst 
imago  appeared,  and  by  18th,  tiiere  had  emerged  thirty-four  butterflies,  23*,  11*, 
every  one  Drijas.  One  died  in  chrysalis.  Dnjas  may  be  considered  as  the 
prevailing    early   summer    form   of    the    species,    .and    Comma  the   autumnal. 


A.  memoranc  i  f  he  experiment  made  in  1873  was  communicated  to  the 
"Canadian  Entou  t"  for  October  of  that  year,  and  I  proposed  that  the 

name  of  the  species  .)uld  be  Coddiki,  and  the  two  forms  be  designated  as  vars. 
Jltirriili  and  Dryus,  in  the  same  way  that  Intcrrorjatloms  is  known  in  its  two 
forms  as  Interrogationis  vara.  Uinhrosa  and  Fahric'd,  this  formula  expressing 
clearly  the  relationship  establislied. 

A  similar  connection  may  exist  between  otlier  Graptas.  From  the  fact  tliat 
the  two  forms  of  Inkrro(jat[o)),is  diiler  nuicli  in  outline  of  wing,  in  color  aiul 
markings,  while  the  silver  di.scal  spot  is  identical,  and  that  the  same  holds  good 
of  the  two  I'ornis  of  Comma,  1  should  not  be  disposed  to  look  for  relationship  of 
this  natiu'e  between  two  in  which  the  discal  spot  is  essentially  diflercnt;  as  wIutu 
one  bore  the  C  and  the  other  tlie  iingulav  mark  seen  in  Silenus.  That  is  one 
reason  why  I  do  not  believe  Gracilis  will  be  found  dimorphic  with  Faunus  as 
suggested  by  Mr.  Scudder ;  the  discal  .spot  of  the  former  si)ecies  being  a  bent 
mark  something  li'.e  Silenus,  but  more  like  Prague,  and  of  the  latter  a  G,  with 
barbed  ends.  The  two  species  have  been  found  inhabiting  the  same  localities 
in  the  White  Mountains,  N.  11.,  and  on  Anticosti  Island  by  Mr.  Couper.  But  in 
the  Catskills.  where  Faunus  swarms  in  the  month  of  August,  the  united  collecting 
of  Messrs.  Mead  and  Meyer  with  myself,  embracing  at  least  six  seasons,  have 
never  brought  to  light  one  Gracilis.  Now  wherever  one  form  o£  Interrogaliunis, 
or  one  of  Comma  is  found,  both  are  found,  and  it  is  hardly  allowable,  unlc-is 
])roved,  that  Faunus  could  be  dimorphic  in  one  district  and  not  in  anotlicr. 
Prague  and  Comma  both  as.sociate  in  the  Catskills  with  Faunus,  though  in  vastly 
less  numbers.  Mr.  Couper  wrote  me  on  his  return  from  Anticosti,  in  November, 
18T!>.  that  while  there,  on  21st  July,  he  found  a  Grapta  caterpillar  feeding  on 
wild  currant:  in  color  "yellow,  with  long  and  short  black  marks  on  its  sides;" 
and  the  spines  were  all  "  pink  colored."  The  length  of  this  was  one  inch,  ami 
therel'ore  it  was  near  maturity.     As  this  is  not  the  description  of  Progne,  nor 


GHAPTA  I. 


Cniiniin,  nor  Faunus.  I  presume  it  was  Gracilis,  as  Mr.  Couper  conjectured.  It 
-citaiuly  was  not  Faunus,  which  is  party-colored,  in  the  genonil  style  of  tliat 
of  a  album  and  of  Zeplnjrus,  but  witli  differences.  We  owe  this  discoVv;ry  of 
FiinnuH  larva  to  Mr.  Scudder,  who  took  mature  specimens  on  willow  in  the 
White  Mountain.s,  in  1873,  and  who  will  publish  a  description  and  illustration  of 
it  ill  his  forthcoming  work  on  the  "Butterflies  of  New  England."  Willow  is  an 
unusual  food-plant  for  a  Grapta,  and  not  set  down  as  one  to  which  C  album  is 
iiildicted. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  several  American  species  of  Grapta,  where  the  larva?  are 
not  already  thoroughly  known,  should  be  experimented  with,  and  lepidopterists 
liaviiig  access  to  any  of  them,  will  do  good  service  if  tlioy  will  take  pains  to 
obtain  the  eggs  in  the  manner  I  have  indicated.  This  is  always  practicable 
where  the  food-plant  is  known,  and  may  be  found  so  where  the  plant  is  only 
iiiMttcr  of  conjecture,  by  testing  the  butterfly  with  any  or  all  of  the  plants  on 
whicli  other  Grapta  larvas  feed.  The;  larvie  are  easily  raised,  being  hardy  and 
liciring  confinement  well,  and  as  they  mature  rapidly  there  is  very  little  trouble 
ill  breeding  them  even  from  the  egg.  It  is  easy  to  determine  the  female  in  this 
jicniis,  apart  from  the  plainer  color  and  lesser  degree  of  ornamentation  that 
cliaracterizes  her  as  compared  with  the  male.  In  the  latter,  the  aborted  forelegs 
whieh  may  be  seen  folded  down  upon  the  thorax  are  thick  and  furry  ;  in  the 
rrniiilo,  thin  and  slightly  clothed.  This  peculiarity  was  first  pointed  mit  to  inc 
by  Mr.  J.  A.  lintner,  and  I  have  often  had  occasion  to  test  its  value,  especially 
in  cases  of  abraded  specimens,  where  the  distinctive  markings  and  colors  were 
much  obliterated. 


Ijv.lwi,  l.vMaiy   Iv 


HYLAS,  1.2  6,3  4  V. 
MAR6YAS,   P^e   4,  7  8  9. 


'-■,>:i"t  li 


':    ••.■.     fv! 


-;«       °']-ri\>,  \v 


,'K  uu^f 


■•.ufu-i;    hi^vv^iul 


il  i 


V?-A 


.■^^ 


m 


GRAPTA  II. 


GRAPTA   HYLAS,  1-4. 

Graptn  Hylan,  Edwardn,  Trana.  Am.  Ent,  Soc,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  68,  1872. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.7  inch. 

Koiin  near  Fatinns ;  primaries  deeply  incised,  secondaries  moderately;  the 
(\v(.  angh-H  of  .secondaries  somewhat  and  almost  equally  produced  ;  tail  broad, 
:mil  a  prominent  dentation  at  the  extremity  of  lower  branch  of  median. 

Upper  side  dull  red-fulvous  at  bases  of  wings,  fading  into  yellow-fulvous  on 
I  lie  disks;  the  marginal  border  of  primaries  fu.scous,  edged  within  by  a  series  of 
sopiinitod  yellow  spots,  which  are  oitiior  serrate  or  dentate  ;  the  sub-apical  patch 
;niil  llio  patch  near  inner  angle  ferruginous  on  a  black  ground;  the  other  spots 
l)liick  and  as  in  Faunus ;  secondaries  have  a  broad  fusco-ferruginous  marginal 
liordcr  which  covers  one  third  of  the  wing,  and  includes  a  sub-marginal  series  of 
siniill  rounded  or  lunate  yellow  spots ;  on  costal  margin  a  large  black  spot,  a 
smaller  one  on  the  arc,  the  two  often  confluent;  inner  margin  much  obscured  by 
In-own  ;  the  edges  of  Both  bind  margins  gray,  dusted  more  or  less  with  yellow  ; 
IViugos  white  in  the  emarginations,  fuscous  elsewhere. 

Under  side  marbled  in  shades  of  gray,  tinted  witli  brown  over  basal  area,  and 
ilciisoly  covered  throughout  with  fine  abbreviated  streaks  of  black  or  fuscous ; 
llic  basal  area  limited  by  a  dark,  irregular,  common  band,  which  is  edged  on  its 
•Miter  side  by  a  black  line ;  i\\c  space  beyond  to  margin  gray,  of  nearly  an  utii- 
li'ini  shade,  the  usual  sub-apical  patch  on  primaries  scarcely  lighter  than  the 
lest;  acro.ss  the  disks  a  common  series  of  minute  spots  or  points,  complete  on 
siroiuhiries,  .sometimes  wanting  on  upper  half  of  primaries;  under  a  glass  these 
l">ints  resolve  into  dull  green  spots  with  black  edging,  or  inb-  patches  of  black 
iiii'l  green  scales;    the  incision  of  primaries  bordered   by  green  lunations 

filuvd  on  either  side  by  black;  similar  lunations  are  found  on  secondaries  entirely 
iicioss  the  wing,  but  often  they  are  partly  wanting ;  discal  mark  a  fine  bent 
silvered  streak,  the  upper  limb  curved,  the  lower  straight,  and  the  two  equal  in 
li'ii'jth. 


'■   1 


GRAl'TA   If. 


Hody  I'lisroiis  iiImivi',  ilark  j^i'iiy  with  ii  lirowii  tint  hdow  ;  It'jfs  ami  piilpi  gray; 
anti'iiiiiii  I'liscoiiM  alnivc,  amiulat('(l  with  gray  hi-low ;  chih  hhick,  tip  yoilttw. 

FeM/Vlk.  —  Expands  !  S  iiicli. 

Uppc'i-  si(h'  piilcr,  tiif  yellow  spots  larj^cr;  iiiulur  siilc  miiroi'iii  ln'ownisli-jrfjiv; 
tlio  iiiai'Uings  nearly  (>l)soletL',  the  niai'ginal  Inniitions  wanting ;  thu  diseal  niarl; 
Hcarcely  (li.itingiii.xliahk'. 

Laiiva  unknown. 

'I'lu!  only  I'xjunples  oi"  IhjhtH  tliUH  far  kiKiwn  to  mc  have  Iteen  taken  in  Col- 
orado. Mr.  T.  fi.  Mead  discovered  the  s|)eeies  in  l>S7l,and  since  that  time  a 
lew  indiviiluals  have  appeared  among  the  huttortlios  collected  l»y  Dr.  IFaydeir.s 
c'xpe<litions.  '['hu  information  given  of  its  hahit.s  is  hy  Mr.  Mead,  which  I  repent, 
from  the  notes  on  (i.  Z(y>//y/v^s,  \'ol.  I.  of  this  work. 

"  On  the  liSih  Aiignsi  (  ISTI  ).  on  the  South  i'ark  road,  in  the  mountains,  .inil 
about  twenty  miles  IVom  the  I'ark,  I  found  a  large  smooth  I'ock  exposed  to  \\w 
sun,  on  which  were  several  (ira|)tMs,  Z('i)ltiiri(H.  ami  a  spi'cies  niunhcred  •')  (//i/ln.i). 
On  this  rock,  and  in  the  iuinii'diate  vicinity,  1  captured  twenty  Zc/i/ij/nis,  iwul  fivu 
of  the  other.  I  had  previously,  on  the  Kith  August,  found  hoth  species  logetlicr 
in  the  vicinity  of  Ik-rthoud's  I'ass,  where  liftecn  of  the  smaller  ones  were  (;ikcii 
with  a  tew  Zcp/ii/nis,  on  a  small  patch  ol'  flowers  high  up  the  mountain.  ''ase 
were  tlii'  only  occasions  on   which   the  small   (Jrapta   was  seen.     Zeph  iis 

taken  al)undautly  throughout  the  State  wherever  collections  were  nia<  .d 

this  I  add  that  I  have  received  Zt-p/ti/nin  from  various  localities  wince  IS7I.  Tliu 
ex])editions  under  Lieutenant  Wheeler  have  taken  it  hoth  in  Southern  Utah  .unl 
in  xVri/oua  ;  and,  as  stated  hy  me  in  Vol.  1.,  it  has  been  received  from  Xeviida, 
California,  and  even  from  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie's  Kiver. 

Considering  then  that  Zcph/rus  is  so  wide-spread  ii  species  and  Jfi/lns  so 
local  an  one.  and  that  the  two  agree  neilhei'  in  size,  shape,  color,  or  otherwise, 
except  in  group  character.s,  there  would  not  seem  to  he  much  ground  lor  ii 
suggestion  of  relationship  between  ihein.  Yet  Mr.  Scudder,  in  his  lately  pub- 
lished Svnonvmic  List,  treats  the  two  as  established  dimorphic  forms  of  one 
species,  which  he  calls  Zrj)/ti/rus,  and  renames  Zcji/ii/nis  ¥A\v.  as  ThUxhnitus 
var.,  giving  the  other  as  ILjlua  var.  No  evidence  of  dimorphi.sm  is  alleged  to 
have  been  discovered,  nor  does  Mr.  Scudder  profess  to  know  more  oi Ilijid'f  tlmii 
what  I  have  stateil  above.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  such  a  relationship  would  liu 
highly  interesting  if  proven.  That  the  two  species  were  tog(;ther  in  tlui  few 
instances  in  which  I/iflris  was  seen  is  nothing,  for  that  is  the  rule  wherever  ;uiy 
two  or  more  specie.s  of  Grapta  are  found.  Faunus,  Comma,  and  Progne  con- 
stantly as.Hociate. 


GRAPTA    II. 


OUAI'TA    MAI{SVAS,  r,-8. 

Gia/ilii  Af am/an,  Ivlw.inls,  Tiiiiih.  Am.  Kiit.  S,,c.,  \'„|.  HI.,  j).  IC,  1H70. 

M.\r.K.  — Expands  ].(]  indi. 

IVinmrics  nuicli  inris,.,!,  .so,.,.n.laric.s  uu nh- mU'h  ;  onU'v  mv^h  ,.r  MvoiwInrieH 
l'"<  lit>l<".  <l'<-  M.iu.r  unKlf  lar-cly,  pnuluctMl  ;  (,nl  Icn-.  I.r.m.l  a,nl  .■urvc-l,  lol- 
l(>w<.,l  l.y  .1  <Ii"i-|)  and  l.n.ad  incision,  and  a  narrow  dcnfalion  at  (li..  cxtroniilv  of 
llii'  lowiT  hrancli  of  median. 

UpiHT  side  hrigl.t  lidvons,  ol)scnn.d  at  l.asr  ;  primaries  have  a  l.road  luseons 
iniir-niai  border  on  wliioli  is  a  series  of  indistinct  yellow  spots,  scarcely  more 
tlMM  nidu.ated  l.y  a  yellow  shade  in  the  several  interspaces,  ex.vpt  near  the 
;i|HX.  where  they  become  distin.'t ;  the  snb-apical  patch  large,  Icrrnginr-us  ;  the 
|Mt.h  at  inner  angle  small,  rounded  anterioi'ly,  lei'rnginons  ;  the  other  markin-rs 
iis  in  Commn.  ,  ° 

Secondaries  have  a  broa.l  pale  fuscous  boi'der,  occupying  one  third  of  the 
uuig,  gradually  jjassing  into  the  fulvous  shade  of  the  disk',  and  completely  inclos- 
itig  a  scries  of  illy-defined  small  yellow  spots  ;  a  large  ))lack  spot  on  costal  mar- 
gin, a  second,  of  small  size,  on  the  arc,  and  a  third  at  the  origin  of  the  upper 
median  nervide  ;  iinier  nnirgin  much  obscured  by  brown  ;  fringes  alternately  yel- 
low and  fus(-ous  next  the  apex  of  jjrimaries,  white  in  the  einarginations  of  \ho 
innsiou.  fuscous  elsewhere,  nnd  alternately  white  and  fuscous  on  secondaries. 

L'nder  side  varied  in  shades  of  brown,  with  a  vinous  tint  over  the  ba.snl  area; 
secondaries  and  the  outer  two  thirds  of  primaries  nnich  streaked  with  darker 
lirown  or  fei;ruginous ;  npon  the  disks  u  common  band,  irregular,  and  much  as  in 
Comma,  the  outer  edge  on  secondaries  only  lined  with  dark  brown  ;  a  dark  stripe 
on  s(.c(.ndaries  near  base  ;  the  space  beyond  the  band  gray  acro.ss  the  median 
nnvules  of  primaries  and  the  discoidal  nervules  of  .secondaries,  this  shade  nearly 
hiildcn  by  the  dense  streaks;  apex  of  primaries  olivaceou.s,  the  color  limited 
l^low  by  a  ferruginous  stripe  along  the  nervulo  ;  the  sub-apical  patch  grayish- 
givrn  on  a  white  ground  ;   along  the  incision,  and  on  entire  margin  of  second- 


GRAPTA  II. 

aries,  a  narrow  broken  stripe  of  light  green,  edged  on  the  anterior  side  hv 
bhick  ;  the  usual  extra-discal  row  of  points  distinct  on  primaries ;  the  silvor 
mark  en  arc  of  a  circle,  thickened  at  the  upper  end,  sharply  barbed  at  flu' 
lower. 

Body  above  fulvous,  beneath  vinous-gray  ;  legs  buff;  palpi  buff  below,  fulvous 
above  and  at  tip;  antennsc  fuscous  above,  ochraceous  below;  club  black,  ti]) 
fulvous. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Primaries  less  incised  ;  tail  short,  narrow ;  the  dentations  less  prominoiit ; 
upper  yide  as  in  the  male,  the  yellow  lunules  obsolete  ;  under  side  less  varii'- 
gared,  the  color.*  being  brown  in  shades,  and  without  white  except  along  rostid 
edge  of  primaries  near  apex  ;  both  wings  densely  streaked  as  in  the  male ;  the  cx- 
tra-discal  points  distinct,  the  green  stripe  indistinct  on  primaries,  ob.solete  on  soc- 
ond'trics ;  silver  marks  shaped  as  in  the  male,  but  larger,  more  delicate,  pointed 
at  the  upper  extremity,  thickened,  not  barbed  below. 


This  little  species  is  only  known  at  present  by  the  pair  delineated  on  the  Plate. 
They  were  taken  some  years  ago  by  the  late  M.  Lorquin,  and  assigned  to  Mr. 
Rep-ivirt,  with  no  other  locality  than  "  Rocky  Mountains." 

Mr.  Scudder  (Syn.  List,  1875),  surmises  that  i\fnrsyas  may  be  dimorphic  with 
Satyrus.  The  two  arc  different  in  size,  in  the  'jrnamentation  of  both  sides,  and 
in  the  shape  of  the  silver  spots  ;  and  tliis  holds  in  both  sexes,  as  may  readily  be 
seen  by  comparing  the  'igures  oi'  Sad/ rits  (Vol.  I.,  Plate  40)  with  the  figures  now 
given  of  Mar sy as.  Safyrus  is  not  an  uncommon  species  over  large  sections  (»!' 
the  continent.  It  is  found  throughout  tjic  Rocky  Mountains,  and  to  Vancouver's 
Island.  To  the  eastward  its  range  i,-*  ai  least  as  far  as  Ontario,  Mr.  T.  L.  .Mead 
having  taken  two  examples  a  few  miles  north  of  Port  Hope,  in  1874.  It  shoulil 
be  borne  in  mind  when  estimating  the  probal)ilities  of  dimorphi.sm,  that  in  (lie 
only  species  of  Grapta  in  which  this  relation  is  established,  viz.,  Tnterrorjatioms 
and  Comma,  both  the  dimorphic  forms  are  found  wherever  one  is  found.  ,inil 
they  agree  in  size,  in  the  markings  of  the  upper  side,  and  in  the  form  of  tlie 
silver  .spots.  In  Comma  there  is  an  agreement  also  in  shape.  The  difl'ereiucs 
in  both  species  are  found  in  the  coloration  of  the  two  sides  and  in  the  niark- 
in^s  of  tlie  under  side  only ;  and  in  Intcrrogationis  there  is  a  slight  diflTerencc  in 
shape,  the  primaries  of  one  ibrm  being  nioie  decidedly  falcated.  If  Jlarsi/as, 
then,  is  really  dimorpliic  with  Satyrus,  there  should  at  least  be  .some  points  of 
agreement,  and  the  presumption  is  fair  that  it  would  fly  with  Satyrus,  and  in- 
habit the  same  localities. 


!)V 


ID3I„ 


Drav  R  ^.■y  W;  !7  Fei 


RUSTIC  US      1   il^.S  4? 

'/      l.dlV'i 
/.     /i-'    '  /llt/Sil/lS 


MARSYAS     V'ir^   5.6  d' 


zf:phyrus 


z, 


^      /^itrv'i 


d     f'hriiHihn, 


t 


PROV:, 


i^Y. 


**«•= 


..^-^"■^■■^VA*-.--. 


T^:^^^^TZ. ' 


GRAPTA  III. 


GRAPTA  RUSTICUS,  1—4. 

Grapta  Ruslicus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  V.,  p.  107, 1874.  Var.  Silmis,  9,  Kdw.,  id.,  p.  108. 

Male.  —  Expands  2  inche.s. 

iNoar  Faumts;  primaries  rather  deeply  incised  ;  both  angles  of  secondaries  pro- 
duced almost  equally  j  tail  long,  broad,  curved,  followed  by  a  deep  incision,  and 
at  extremity  of  lower  branch  of  median  nervure  a  prominent  tooth. 

Upper  side  dull  red-fulvous,  pale  on  disk  of  primaries;  marginal  border  of 
primaries  broad,  dark  red-brown,  in  the  incision  nearly  black ;  of  secondaries 
wlioUy  red-brown,  occupying  one  third  the  wing,  clearly  defined  on  its  inner 
edjre,  and  not  shading  gradually  into  the  fulvous  ground,  as  in  Faumts  ;  the  sub- 
miirginal  spots  lunular,  bright  yellow,  those  of  secondaries  large  ;  the  other  mark- 
ings deep  black,  and  di.spbsed  as  in  the  allied  species ;  hind  margins  edged  with 
jfllow  scales,  especially  along  the  incision,  and  upon  the  anterior  half  of  second- 
aries ;  fringes  largely  black,  with  a  mixture  of  red-brown,  and  in  most  of  the 
interspaces  a  little  white. 

Under  side  much  less  variegated  than  in  Faunus;  the  basal  areas  brown,  dark- 
est along  their  outer  limits,  and  contrasting  sharply  with  the  pale  olive-brown  of 
the  remainder  of  the  wings;  in  cell  of  primaries  two  long  concolored  spots,  edged 
with  black,  in  that  of  secondaries  a  transverse  curved  black  stripe,  and  above  this 
cell  a  few  abbreviated  fine  black  streaks ;  on  costa  of  primaries  a  narrow  edging 
of  white  one  third  the  distance  from  base  to  apex,  and  a  sub-apical  gray  patch 
on  white  groLnd;  the  points  on  hind  margin  above  the  incision  ferruginous  ;  along 
the  incision  and  to  inner  angle  a  submarginal  band  of  green,  formed  of  confluent 
crescents  edged  with  black,  and  on  basal  side  narrowly  by  gray  ;  beyond  this  band 
is  a  transverse  series  of  green  spots,  —  the  one  on  upper  median  interspace  obso- 
lete, —  all  edged  on  the  outer  side  by  black  scales,  and  more  or  less  by  gray. 
Secondaries  have  a  submarginal  row  of  green,  black-edged  spots,  separated,  mostly 
crescent,  crossing  the  entire  wing,  and  an  inner  row  larger  than  those  on  pri- 


PROViNCIA'^    LISRARr.i 
VICTORIA,  B   O 


GRAPTA   III. 


inarics,  rounded,  and  both  rows  stand  on  gray  groniid  ;  the  silver  mark  an  angiilu 
C,  the  upper  limb  .stout  and  biirbed. 

Body  fulvous,  coated  with  green  hairs,  beneath  gray-vinous;   the  femora     f 
middle  and  hind  legs   brown,  the  tibiiB  buff  or  luteous ;  the  aborted  legs  gmv 
vinous,  black  in  front;  palpi  buff,  with  many  brown  hairs,  in  front  black;  iui- 
tenna)  black  above,  ferruginous  below;  club  black,  the  tip  ferruginous. 

Female.  —  Expands  2.1  inches. 

Upper  side  closely  resembles  the  male  in  color  and  markings ;  the  yellow  spots 
of  secondaries  still  larger;  both  hind  margins  edged  by  yellow. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male,  the  shades  of  basal  and  outer  areas  contrasting-  in 
similar  manner;  but  the  gray  beyond  disk  is  more  extended,  darker,  and  all  lliat 
part  of  tlie  wing  is  suffused  with  a  delicate  purple  tint;  the  silver  mark  vorv 
slender,  at  most  but  a  curved  streak,  representing  the  back  of  the  C. 

Var.  A.  —  Female;  the  fulvous  of  upper  side  more  fiery,  the  yellow  spots 
small;  beneath,  both  wings  are  of  brown,  of  a  nearly  uniform  shade,  except  that 
on  the  disks  are  darker  patches ;  the  green  spots  tolerably  distinct;  the  silver 
mark  obsolescent.^ 

Mature  Lauva.  —  Length  1.2  inches. 

Cylindrical,  tiie  .segments  well  rounded;  color  orange-fulvous,  except  the  dor- 
sal area  of  segments  seven  to  twelve,. which  is  white;  the  endh  of  the  segnioiits 
crossed  by  several  .stripes  of  black  and  fulvous,  the  latter  very  pale  on  seven  to 
twelve,  almost  fading  into  white  ;  the  sides  mottled  with  fulvous,  black  and  bluish 
white,  and  marked  by  two  irregular  longitudinal  fulvous  lines,  one  below  tiie 
spiracles,  the  other  above,  this  last  interrupted  and  not  always  distinct;  furnished 
with  seven  rows  of  long,  slender,  tapering,  many-branching  spines  (the  branciies 
numbering  about  ten  of  nearly  equal  size,  besides  a  few  others  much  smaller), 
each  branch  ending  in  a  sharp  bristle,  and  surrounded  by  several  others ;  the 
spines  of  the  dor,sal  and  first  lateral  rows  from  segments  three  to  six,  buff;  from 
seven  to  twelve,  white  ;  the  second  laterals  smoky-brown,  except  on  twelve  ami 
thirteen,  where  they  are  white ;  tiie  lower  laterals  buff  on  three  and  four,  the 
rest  white  ;  a  black  crescent,  concave  downward,  over  the  base  of  each  spines  of 
second  lateral  row ;  and  a  black  dash  on  the  anterior  part  of  each  segment,  in 
front  of  each  of  the  spines  of  first  lateral  row,  but  nearly  obsolete  on  the  iuite- 
rior  segments  ;  spiracles  black  in  white  rings;  feet  black  ;  forelegs  smoky-I)r<iun; 
head  sub-ovate,  deeply  cleft,  the  vertices  high,  and  on  each  a  cylindrical,  horii-eol- 

•  The  female  List  desLTibeil  is  tli.it  to  which  I  formerly  gave  the  name  Silvias.  I  suspect  it  ami  the  main  are 
sca.'ionally-iliinorphiu  witli  liii.ilicus ;  hnt  these  two  .iro  the  only  exiimplcs  I  have  met  with,  and  this  iili'inn- 
ehip  is  but  conjectiual.  The  frniale  was  bred  from  the  larva  figureil  in  Vol.  I.,  Plate  40,  Fig.  8,  a  dnm ii;:;  of 
which  was  sent  me  labeled  Zephyrus,  and  so  published.  Unfortunately  the  male  was  afterwards  destroycil  in 
transit  to  Mr.  U.  Edwards,  and  only  the  description  remains. 


GRAPTA   III. 

ore.]  process,  short,  thick  at  base  and  top,  the  sides  concave,  ending  in  six  equal 
spurs,  one  upright,  the  others  surrounding  it,  each  spur  with  a  shor"  bristle  at  its 
cNlii'inity;  whole  face  much  tuberculated,  the  sides  especially  being  furnished 
wiih   several   long   single   conical    light   colored   spurs,  and    many  stout   hairs 

CiiUYSAUS.  —  Length,  .9  inch.;  greatest  breadth  across  abdomen,  .26  inch.; 
arioss  base  of  wings,  .28  inch.  Cylindrical,  slender;  the  nead-case  high;  com- 
lucssed  transversely,  rounded  ;  at  each  vertex  a  stout  rounded  process,  tapering  to 
a  l)bnit  point,  bent  inward  at  two  thirds  its  length,  and  at  the  bend  on  outer 
side  i)rqiecting  a  very  .siiort  conical  branch ;  the  space  between  these  processes 
ciivular;  mesonotum  large,  followed  by  a  deep  excavation,  the  sides  .somewhat 
llaltcned,  the  keel  high,  thin,  rounded  anteriorly,  but  at  posterior  end  sharp  and 
tnuicated ;  the  wing-cases  much  elevated,  flaring  at  base,  the  sides  excavated ; 
on  the  marginal  border  on  ventral  side  a  sharp  conical  protuberance ;  on  the 
alidoinen  several  rows  of  tubercles,  most  of  which  are  small,  but  those  of  the 
tun  ventral  row.s  are  large,  and  some  quite  prominent;  tho.se  below  the  mesono- 
tum gilded  or  silvered;  color  glos.sy  light  brown,  or  drab,  the  wing-cases  clouded 
(I'V.  6,  6j). 


Iiiinticus  was  described  originally  from  examples  sent  me  by  Mr.  Henry 
K'luiiids,  and  the  localities  given  were  Big  Trees,  Cal.,  and  Vancouver's 
l>laiul.  In  1878,  Mr.  Mead  took  the  butterfly  at  Yo  Semite,  and,  IGth  June, 
(01111(1  nine  caterpillars  feeding  on  Azalea  occidentalis,  some  of  which  he  raised  to 
tiii^  imago.  From  one  of  these  larva)  and  a  chrysalis  in  alcohol,  and  a  blown 
linval  skin,  assisted  by  Mr.  Mead's  written  descriptions,  the  figures  on  the  Plate 
li.ui.  been  drawn.  The  larva  and  chrysalis  of  this  species,  from  drawings  from 
lifi'  by  Mr.  Stretch,  are  figured  in  Vol.  I.,  Plate  40,  and  are  there  erroneously  at- 
tiiliiited  to  Zephyrus,  as  1  learned  long  after  publication.  That  larva  was  also 
tiikim  at  Yo  Semite,  on  Azalea  occidentalis,  and  it  produced  the  aberrant  female 
(possibly  a  dimorphic  form)  which  I  described  in  1874  as  Silmts.  Those  mistakes 
1  am  happily  able  to  rectify,  by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Mead,  than  whom  we  have 
no  more  accurate  observer  or  .skillful  collector  among  our  lepidoptorists. 

Mr.  Mead  was  also  successful  in  finding  and  rearing  many  larvic  of  l)oth  Zcphy- 
rm  and  Satyrus,  and  states  that  this  last  species  shows  great  variation  in  the 
relative  extent  of  the  light  and  dark  markings,  after  the  manner  of  the  larva  of 
Cr.  Comma,  with  the  likene.ss  to  which  ho  was  struck,  and  that  Figure  4,  Plate  40. 
Y'l.  1.,  resembles  one  phase  of  it.  As  stated  in  the  accompanying  notes,  Mr. 
K'lw  lids  found  four  of  these  larvaa  on  Urtica,  and  he  wrote  me  that  the  coloration 


GRAFT  A   III. 

was  the  snine  in  all.  But  I  have  alcoholic  examples,  one  of  which  is  Hark,  the 
other  as  white  as  the  larva  of  G.  Dryas  figurecl  in  same  Volume,  Plate  37.  In 
the  rle.scri|)tion  of  larva  of  Sa/yruK,  furnished  by  Mr.  Edwards?,  it  is  said  that 
there  are  six  rows  of  spines.  This  should  have  been  seven,  as  all  the  Vanes.xidip 
have  seven  rows,  one  dorsal  and  three  on  either  side. 

Since  the  Plate  of  Marsyas  was  published,  in  the  present  volume,  Mr.  0.  T. 
Baron,  of  Navarro,  Cal.,  has  a.scertained  by  breeding  from  the  female  Satij- 
nis  in  confinement,  that  Mi>rsyas  is  seasonally-dimorphic  with  that  species,  lie 
sent  me  the  parent  female  and  the  resulting  progeny,  all  which  last  were  Afar- 
syns,  some  as  diminutive  as  the  examples  figured  on  the  Plate,  others  larger, 
though  none  equal  in  expanse  of  wing  the  parent  Saiyrus.  The  suffused  Mar- 
syas on  the  present  Plate  (Fig.  5)  represents  one  of  these  bred  examples. 


NoTK.  —  VV«  now  know  tlic.  full  llfe-hiKtory,  from  eg;;  to  hiiftgo,  of  several  of  the  American  species  (if  this 
;ienns,  namely  :  Jtilerrnqalionin,  Cuinma,  Sati/run,  and  Progne;  also  the  history  of  Zefihi/rus,  Ruflkiit,  nm' 
Fduntis,  fnini  tlie  hiilf-grown  larva  to  imago.  Mr.  Scudder  found  Faunus  feeding  on  willow,  ami  sirit  me 
drawings  of  larva  and  chrysalis.  Mr.  Caidfield  found  the  larva  on  nettle,  and  has  deseriiied  larva  and  elirysalis 
in  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  VII.  Professor  Fernald  writes  that  larvie  of  Faunus  have  been  fonnd  in  Maine,  fceilin.;  on 
enrrant,  and  Mr.  Roberts,  that  he  has  taken  them  in  Vermont  on  wild  goosel)crry.  The  larva  is  bieolored,  of  .1 
pattern  similar  to  that  of  Ituslicus  and  C  vI/6h«i,  and  the  chrysalis  has  a  peculiarity  fonnd  in  both  these  species, 
the  processes  on  the  hea<l  being  bent  in,  and  throwing  out  a  little  blunt  spur  at  the  bend,  on  outer  i^iile,  as 
shown  on  the  Plate.  This  peculiarity  indicates  the  intimate  relation  of  these  specie<  to  one  another,  r.iiil  it 
separates  them  from  Cmiwm  and  all  the  other  American  species,  the  chrysalids  of  which  are  known. 

Of  these  species  whoso  history  we  know,  liUerror/alioiii.i,  Comma,  and  Sali/nm  are  proven  to  be  seasimally- 
dimorpbil^  .Some  olhers  may  be,  as  possibly  Iluntirwi  and  Sllviun,  but  as  yet  there  is  no  reliable  evidence  of  it. 
So  much  has  bci  n  learned  since  1  published  the  Plate  of  Fawtwi,  in  1869,  some  ten  years  ago.  As  stated  in 
the  notes  accompanying  the  Plate  of  Comma,  two  years  later,  I  did  not  describe  i<'(iunM.'>  till  I  had  sent  an  ex- 
ample to  Mr.  Staiulon,  asking  him  to  compare  it  with  the  European  C  Album.  lie  replied  that  he  bad  done 
BO,  and  that  it  was  of  a  distinct,  unnamed  species,  put  down  in  the  ISritisb  Museum  Catalogue  as  "  Vanessa 

,  from  Hudson  Pay."     That  it  was  cat.alogued  in  this  manner  was  proof  that  in  the  opinion  of  the 

entomolo>;ists  in  charge  at  the  Museum,  it  was  something  unknown,  and  therefore  not  the  commcm  and  very 
well  known  C  Album.  Nevertheless,  after  my  Plate  appeared,  several  lepidopterists  on  the  conlimnt  de- 
clared that  Fuuiiun  was  nothing  but  C  Album,  ami  to  test  the  matter,  I  sent  examples  of  Faunun,  Sali/rus,  and 
Comma,  to  one  of  the  most  experienced,  for  his  opinion.  The  reply  canm  that  all  three  were  C  Album,  bnt 
that  Siiti/ru.i  was  more  unmistakable,  and  apjiroached  the  European  form  more  closely  than  did  the  olber  two. 
(See  Vol.  I.,  note  to  G.  Comma.)  Looked  at  in  the  light  we  have  to-day,  gained  by  breeding  from  the  female 
Comma  and  .Sali/ru.i,  that  was  a  remarkable  statement,  that  Snlynm  wa.i  more  wimislakable  ami  iicd/'T  Man 
Fauuu.i  auil  Comma  to  C  Allium.  It  meant  at  least  that,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Slaudinger,  Saiyrus  was  close 
to,  or  identical  with,  the  typical  C  Album.  Now  Fauutm  certainly  belongs  to  a  distinct  sub-group  from  that 
which  comprises  Suli/ru.s  and  Comma,  as  is  determined  not  only  by  peculiarities  of  the  imago  but  of  llic  l.irva 
anrl  chrysalis  as  well. 

So  late  as  1874,  the  venerable  and  learned  Professor  Zeller,  in  a  review  of  my  volume,  in  Ent.  Zeit , 
Stettin,  while  allowing  Comma  to  be  a  good  species,  because  it  and  its  dimorphic  form  Dryas  h,id  been  pniviii 
so  by  breeding,  and  iheir  larva;  were  figured  in  the  volume,  concludes  that  Faunus  is  identical  wiili  one  of 
'he  varieties  ipf  C  .Mbum,  found  in  certain  parts  of  Europe,  and  which  he  specilies  as  C  Album,  rariel'i  I':  :'"" 
that  Satyrus  and  Zephyrua  are  probably  parcel  of  the  same  thing,  or,  in  other  words,  sub-varieties  of  F'tiinuf. 
He  says  :  "  That  our  European  C  Album  appears  with  remarkable  variation  is  often  noticed  by  authiiis.  but 
none  have  taken  the  varieties  for  distinct  species.  Three  of  the  varieties  may  be  very  sliarply  charactcrizeo. 
...   I  can  perceive  in  my  example  of  Faunus  only  Var.  B  of  C  Album." 


GRAPTA   in. 


Hn  comparfs  the  fi<;un'»  of  Saii/rua  and  Zfphi/rwi  with  exampIi'B  of  C!  Album  in  his  cabinet,  and  finds  r»- 
Miiilplano'B  iIiiib:  "  I  havi!  now  before  me  botli  scxch  (of  ('  Album),  of  wliich  tlio  male  is  indceil  not  quite  nu 
il  iiklv  upotted  (m  the  upper  i<i<le  as  Zeplii/ruH,  but  it  is  darker  than  Sali/rii.i,  and  agrees  with  Xrjilii/rui  in 
ilif  pivsence  of  a  dentation  by  tlie  side  of  the  eldff  one  of  the  liind  win^t,  while  on  the  under  side  it  mi<;ht 
Ir  lalten  for  Snli/ruf,  Fig.  2.  Tlie  consideraldy  lari^er  female  agrees  in  tlie  indentations  and  llie  eoloration  of 
lirul  wing  with  .Sati/ruii,  Fig.  1,  Hut  wliy  tlien  are  tlie  caterpillars  (of  Zephifrim  and  Salj/ru^)  so  dilTerontV 
Can  the  caterpillar  (Fig.  8,  Zephi/rus),  which  looks  like  the  never  otherwise  drawn  C  Album,  in  its  varia- 
licMis  loine  to  resemble  Fig.  4  (Sali/rua),  in  California?  I  iM'lieve  not.  Mut  I  am  mindful  of  the  fact  that  the 
:iiUlior  ilid  not  have  the  caterpillars  before  him  alive,  but  only  receive<l  the  drawings  from  (California.  Tliere- 
U.rc  I  suspect  that  the  caterpillar  of  FuunUK  has  by  mistake  been  given  for  Zephi/ruf.  If  this  suspicicm  be 
I'nrrcct,  there  can  be  no  reason  against  declaring  Fauiiiui  to  lie  C  Album,  and  uniting  Zephifriis  with  Haliirus, 
lit  least  as  Varieli/  H."  This  last  line  seems  to  imply  tliat  Faunua  is  same  as  C  Album  type,  and  the  other 
two  are  the  Variety  H ;  but  as  Faunus  is  before  stated  to  be  only  Variety  H,  I  conclude  that  Professor  Zellor 
n  ;;anls  Sail/run  and  Xephyrut  as  probably  sub-varieties  of  Fiiunut  or  of   Var.  B. 

Quite  recently  I  have  received  from  Mr.  H.  H.  Miischler  a  paper  by  himself  on  the  genera  of  European 
liiiltcillies,  in  which  he  thus  says  :  "At  all  events,  C  Album  flies  in  North  America.  It  is  impossible  for  me, 
ai  least,  to  discover  any  difference  between  this  and  the  North  American  species  separated  by  Kdwards  an 
I'minus." 

Il  would  he  satisfactory  to  liave  the  type  C  Album  pointtui  out  and  agreed  upon.  Plainly  in  England  it  is 
Minii'tliing  tpiite  different  from  Fauiius,  so  different  that  Faunua  is  declared  to  lie  a  ilistinct  species.  Dr. 
Slanrlinger  says  it  is  near  Sati/rus.  Professor  Zeller  s.iys  that  Faunus  is  Variety  B,  separati  il  from  the  type, 
till  rcfore,  by  another  variety ,  A.  Mr.  Mosdiler  can  see  no  difference  between  C  Album  and  Faunu.i.  The 
tniili  is,  no  man  knows,  what  is  the  typical  C  Album.  The  descriptions  of  Linnieus  and  of  Kabricins  read 
^ill]|lly  thus  :  "  Upper  side  fulvous,  with  black  spots  ;  hind  wings  beneath  marked  by  a  white  C."  Tliis  deter- 
mines nothing.  The  next  species  described  by  Linnsens  is  C  Aureiim,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  be 
what  we  call  Inlerrogatioiiii,  but  is  now  understood  to  be  another  species,  (7.  Anijelicn,  Cramer,  from  Asia,  and 
word  for  wonl  even  to  the  white  C,  the  diagnosis  is  the  same.  So  that  we  must  look  el  ■  vhere  for  help  in 
lliis  matter.  Kirby,  Syn.  Cat.  of  Diur.  lA'|iid.,  after  citing  these  two  authors,  next  reftis  to  Esper.  Eur. 
Sclnnelt.,  P1.1.S,  Fig.  3,  for  a  figure  of  C  Album,  apparently  the  first  colored  figure  of  the  species  after  the  lime 
of  Lliinirus.  Turning  to  this  Plate  I  find  set  down  as  C  Album  what  I  should  consider  a  fair  representation 
nf  ilic  American  species  G.  Comma.  It  is  very  unlike  Faunus.  Kirby  cites  as  a  synonym,  Esper,  PI.  59, 
Kig.  .'1.  But  Esper  says  this  is  Var.  C  Album,  and  therefore  it  cannot  ba  the  type.  The  upper  side  of 
tlii«  fi'.'ure  resembles  the  female  of  Mani/ns,  as  shown  on  my  Plate.  Making  allowance  for  the  coarseness  of 
leper's  drawing,  it  is  il/nr.«;/(i.«  if  anything,  anil  is  a  long  way  from  Faunus.  But  the  under  side  is  unlike 
eillior  sex  of  Marsi/as.  The  ground  is  colored  in  two  shades  of  brown,  nothing  else.  The  marginal  and  extra- 
(liscal  spots  are  cons[)icuous  and  green,  and  in  this  alone  is  there  a  suggestion  of  Faunus,  a  species  which  has 
the  under  side  marbled  in  half  a  ilozen  colors.  I  think  it  probable  that  this  figure  was  meant  to  represent  a 
form,  or  species,  of  which  I  have  four  examples  sent  mo  from  England  as  C  Album,  and  wiih  which  Mr. 
Slainton,  of  course,  was  familiar.  It  is  small  as  compared  with  Faunus,  the  tails  longer  in  proportion  and 
narrower,  and  the  anal  angle  much  more  prolonged,  the  upper  side  more  macular,  much  as  in  many  Sati/rus 
or  M(irsi/as.  'Ilie  underside  is  brown,  light  and  dark,  over  Ims.al  area;  the  extra-discal  area  liiibt  brown 
Willi  some  gray  ;  the  s|k)Is  are  green,  and  the  apical  area  of  primaries  is  olivaceous.  This  is  not  Faunus,  but 
if  ilicre  is  any^Europeau  form  of  C  Album  nearer  I  have  not  seen  it,  though  I  have  brought  together  all  the 
Mirielies  which  I  have  been  alile  to  beg  or  buy  to  illustrate  (.'Album.  Several  of  these  have  an  exiwss  of 
y.llow  on  under  side,  and  one  female  would  pass  for  Dn/a.i,  if  taken  here;  that  is,  the  under  side  is  honey- 
yi How,  densely  streaked  with  ferruginous.  I  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  type  of  C  Album  is  uncertain.  It 
niiaiis  one  tiling  to  one  collector,  and  something  different  to  the  ne\'..  It  is  like  Comma,  like  Sali/rus,  like 
.^liirsi/as,  like  Faunus,  like  Zephijrus,  and  of  course  like  RusticM,  as  I  shall  soon  hear.  If  Esper's  Plate  fixes 
llietype,  as  I  lliink  it  must,  the  true  C  Album  is  like  Comma. 

Now,  thanks  to  the  zeal  and  skill  of  Messrs.  Mead  and  Baron,  Satijrus  and  Zephi/rus  are  lifted  out  of  the 
ihrl  of  this  contest  and  stand  in  serene  security  alongside  of  Comma.  That  is,  three  good  .specie.s  are  already 
'.finhitshed  out  of  what  expert  lepidoplerislf  in  Europe  haoe  asserted  to  be  C  Album  or  varieties  thereof.    There 


GIIAPTA   III. 


only  rt'iiiiiin  Fauiiuf  iiml  Itnnliaiii,  Silfliin  nnd  /////(i.i,  wlio^o  [loBilion  run  still  \h:  h\wih\i>\wi\.  Tlui  I.irvw  iiii,| 
clir)»iili(l«  iif  llifi  first  two  of  tlu'di'  iiro  of  llie  siiiiir  '„'i'npriil  (piitli'in  wiili  ('Allium,  liiil  liow  cloiu  the  rpscmblnnrii 
betwot'ii  tli«  three  I  ennnnt  ypt  siiy.  I  liope  hefiire  llii>i  viiliime  clnies  to  see  the  liviiii;  lnrv»  of  Fnwiii.i,  u^  I 
know  It  only  liy  iieseri|ilion  anil  driiwin;;,  anil  C  Allium  only  liy  the  very  insullieient  fiLiures  anil  ileseriptioni  in 
books  —  insiilVnient  for  any  I'ouipariHon,  Mr.  Scinlder  wrote  ine  at  tlio  time  of  his  rinilinr;  larva  of  Faiiii'it, 
that  while  there  was  a  close  reseinMance  to  C  Allium,  which  s|iecies  lu^  had  learne'l  to  know  well  in  Eiinp|ic', 
there  were  ini()orlant  ililTerences,  and  jiidi.'in!;  by  the  larva  lie  lielieveil  Fnnnun  to  hn  n  distinct  s|ieeies  ;  and  in 
to  Itunlicuii,  between  llie  clesiriplion  drawn  of  the  larva  of  Fiiunus  by  Mr.  CauUield,  which  is  (piilo  ininulc  iii 
its  details,  and  the  description  of  the  other  by  Mr.  Mead,  there  an'  considerable  differences,  both  in  cnl.ir 
and  niiirkinjis,  thoie^h  the  <;eneral  pattern  is  the  same,  lint  the  reseinbbince  between  the  Inrvie  of  any  «nli- 
gronp  of  bntlerllies  is  likely  to  ho  close,  as  becomes  species  but  one  remove  from  a  common  ancestor,  TIih 
larvu)  of  J'nig'it'  and  Zrphiirun  are  very  much  alike,  constructed  on  same  plan;  so  of  (^omma  and  .Snliinu. 

It  is  beyond  dispute  that  the  identity  of  some  of  the  many  forms  which  have  passed  under  the  name  (' 
Allium  has  been  assumed  from  an  inspection  of  the  dried  butterflies  only.  An  example  from  Siheria  or 
•Japan  like  our  Suh/nui  is  brouuht  in,  and  it  is  set  down  forthwith  as  C  Album.  Another  like  Cnmma  or  Xejili'i- 
rus  or  Fnuiius,  from  China  or  'I'hiliet  appears,  and  behold  I  another  variety  of  C  Album.  I  have  never 
read  that  a  ('  .Mlium  female  in  Europe,  of  any  one  of  the  types  in  which  it  is  supposed  to  manifest  ilself,  lias 
discovered  in  its  proijeny  this  miscidlancons  assendila^n  of  forms.  I  doubt  indeed  if  n  uih  knowledite  l:a.i 
ever  or  anywhere  been  obtained  of  C  Allium  by  breedini;  it  from  the  female.  For  a  century  collectors  have 
amu^ied  theniselves  in  rearini;  caterpillars  found  on  the  food-plant,  or  from  eims  (gathered  here  a;id  llure 
on  various  plants;  but  who  knew  what  type  of  butterfly  laid  those  ei^i^s?  It  is  not  ten  years  since  llie 
fortunate  discovery  was  made  in  tins  country  that  the  female  mii;lit  !)(■  induced  to  lay  her  esijs  rcidlly  in 
ponfinement,  so  that  breedim;  could  be  conducted  with  certainty  ;  nnd  in  tliese  years  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say, 
more  has  been  learned  of  the  life-history  of  American  butterflies  than  is  to-day  known  of  European,  thouifli  iiul 
a  district  of  Europe,  but  has  had  a  lonsf  succession  of  active  lepidopterisls  and  diligent  students  of  driiil 
butterflies.  Professor  Zeller  writes  me:  "  It  is  certain  that  wo  Europeans  have  been  far  from  execuliii'j  your 
method,  which  .seems  the  only  correct  one  in  order  to  obtain  certainty  and  truth."  We  had  no  sooner  Im  ;.'un 
to  employ  this  method  than  the  complicated  relationship  of  Papilio  Ajux  became  clear,  then  that  of  (irapta 
fnlerrni/iilioiiis ;  and  from  that  day  to  this  one  species  after  another  has  revealed  lis  true  history,  until  llure 
are  few  instances  in  the  fauna  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  which  there  is  a  doubt  as  to  the  posiliim  of 
any  butterfly.  A  larije  nuniber  of  species  are  found  to  be  jjolyinorphic,  seasonal  or  otherwise,  and  sonic  of 
tliese  forms  branch  a^ain  in  one  or  both  sexes.  Without  breedin<;  from  llie  female,  not  one  of  these  cases 
of  polymorphism  could  possibly  have  been  proved,  however  much  they  niij;ht  have  been  suspected.  The 
knowledge  thus  obtained  is  available  for  olher  countries,  especially  where  species  of  like  jjenera  are  concerned. 
And  it  is  fair  to  assume,  in  the  .alisence  of  positive  proof  to  the  contrary,  that  the  species  of  Grapta,  for  ex- 
ample, will  behave  in  the  Old  World  as  they  do  in  the  New.  I  can  say  as  the  result  of  my  own  larije  ex- 
perience in  breedim;  butterflies,  and  that  of  others,  that  no  Grapta  on  Ibis  continent  is  known  to  behave  in  llie 
way  that  C  Allium  is  supposed  to  do.  Every  one  of  them  named  as  a  species,  whose  history  is  known,  liiicds 
true  to  its  tyiie,  or  types  if  it  is  dimorphic,  and  of  those  whose  history  is  not  known,  there  have  not  appc;ircil 
marked  v.arieties.  No  collector  has  reported  such,  and  there  is  no  evidence  th.at  they  exist.  Comma  has  invir 
l)een  known  to  produce  a  .Sali/ru.t,  thou;;li  it  belongs  to  the  same  sub-group,  and  though  it  has  produced  a 
dimorphic  form  Dii/n.i,  considerably  unlike  itself;  and  each  of  these  remains  distinct,  though  th.y  may  ap- 
pear in  the  same  brood.  So  Sali/run  has  never  produced  Comma  or  Dnjas  or  Fnunus,  though  it  has  devel- 
oped a  second  form  Afarsi/as,  Faunus  ranges  over  the  northern  half  of  the  continent,  at  least  to  the  cnst 
of  the  Uocky  Mountains,  hut  an  example  from  Newfoundland  is  not  distinguishable  from  that  taken  in  llic 
Catskills  of  New  York.  The  one  I  sent  Mr.  Stainton  was  from  »he  Catskills,  and  ho  pronounced  it  to  Ihi  the 
same  as  the  Museum  example  from  Hudson's  Bay.  From  local!'  a  therefore  separated  by  thousands  of  miles, 
across  lakes,  rivers,  plains,  and  great  mountain  chains,  comes  the  single  type  known  as  Faunus,  though  iu  pirt 
of  this  territory  Comma  abounds,  and  in  part  (Ontario)  Sali/rus  is  known  to  live.  No  one  has  ever  reported  a 
hybrid  between  any  two  of  our  species  of  Grapta.  Possibly  butterflies  resembling  everyone  of  the  American 
species  in  this  genus  may  bo  found  in  one  part  or  other  of  Asia  or  Europe;  but  1  not  only  doubt,  but  do  not  be- 
lieve that  these  are  simply  varieties  of  any  one  species.     Knowing  what  I  do  of  our  own  Graptas,  it  is  to  uie 


G  RAPT  A   III. 

iiosi  unlikely  that  In  Europe  and  Asia  oiin  fdi'in  liki'  Comma  and  (itliom  like  Snli/rus,  Faunu.*,  nml  /Cephynn) 
call  Im;  liiit  oiiu  npi'cii'D  iiikI  Uh  vurictins.  In  ciilicr  wonJ!!.  I  lirlivvu  (liiit  Bcvcriil  ({(hhI  8|i(Mlt'H  iinvct  lit'uri  con- 
fuuiiilfil  iiiidt^r  till'  iiiiiiK!  C  Allium,  iiiiil  lliiit  it  iicciIh  no  loM^-continiird  liibor  of  a  fvw  iiit('lll<;i-iit  wmkcrii  to 
prove  it  «).  Hilt  nittini^  in  iini^'M  (•losi.'l  ami  i.|H(iiliitiii;;  iin  ilrioil  IpiilliTfliirs  will  not  ilo  tliis,  to  llu>  i-ml  nf  limr. 
If  llir  liny  uvrr  comes,  wlirn  liy  liri'cdinx  from  iliii  fciiiiilu,  tbu  conji't'tiin-.i  of  our  Kuropcnii  frii'nds  are  proveil 
In  lio  loireet,  and  a  do/en  well-marked  foniiti  are  proved  to  he  mere  varieties  of  biit  one  species,  no  one  will 
lie  more  pleased  than  myself,  if  I  livi'  to  hear  of  it.  It  will  lio  a  iiiiist  inlerexliii;;,  indeed  a  wonderful  bioloyi- 
(•:il  fact,  i;on»ideriii;{  that  in  America  what  appear  —  llyit  is,  in  the  opinion  of  some  experts  —  to  he  identical 
foriiiH  have  reached  the  standin<{  of  species.  For  this  certainly  is  the  standing  of  these  American  forms. 
Tiiiir  iliiyi'ieiiees  are  piTinanent,  and  they  lireed  true,  showinj;  no  tendency  to  run  into  each  other.  What 
iiiiiie  could  lie  said?  Hut,  however  unlikely  it  iniiy  seem  lliat  lhe>e  foiiiis  are  mere  variilics  in  Kiirope,  it 
will  not  do  to  declare  that  such  a  thin:;  is  impos^ilile,  fur  there  would  appear  to  he  no  reason  in  the  nature  of 
lliiiij;s  why  in  one  part  of  the  world  a  certain  assemhlai^e  of  forms,  he  they  animals  or  plants,  niii;ht  not  be 
true  varieties  of  one  species  (proved  to  lie  so,  not  giiis.sed),  and  in  another  part  ."iniilar  loiinH  iniijlit  not  have 
ri:iilied  the  rank  of  species.  Every  one  who  believes  in  tlie  evolution  of  species  must  asisent  to  thai. 
Tlicrefcire  let  US  have  the  facts.  And  there  is  but  one  way  to  reach  them,  namely,  to  be^in  at  the  founda- 
tien,  In  lireed  from  Ihe  female  nf  each  supposed  oariety  of  C  Allium.  Till  that  is  done,  I  insist  that  nothing  is 
reiilly  known  about  C  Allium.     It  has  been  well  said,  "  Indefinite  knowledge  is  definite  ignorance." 

Ji;i,Y,  1879.  \V.  H.  E. 

GRAPTA  ZEPIIYUUS. 


Grapla  Zephi/im,  Edwards,  But.  N.  Am.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  12,3,  I'l.  40. 

Mature  Lahva.  —  Lenj^tli  one  inch. 

Cylindiieal,  tlie  scgiiu'iit.s  well  loiiiKled  ;  general  color  black  ;  at  either  end  of 
segments  three  to  five  on  dor.sal  surface  a  pale  yellow  line,  the  remaining  seg- 
iiiciit'^  similarly  lined  with  white  ;  a  more  or  les.s  distinct  pale  yellow  modio-dor.sal 
line  extends  over  (wo,  three,  and  sometimes  four;  armed  with  seven  rows  of 
.-piiies,  one  dorsal  find  three  lateral ;  the,«e  spines  are  stout  at  base,  nither  long, 
taper  to  a  point,  and  give  out  from  the  end  a  sharp  bristle ;  .several  similar 
bristles  about  eiicli  spine;  fho.-i'  of  tlorsal  and  first  lateral  rows  from  three  to  six 
iut;  reil;;:sh,  and  their  btises  iinti  tlu;  spaces  between  them  are  of  same  hue  ;  from 
seven  to  twelve  the  spines  of  the-e  three  rows  have  their  bases  white,  and  this 
color  ])ri.'dominates  in  the  marbling  of  the  dorsal  surface,  so  that  whtit  remains 
(if  llic  lilack  ground  resembles  a  series  of  arrow  heails  pointing  backward,  the 
(I'lrsil  spine  arising  at  the  base  of  the  barbs  of  the  arrow  ;  the  white  color  extends 
siiiiie  tlistanee  up  the  base  of  the  donsals  and  first  laterals  from  seven  to  twelve, 
mill  tlie.se,  as  well  the  others  on  anterior  segment.s,  arc  tipped  with  black;  all 
o'licr  spines,  including  the  second  and  third  latenil  rows  and  their  brunches,  are 
lilack  ;  on  two  is  a  tlorstil  collar  of  .short,  simple  spines,  each  with  ptde  bristle  at 
to)! ;  at  the  sides  of  body  are  many  small  pale  tubercles,  each  tipped  with  a  pale 
li;iir ;  under  side  dark  biown  ;  feet  black,  fore-legs  brown  ;  head  small,  sub-cordate, 
till'  vertices  high,  conical,  each  ending  in  a  stout  branching  process,  the  br.anches 
111  ir  top  being  short  and  divergent;  at  base  of  these  processes,  in  front  and  at 


GRAPTA   III. 

Bides  of  face,  several  rather  long  l.lu.  k  spurs,  a.i.l  niiinbors  of  others  of  irregular 
Bizefl  on  the  face,  some  quite  minute,  part  of  them  yellow,  part  black,  each  tipp.d 
with  concolored  hair.     (Fig.  c.)  ,       ,         ,         ,        • 

CuKYSALis.  —  Length  .7  inch  ;  greatest  breadth  .24  inch  ;  shaped  nearly  as  in 
O  Comma;  cylindrical,  slen<ler;  head-case  high,  compres.sed  transversely  ;  on  its 
under  side  two  protuberances,  each  ending  in  a  short  tubercle ;  at  each  vertex  a 
short,  stout,  conical  process,  the  space  between  square ;  mesonotum  elevated,  I..1- 
lowed  by  a  deep  excavation ;  the  carina  rising  to  a  high,  thin,  nose-like  pn.mi- 
ncnce;  wing-cases  much  raised  above  the  general  surface,  depressed  laterally; 
on  the  marginal  border  of  ventral  side  a  sharp  protuberance;  on  the  abdoin.-n 
several  rows  of  tubercles,  mostly  small,  but  those  corresponding  to  the  first  latend 
spines  of  the  larva  large  on  the  anterior  segments;  those  in  the  excavation  sil- 
vered ;  cotor  marbled  with  shades  of  salmon  and  olive.     (Fig.  d.) 

The' larva  fed  on  wild  currant,  and  a  number  of  examples  were  found  by  Mr. 
Mead  at  Yo  Semite  and  bred  to  the  imago.  I  am  thus  able  to  correct  an  enor 
in  Volume  1.,  in  which  the  larva  and  chrysalis  of  G.  Rmt'mia  are  attributed  to 

Zephyrua.  i    .   r 

As  in  the  case  of  Buslicus,  the  present  drawings  have  been  made  from  alcoholic 
specimens  and  a  blown  skin  of  the  larva,  aided  by  Mr.  Mead's  carefully  written 

descriptions. 

Both  larva  and  chrysalis  closely  resemble  those  of  G.  Progne,  and  these  stages, 
as  well  as  the  imago,  show  that  the  two  species  belong  to  one  sub-group. 


ular 
ipwl 

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r  Mr. 
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;agcs, 


ARTHKMIS. 
Form  LAMINA   \  2  J.  :iA  9  .     Form  PR05KRP1NA  5  rf  .Varbd 

'I     Kqil   ii-  ymirmmimlini  )i' inimtinili  li      I'nrrh  iiDir  i'"     nimill 


/>      if  l.iiiV'i .    i/iiiiiiii  III  niiiliirr 
tf  (/•  '/in.sii/is 


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LIMENITIS  I. 


LIMENITIS  ARTHEMIS,  1-6. 

/,mii7ii(iV /I rMemw  (Ar'-the-mis),  Drury. 
LAMINA  Fiib. 

:I,t'f '  ""'T;  "''""•• ''T'"  iT'  "■'■'''•  '"•  '""  ''^■'^'  ^"'-  ^"'-  "••  P"'  23.  'S^S,  Boi8.  and  L«,., 
|)  l'"l',  (il.  S4,  1833;  Hiin.s,  Ins.  Mass..  S,i  eU.,  p.  283,  pi.  I.,  1862. 

/..™;»n,  Fab.  Knt.  Syst.,  III.,  p.  US,  nn;  Goilt.,  Knc.  Moth.,  IX.,  p.  380,  \H'>3 

HiO.SKKPINA,  K,lw.,  P,oc.  E„t.  Soe.  Phil.,  V.,  p.  H8,  1865  ;  But.  N.  A.u.,  1.,  p.  127,  pi.  41,  186,S. 

FoHM    LAMINA. 

Malk.  —  Expands  from  2.2  to  2.6  in^lips. 

r|)l)or  side  brownish-black  ;  both  wings  crossed  by  an  extra-di.scid  wliite  band 
uhhli  vanes  in  breadth  in  individuals  from  three  to  four  tenths  inch  •  on  sec- 
oiMliiries  this  band  is  edged  without  by  a  series  of  blue  patches,  succeeds'd  by 
lomided  fulvous  spots  ;  the  margins  of  same  wings  bordered  by  a  double  row  of 
limate  blue  spots  ;  primaries  have  an  abbreviated  sub-apical  white  stripe,  and  a 
single  sub-marginal  row  of  blue  lunules,  before  which  is  a  short  row  -.f  fulvuas 
spol.s  extending  from  sub-costal  nervure  to  second  branch  of  median ;  sometimes 
a  fulvous  stripe  covers  more  or  less  of  the  arc  of  cell ;  fringes  alternately  white 
iuid  pale  black.  But  in  tlie  markings  of  the  upper  side  there  will  be  found  much 
variation  in  a  series  of  examples,  there  sometimes  being  no  traces  of  fulvous,  or 
it  iiiiiy  be  wanting  on  one  wing  only  ;  the  blue  patches  on  secondaries  may  be 
(Mlli.T  broad  and  confluent,  or  narrow  and  faint,  or  altogether  wanting,  or  may 
l)c  n  placed  by  green ;  in  some  examples  the  whole  area  between  the'band  and 
till'  marginal  lunules  is  black. 

I'nder  side  brown,  varying  in  .^liado  in  individuals  ;  being  of  a  pure  umber, 
■Hill  without  tint  of  fulvous  over  basal  or  apical  areas,  or  may  be  wholly  washed 
"iili  ferruginous,  and  between  these  two  extremes  are  several  intermediate 
hIi;mI(s  of  color;  the  .shoulder  of  each  wing  and  the  inner  margin  of  .secondaries 
(•'iTiiginous  ;  the  band,  sub-apical  spot.s,  and  blue  marginal  lunules  ivpcated,  with 
tile  M.jdition  on  primaries  of  a  second  and  inner  row  of  tlie.se  last ;  in  the  cell  of 
piiiiiaries  a  large  rounded  fulvous  spot,  and  a  bar  of  .same  color  on  the  arc,  both 


LIMENITIS  I. 

edged  witli  black  ;  on  either  side  of  this  spot  is  a  blue  patch,  and  sometimes  the 
whole  space  between  spot  and  bar  is  blue  ;  secondaries  have  two  similar  spots  in 
cell  and  arc,  and  a  third  at  top  of  sub-costal  interspace,  the  intervening  nicn 
being  more  or  less  covered  by  blue  ;  tiie  extra-discal  fulvous  spots  of  upper  siilc 
repeated  anil  edged  before  and  behind  with  black;  these  spots  are  often  imu'li 
enlarged,  and  sometimes  are  confluent,  forming  a  band  that  reaches  quite  to  tlic 
white  one  ;  primaries  have  the  fulvous  spots  repeated,  but  less  distinctly,  iiiul 
they  are  always  confluent. 

Body  brownish-black ;  on  the  back  of  head  are  two  white  dots,  and  behind  ilic 
eye  a  white  line  ;  on  under  side  blue-gray  hairs  cover  the  sides  of  the  last  two 
thoracic  segments;  on  abdomen  a  white  ventral  and  white  lateral  line;  legs  blink. 
the  posterior  sides  of  the  femora  gray-white,  the  anterior  pair  white  in  front ; 
palpi  white  on  outer  and  inner  sides,  black  in  front ;   antennae  and  club  black. 

Fkmale.  —  Expands  2.8  inches. 

Similar  to  male,  and  varying  in  same  manner. 


Form  PROSEKPINA. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  2.2  to  2.6  inches. 

Size  and  shape  of  Lamina.  Upi)cr  side  black,  .secondaries  .sometimes  having  a 
bluish  or  a  greenish  tint ;  hind  margins  of  both  wings  bordered  by  blue  or  gncii 
lunate  spots,  precisely  as  in  the  other  form  ;  so  also  are  tiie  ferruginous  spots,  being 
sometimes  large  and  .sonu'times  wanting ;  instead  of  the  white  band  tliero  is  at 
most  but  a  whitish,  macidar  stripe  acro.ss  jirimaries,  and  rarely  acro.ss  .sc^oiulurics. 
its  position  corresponding  to  the  outer  line  of  the  band  of  Lamina;  sometimes 
this  stri|)e  only  appears  on  the  posterior  intorspju'es  on  primaries;  often  tlici,'  is 
no  trace  of  it  whatever,  unless  on  the  costal  edge  where  is  sometimes  a  wliitc 
dash;  the  subapical  white  line  or  spots  always  present;  the  under  side  vnrics  in 
color  from  umber  to  ferruginous,  and  is  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  other  form, 
except  in  the  aljsence  of  the  band  ;  this  is  often  represented  by  a  whitish  stripe, 
of  ratlicr  clear  color  along  its  inner  edge  but  gradually  fading  into  the  grounil 
of  the  wing  in  the  direction  of  the  hind  margin  ;  occasionally  this  stripe  becomes 
a  band  nearly  as  broad  as  in  lamina,  especially  on  primaries,  but  is  still  only 
whitish,  or  gray  wliite  ;  in  most  examples  it  is  broken  and  nearly  obsoldc,  in 
sonu'  it  is  wantinji  altowther. 

Intermediate  examjjles  connecting  the  two  forms  have  occasionally  been  tnkon. 
One  of  tliese  is  figured  on  the  Plate  (Fig.  6),  and  is  in  the  collection  «(  Mr. 
Mead.  In  this  the  band  on  primaries  is  macular  throughout,  and  on  secomhiiics 
is  macular,  narrow,  and  blue-tinted:  on  the  under  side  of  secondaries  it  is  m  arl}' 


LIMENITIS  I. 

wiinting.  This  was  captured  in  the  Catskills.  Anotlier,  from  same  district,  lias 
tlif  band  on  upper  side  narrow  and  macular,  and  only  pine  white  Irom  inner 
iii.irgin  to  cell,  the  remainder  being  crocked  and  indistinct;  on  secondaries  the 
li.iiid  is  very  narrow  and  ends  at  the  first  bninch  of  sub-costal  nervure,  and 
iii'iiily  the  whole  area  outside  to  margin  is  blue. 

Kgg.  —  Shape  nearly  spherical,  flattened  at  base;  the  whole  surface  covered 
by  liexagonal  reticul.iiions,  forming  cells  which  are  roundly  but  sliallowly  exca- 
vated ;  from  each  angle  of  the  cell  arises  a  short,  tapering,  white,  (ilamentoiis 
,s|niic  :  color  grayish-green.  (Figs,  a,  a-  magnified.)  Duration  of  this  stage  7  to 
!)  (lays. 

VouNG  Larva.  —  Length,  .09  inch;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  segments  3  to  5, 
tii|)cring  gradually  and  .slightly  to  13  ;  color  yellow-brown  ;  covered  with  fine 
cdiicolored  tubercles,  each  giving  out  a  short,  white,  clubbed  hair;  on  scigments 
?).  1.  T),  0,  and  12,  is  one  prominent  conical  tubercle  of  darker  color  on  either  side 
of  (lorsuni,  those  on  3,  6,  and  12  largest;  under  side,  feet,  and  pro-legs,  yellow- 
bmwn*  head  much  broader  than  bod}',  sub-glohosc,  narrowing  a  little  towards 
to]i.  liilobed,  glos.sy  brown.  (Figs,  hh^,  magnified.)  The  larva  rests  mostly  on 
its  ventral  legs,  the  anterior  .segments  being  raised  and  somewhat  arched.  To 
fii'^l  moult  eight  davs. 

After  first  moult :  length,  .19  inch ;  color,  blacki.sh-brown  ;  on  S  is  a  light- 
Ipiowii  patch,  covering  the  dorsum  and  part  of  sides ;  along  base,  over  feet,  a 
tli'^liy  ridge  ;  segment  2  is  narrow  ;  on  segments  after  this  there  is  one  bro;id 
liiiuc,  followed  in  most  cases  by  two  narrow  ones,  and  these  last  an;  thickly  set 
wiili  small  tubercle?  of  irregular  sizes,  conical,  each  with  short,  whitish  hair;  on 
M  I  lie  liroad  ridge  is  considerably  elevated  dorsally,  and  at  each  end  is  a  tawny 
('iiiiiciil  process,  crowned  by  a  clu.ster  of  little  fleshy  knobs,  dark  and  light; 
bnween  these  are  two  small  ones  with  little  crowns;  on  4  the  elevation  is  less, 
and  there  are  four  small  and  equal  crowned  proce.s.ses  in  line ;  on  0.  also  ele- 
vati'd,  are  two  large  ones  with  crowns,  and  on  12  are  two;  on  each  of  the  in- 
tervening segments  are  two  small  similar  ones,  and  on  all  the  segments,  from 
^  (()  11,  are  two  small  simple  tubercles  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  segment 
bt'ween  tlip  larger  ones;  these  dorsal  proccs.scs  form  two  longitudinal  rows,  and 
arc  "oncolored  with  the  ground  they  stand  on ;  there  is  also  a  lateral  row  of 
sill  all  crowned  processes,  and  others  more  irregular  are  placed  on  the  basal 
riilge;  feet  and  pro-legs,  black;  head  obovate.  truncated,  and  depressed  at  top, 
the  vertices  rather  high,  and  each  bearing  a  .short,  black,  comjjouiid  process ; 
color  bl.ick,  the  surface  rough,  and  thickly  covered  with  conical  tubercles,  those 
111  top,  .sides,  and  along  the  upper  part  of  face,  being  largest,  and  mostly  yidlow- 
Inowii  ;  remainder  black.    (Figs,  c  (?,  magnified.)     To  next  moult  6  days. 


LIMENITIS   I. 


After  second  moult :  Length,  .24  inch  ;  in  shape  and  markings  much  as  at  the 
last  stage,  hut  the  principal  ridges  are  more  elevated  and  all  the  processes  more 
prominent ;  those  of  3,  12,  and  13  now  largest;  on  13  are  four,  two  at  the  ex- 
treme end  and  directed  back  so  a;<  to  form  a  bifid  tail,  from  the  base  of  wliiili 
rise  two  smaller  similar  ones  at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees ;  the  doi>iil 
patch  buff,  and  extended  partly  over  7  and  9 ;  the  basal  ridge  buff  on  last  thn>e 
segments;  color  of  body,  blackish-brown,  the  ends  of  the  processes  and  tubercles 
generally  lighter;  the  larger  processes  on  3  are  not  crowned  as  before,  but 
the  upper  half  is  covered  with  knolis ;  head  nearly  as  before,  the  face  black, 
the  upper  part  and  side  yellow-brown,  with  tubercles.     (Fig.  d,  magnified.) 

Five  days  after  second  moult  (length  .4  inch)  each  larva  had  begun  to  make 
its  case  or  hybernaculum,  and  three  days  later  all  had  entered  into  them. 

The  first  larva  left  its  case  the  29th  March  following,  at  Coalburgii,  fed  n 
little,  rested,  and  after  two  days  passed  third  moult. 

After  third  moult :  length  .44  inch  ;  general  color  red-brown,  somewhat 
specked  and  mottled  with  black,  especially  at  the  junction  of  the  segments,  tiio 
processes  ferrugiaious-red  or  partly  castaneous;  .segments  2  to  4  yellowish,  in- 
clining to  bufl';  on  dorsum  of  3  is  a  clear  buff,  smooth,  elevated  cross  ridjjc, 
excavateil  on  summit,  and  giving  out  at  each  corner  an  irregular,  compoiniil 
knobbed  appendage,  .05  inch  long,  an<l  wholly  red  ;  between  these,  in  line,  two 
snjall  crested  tubercles  ;  on  4  is  a  narrow  and  low  ridge  on  which  arc  four  red 
tubercles,  the  two  at  the  ends  largest,  and  all  crested  with  red  knobs  ;  5  lias  a 
still  smaller  ridge  with  little  red  tubercles,  and  closely  resembles  10  ;  on  G  are 
two  large  mannnilloid  processes,  which  occupy  the  whole  ridge,  and  are  castane- 
ous, with  fine  concolored  crests  ;  8  is  immaculate,  yellowish,  except  low  down 
the  sides,  where  it  is  encroached  on  by  the  brown  color;  7  and  9  have  the  dorsal 
parts  like  8,  but  both  are  specked  with  red  and  a  little  black  ;  on  the.><e  tlin^e 
segments  are  fine  concolored  and  crested  tubercles  dorsally ;  segments  10  to  13 
are  red-brown,  the  latter  mottled  with  black  ;  on  11  are  two  small  processes,  on 
12  two  larger,  on  13  two  quite  prominent,  directed  backward  ;  these  last  are 
Idiu'k  with  red  knobs,  and  at  base  of  each  rises  a  small  upright  process;  in  ad- 
dition to  the  tubercles  on  the  dorsum,  are  small  ones  on  sides  of  nearly  all  seg- 
ments ;  the  basal  ridge  is  brown  in  the  middle  segments,  but  after  10  gray-linir, 
making  a  distinct  band  of  that  color  which  widens  po.steriorly  ;  head  obov.ito, 
narrow,  high,  the  sides  well  rounded,  the  top  deeply  cleft  with  a  broad  sutiiru 
down  the  face  ;  the  vertices  high  and  pointed,  its  wliole  surface  covered  with 
simple  rounded  or  conical  tubercles ;  those  on  the  vertices  rather  more  promi- 
nent than  elsewhere,  and  those  at  back  and  sides  long,  conical,  and  separatcil ; 
color  of  lower  face  and  of  the  sides  of  fiice  up  to  the  vertices  blackish,  the  upper 


LIMENITIS  I. 


jiarts  Huffused  with  red;  the  top,  sidew,  and  cleft,  red;  the  tubercles  mostly  col- 
ored like  the  ground  they  stand  on.  As  the  larva  approached  fourth  moult  the 
iimI  parts  became  dull  and  at  length  mostly  brown.     (Fig.  e.)     To  next  moult 

1 1  (lay.s. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  .0  inch:  general  color  very  much  as  immediately 
after  third  moult ;  shape,  same  ;  segment  2  yellow-buff,  mottled  with  black,  3  dark 
liiiir,  immaculate,  the  ridge  as  before,  and  tiie  processes,  which  are  .06  inch  long; 
I  is  mottled  buff,  red  and  l)lack,  and  on  either  .side  of  the  main  ridge  is  a  lower 
:ni(l  narrower  one;  on  the  mam  ridge  are  no  processes  as  before,  but  on  all  these 
liilges  are  round,  gla,s.sy,  bead-like  tubercles,  thickly  set,  and  red  colored  ;  on 
iniddle  of  dorsum  of  tliis  segment,  in  front  of  the  anterior  row  of  these  beads,  are 
I  wo  .similar  beads,  but  large  and  ovoid,  and  directly  in  front  of  the  space  between 
tlicse  two  are  small  round  ones;  on  6  the  niiuiunilloid  proces.ses  are  as  before,  and 
(Mstaneous  ;  between  them  are  four  red  beads,  arranged  in  two  pairs  at  anterior 
and  |)osterior  ])arts  of  the  segment ;  there  is  also  on  this  segment  a  posterior 
narrow  ridge  thickly  set  with  beads;  C  is  buff,  largely  red  on  dorsum,  with  a 
headed  ridge  and  scattered  beads  in  front ;  the  patch  on  8  is  blue-gra^',  and  ex- 
tends partly  over  7  and  9;  10  and  11  are  alike,  red  with  beads;  on  10  are  two 
.-niall  dors(d  crested  red  tubercles,  and  on  11  two  larger,  these  crests  all  yellowish  ; 

12  and  13  are  red,  mottled  with  black ;  the  processes  on  13  as  at  last  stage  ;  on  the 
sides,  on  several  segments,  are  beads  and  small  tubercles;  the  ridge  at  base  of 
liody  is  gray-buffj  distinct  on  last  segments  ;  feet  and  })ro-legs  red-brown;  head 
nearly  same  shape  i?s  at  last  stage,  rather  broader  in  proportion,  the  tubercles 
similar,  except  at  the  vertices,  where  they  are  longer  and  larger,  the  largest 
(if  all  obliquely  truncated;  color  of  both  head  and  tubercles  amber,  the  ocelli 
l.laek.      (Fig./.) 

Matuue  Lauva.  —  Twod  13s  after  fourth  moult  the  red  portion  began  to  change 
to  j.neeii,  olive,  and  partly  a  light  and  deep  green  ;  individuals  varied  in  this  re- 
spect ;  the  dorsal  patch  changed  to  sordid-buff,  in  one  ca.se  to  dull  red-buff,  in 
another  to  whitish,  the  anterior  .segments  to  gray  or  whitish,  in  one  case  to  dark 
liutr.  tjio  side  stripe  to  piid<,  and  on  last  segment  to  pure  white  ;  the  beads  from 
III!  to  blue;  the  head  became  a  dark  dral).  The  larva  at  maturity  was  1.2 
ini  lies  long.  (Fig.y".)  Nine  days  after  fifth  moult  it  began  to  spin  a  button  of 
white  silk  on  the  under  side  of  a  willow  branch,  and  thirty-six  lioiu's  later  be- 
came chrysalis. 

('11KV.SALI8.  —  Length  .9  inch;   sub-cylindrical,  the  abdomen  somewhat  com 
liii^sed  laterally,  and   terminating  rather  aliruptly  ;  the  eilges  of  the  wing-ca.ses 
thi(nigliout  very  prominent  and  turned  up,  the  middle  area  incurved;  iiead-case 
long,  narrow,  and  tapering,  truncated,  the  vertices  ending  in  two  wavy  ridges,  the 


LIMENITIS  I. 

shorter  of  which  is  perpendicuhir  to  the  other ;  the  inesonotum  moderately  ])roiii- 
inent,  with  a  slight,  blunt  carinntion  at  Huminit,  and  a  small  conical  tul)erclo  on 
cither  side ;  on  the  middle  of  dorsum  is  a  prominent,  rounded,  thin-edyed  appen- 
dage, corrugated,  especially  at  base  ;  color  of  wing-cases  and  anterior  parts  silvi'iy- 
gray,  the  former  tinged  with  lirown,  or  pale  black  along  their  hind  margins; 
there  is  some  variation  in  the  color  of  the  wing-cases,  from  a  lighter  to  darker 
shade,  and  the  posterior  part  of  the  head-case  is  somewhat  iridescent ;  dorsal  side 
of  abdomen  yellow-white,  towards  extremity  gray ;  on  the  ventral  side  alninst 
wholly  gray  and  brown  ;  the  dorsal  appendage  dark  smoky-l)rown  ;  at  base  of 
this  is  a  dark  brown  demi-band,  crossing  three  segments;  the  surface  of  the  seg- 
ment next  before  and  next  after  the  api)ondage,  as  well  as  !)efween  it  and  tlio 
wing-cases,  silvery  and  corrugated,  (Figs.  </,  g'^.)  Duration  of  this  stage  nine  to 
ten  davs. 


This  species,  mostly  in  the  form  Lamina,  inhabits  the  northern  parts  of  the 
continent,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  as  far  to  the  southward  as  tlic 
Floosac  ^^ountains  of  western  Massachusetts,  the  Catskills  of  New  York,  soiitli- 
ern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ;  to  the  eastward,  as  far  at  least  as  the  St.  Law- 
rence ;  also  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland.  The  form  Proserpina  is  limited  to 
special  localities  or  districts  in  the  southern  area  of  the  species.  In  the  Cats- 
kills  the  two  are  always  found  associating  together,  but  the  black  is  much  less 
numerous  than  the  other,  the  proportion  apparently  being  about  as  one  to  ten. 
Mr.  Mead,  writing  of  his  experience  in  these  mountains,  says:  "  When  I  collected 
every  Proserpina  I  could  find,  I  took  110.  Of  Arthemis  1  actually  did  take 
about  200,  and  could  have  taken  a  thousand  without  any  difficulty."  My  own 
collecting  there  during  several  seasons  .shows  sub.stantially  the  same  results.  l!nt 
in  the  Adirondacks  of  northern  New  York,  where  Arthemis  abounds,  Mr.  W.  \V. 
Hill,  in  four  .seasons  collecting,  has  .seen  no  example  o( Proserpina.  So  Mr.  A. 
E.  Gracf  states  that  he  found  Arthemis  abundant  in  the  Adirondacks,  but  saw  no 
Proserjnna. 

Professor  S.  H.  Peabody  writes  that  he  collected  in  the  Hoosac  Mountains  the 
last  week  of  June,  1873,  and  Arthemis  was  abundant.  In  1875,  was  in  V^erniont 
the  middle  of  July,  and  walked  up  the  western  .slope  of  Mt.  Mansfield,  the  hi^rliest 
of  the  Green  Mountain  range.  He  found  Arthemis  plenty,  but  neither  there  nor 
in  Massachusetts  has  he  seen  Proserpina,  and  does  not  know  of  the  latter  havin;^ 
ever  been  taken  in  Vermont.  Mr.  C.  H.  Roberts,  of  Factory  Point,  southern 
Vermont,  says  "Arthemis  is  found  abundantly  in  this  region,  and  I  have  taken 
it  in  several  counties  of  this  State.     I  have  collected  for  seven  years,  and  have 


LIMENITIS  I. 


not  .seen  tlio  Proserpina  form.     I  hiive  twice  bred  Arlhenm  from  the  egg,  with 
iho  ro.xiilt  fiffy-iiine  Arlhemis,  but  no  Proserpina." 

Mr.  Sciidder,  in  Geological  Report  of  New  Ilainpshiro,  cle.scriben  Arthemis  as 
Iriiig  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  White  Mountains,  as  well  as  in  northern  New 
iiiigland  generally,  and  states  that  its  southern  limits  nearly  coincide  with  the 
iiiiithern  limits  of  Ursula  {Astynnnx) ;  also  that  it  has  not  been  taken  south  of 
iMiissachu.sett.s,  and  but  rarely  in  that  State.  Nothing  is  said  of  Proserpina  in 
llii-i  report,  showing  that  the  presence  of  this  form  in  the  State  was  unknown  to 
tlir  author.  Mr.  Morrison,  who  collected  butterflies  in  the  White  Mountains  in 
ls75.  did  not  meet  with  Proserjuna. 

Mr.  C.  P.  Whitney,  of  Milford,  .southern  New  Hampshire,  says  that  Arthemis 
is  rare  in  his  district,  and  further  :  "What  1  have  called  Proxerpina,  that  is,  with 
it  white  band  across  the  fore  wings,  or  traces  of  it,  is  fully  as  abundant  here  as 
I'rsuhi.  which  last  varies  much  from  examples  of  UrmJa  found  further  .south. 
1  Mill  sure  that  my  Proserpina  are  a  variety  of  Ursula  —  a  northern  form.  A 
Irw  weeks  ago  I  received  a  letter  from  a  friend  saying  he  had  seen  an  Arthemit 
niiscd  from  a  brood  of  Ursula."  With  this  letter  Mr.  Whitney  sent  me  ScJlP 
liikcn  at  Milford.  One  of  those  males  shows  a  l)road  white  band  acro.ss  pri- 
iiiMiics  below,  and  a  macular  stripe  across  same  wings  Ml)ove  ;  no  white  on  eitiier 
side  of  secondaries.  Another  shows  a  cluster  of  whiti.sh  scales  in  each  interspace 
(|nit(>  across  primaries  below,  and  a  clear  white  spot  at  costal  margin  of  second- 
iiiics ;  but  beyond  this  the«'e  is  no  trace  of  a  band  on  secondaries,  or  on  upper 
side  of  either  wing.  The  female  also  has  a  slight  band  on  under  side  of  primaries, 
mill  faint  traces  on  upper  side  ;  but  no  white  on  secondaries.  Three  other  males 
liiivc  very  slight  traces  of  the  band  on  under  side  of  primaries,  restricted  to  small 
clusters  of  scales  in  the  two  or  three  posterior  interspaces.  The  romaiuing  ex- 
iunples  have  nothing  of  this.  The  first  three  spoken  of  I  have  no  doubt  are 
line  Proseriyina,  and  probably  all  the  others  are,  though  they  cannot  be  distiu- 
friiislied  from  .some  examples  of  Urmhi  taken  in  certain  districts  where  Arlhemin 
is  never  known  to  fly.  All  these  Milford  examples,  and  all  from  the  Catskills 
\\\\'\v\\  I  have  ever  examined,  have  this  common  peculiarity,  that  the  general 
t"iili)iution  of  the  under  surface  is  similar  to  that  of  Arthemis,  varying  as  this 
viiiics  from  cinnamon  or  ferruginou.s-red  to  chocolate-brown,  exhibiting  many 
sIkhIcs  of  color.  Now  in  Ursula  from  the  districts  in  which  Arthemis  is  unknown 
tliiic  is  almost  always  a  flush  of  blue-black  or  of  green  over  a  dark  brown 
ground,  though  occasionally  an  example  is  ferruginous  or  light  brown,  just  as 
some  Arthemis  are.  On  tlie  other  hand,  now  and  then  an  example  of  Proser- 
ji'nin  from  tl»e  Catskills  has  a  flu.sh  of  blue-black.  I  have  in  my  cabinet  such  a 
Proserpina  placed  side  by  side  with  an  Ursula  taken  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  in 


limf:nitis  I. 


wliicli  last  the  hluo  lliisli  is  iiiucli  k'ss  tliiui  iisu.il  in  rxaiiiplos  here,  and  tlu'  two  jiro 
searci'Iy  if  at  all  (]istiiiguisliai)i(3  from  each  other.  TluMvibrc  1  cannot  say  tiiat 
all  thc'so  iMIIford  examples  are  not  Proserpina;  and  indeed  I  do  not  know  where 
Proscr/ihui  emls  and  Urxuhi  liei^'ins,  tlioiij^'li  a  typieal  example  of  eaeh  is  distinct 
enough.  Mr.  Sendder,  in  the  re|)ort  i)el'ore  cited,  speaking  of  Ursn/(i{Anfi/(niiu], 
says:  "It  is  tolerahly  abundant  in  the  southern  parts  of  New  Kngland,  and 
oeciins  about  as  far  north  as  the  arninal  isotherm  of  15',  the  northernmost  points 
recorded  being  l)id)lin  and  Milforil,  N.  II." 

Art/'vniis  must  rarely  cross  the  soutliern  line  of  New  Ilanip.sliire,  or  of  Ver- 
mont except  at  the  lloosac  Mountains,  which  are  a  continuaticm  of  the  (Jreen 
Mountains.  Dr.  Harris  states  that  it  is  rare  in  Massachusetts;  and  Prof  H.  W. 
Parker,  of  Andierst,  writes  that  he  has  never  seen  it  in  his  district,  or  on  Mounts 
Tom  and  Ilolyoke,  or  on  the  iiills  al)out  (Jhester. 

Mr.  Anson  Allen,  of  Orono,  central  Maine,  .says,  ^'  Arthemis  i.s  common  here, 
l)ut  I  have  never  known  of  Proaerplna  being  taken.  UrmUi  \n  not  found 
liere. 

Mr.  II.  II.  Lyman,  Can.  Ent.,  V'l.,  p.  38,  speaks  of  Ursula  {EphcHtlon)  ns  hav- 
ing b(!en  taken  at  Portland,  Me. ;  but  I  learn  from  him  that  he  is  now  .sutislied 
that  the  butterllies  wore  Proxerplna. 

To  the  eastward,  Proser/iiiiu  is  recorded  l)y  Rev.  C.  J.  S.  Bethune,  Can.  Ent., 
II..  p.  5o,  as  having  been  taken  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Mr.  Kobert  Hiniker,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  .says  that  Proserpina  ha,s  not  been 
taken  in  that  part  of  the  State,  so  far  as  he  knows,  but  that  Arthemis  is  tid<(n 
about  Rochester  every  summer.     Also  that  Ursula  is  not  common. 

At  Albany,  N.  Y.,  wliich  is  nearly  in  the  latitude  of  the  .southern  line  of  Ver- 
mont and  New  IIamp.«liire,  and  is  half  a  degree  north  of  the  Cat,skills,  and  not 
more  than  thirty  mile.s  from  them,  Arlhemix  is  usually  rare,  but  in  some  sea- 
.sons  has  appeared  in  consideral)le  nmnbers,  accoiding  to  Mr.  Lintner.  lie  has 
sent  me  two  males  of  undoubted  Proserpina,  with  traces  of  the  band  on  both  sur- 
faces, and  another  like  these,  but  with  no  trace.  As  these  graded  from  Proser- 
pina to  what  seemed  to  be  Ursula,  Mr.  Lintner  was  led  to  the  same  comilusloii 
that  other  observers  had  reached,  that  Ursula  orginated  with  Arthemis,  through 
Proserpina.  This  apparent  Ursula  is  preci.sely  like  the  unhanded  examples 
from  Millbrd,  with  the  coloration  of  under  surface  as  in  Proserpina. 

Mr.  Robert  M.  Grey,  residing  at  Kenwood,  near  Albany,  writes  that  he  liiis 
taken  examples  of  Proserpina  three  miles  below  Albany  in  company  with  i'r- 
■mla.  Anil  of  three  males  sent  me  by  Mr.  Grey,  one  was  somewhat  bamled. 
while  the  other  two  showed  no  trace  of  the  band,  and  were  of  same  type  ns  the 
supposed  Ursula  of  Mr.  Lintner.    Mr.  Grey  states  further  that  he  has  taken  Proser- 


IJMKNITIS  I. 

j,',i)ii  in  tlio  Ilt'Mc'herjf  MoimtiiiiiH.  (irtccii  miU's  Imck  dl"  Alhiiny,  in  coinpanv  with 
Arlluiim.  An  rxainple  Hcnt  from  that  locality  was  I'roserjiina,  slightly  handt'fl. 
A  liflli  mail',  laki  n  livi-  miles  hai-k  of  Aiiiany,  in  "  company  with  Art/iiinis  ami 
I  isidii."  as  Mr.  (livy  states,  also  showed  traces  of  the  hand,  it  is  evident  in  all 
these  cases  that  what  has  passed  as  llrmihi  is  oidy  distin-juished  IVoni  I'roscif.ina 
li\  the  ahsencc  of  tho  hand.  Hoth  these  types  in  districts  inlialiiled  l>v  Arlliv- 
mis  proi)alily  come  (Vom  the  same  hrood  of  larva'.  With  the  examples  sent 
li\  Mr.  Grey  was  a  very  interestinj^  one  of  J)ixip/iHs,  consi(|erai)!y  melani/ed,  so 
tlinl  there  was  snITicient  a|)j)roa<;h  to  the  hiack  species  to  sngj^est  hyl)ridisni  he- 
lui'cn  the  two. 

Mr.  Adidpli  Coinadi.  of  IJetldehem,  I'enn.,  writes:  ''  Avlhonh  is  connnon  in 
Mdinoe  and  I'ike  counties,  northeastern  Pennsylvania,  in  the  pine  swamps.  /'/•',»- 
rr/iiiin  1  have  never  taken  myself,  but  a  friend  took  one  in  Monroe  County  last 
sanimer.  This  had  the  white  hand  on  primaries  entirely  wantinj^.  whereas  on 
secondaries  it  was  fully  developed,  i  have  heen  a  collector  of  l<  pidoptera  for 
till'  last  eighteen  years  and  have  taken  Ui'»ul<i  in  at  least  twenty  counties  of  this 
Sliite.  hnt  1  hav<'  never  taken  one  which  varies  from  the  ordinary  type." 

(ioinj^  westward,  Dr.  \\.  M.  W.  (Jihbs,  of  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  writes  that  Ar- 
lli(  iiilii  is  not  a  connnon  species.  That  /'ro-'  rjiina  has  heen  taken  in  Wexford 
Ciiunty  in  the  northwest  (lat.  44  ). 

I'rof  A.  J.  Cook,  of  Liinsinjf,  says  that  Arl/icini-s  is  fouml  in  the  very  north 
of  liie  kState,  hut  is  rare,  so  much  so  that  no  examples  of  it  arc  in  tlu'  cabinet 
(if  the  A};riculturid  College.  I'rvsirpliin  is  found  in  the  middle  counties,  and 
Irsii/ii  in  the  south. 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Worthington.  of  Chicago,  has  collected  exten.sivcly  for  .several 
vciiis  in  n.)rtliern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  hut  has  not  met  Arlltdiils  or  I'roserpliKi, 
tliiiMuii  I'l'siilu  is  fre(|uently  seen. 

Dr.  J.  P.  Iloy,  of  Racine,  Wis.,  writes  that  Arthrmix  was  formerly  (piite  com- 
iiioM  in  his  neighborhood,  hnt  of  liite  yetirs  has  become  very  rare,  ami  that 
I'rosi  rpiitfi  in  certain  localities  wtis  numerous  ;  and  he  sent  mi'  a  well-marked 
cNiunplc  of  the  latter  form,  mule. 

Ilcv.  .1.  I).  Ilidst  collected  in  Miinie.sota.  near  St.  Cloud,  and  at  Dulutli  and 
Siiiilt  St.  Marie:   found  Arfln'vi'iH  everywhere,  but  saw  no  I'rosirjii/in- 

.\s  to  the  northern  limits  of  PruHcrpiiKi :  Mr.  Win.  Urodie,  of  'I'oronto,  writes 
lli;it  his  experience  is  based  on  acquaintance  of  thirty  years  with  Arthcmix, 
i!in-ily  in  the  central  parts  of  County  of  York,  about  thirty  miles  north  of  To- 
I'liiito.  Arthemis  was  very  abundant,  but  he  never  saw  a  Canadian  speciuun  of 
l'r".ii'rplna. 
On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  W.  Murray,  of  Hamilton,  Ontario,  says:   "For  the 


LIMKNITIS  I. 


liiHt  Hcvfti  orcijflit  yonrs  1  liavo  I'oimd  I^ronrrptnn  in  compiiiiy  with  Arlhcmin,  Imt 
they  lire  ncvor  |>l('nly.  Four  ycarH  n;^o,  2(1  July,  I  trit-d  Hugaiiuj^  in  the  dnv- 
time,  and  among  tlic  innocts  wliicli  caiiu'  to  tlio  HUgar  were  four  ArtfirniiH  .mil 
one  I'ronerpinn.  On  the  tn-t'  oni>  of  (he  Arlhcmia  was  trying  to  mate  with  the 
/'roscrjjiiKi,  wlu'ii  1  disturbed  tlicin."  Hamilton  Ih  about  fifty  mili-s  to  tlic  soutli 
of  Toronto,  an<l  lu-arly  in  line  with  th;'  :-i<»iith('rn  lioundury  of  Vermont.  So  in 
Can.  Knt.,  IX.,  ji.  140,  Mr.  Mofliit  wtate.s  that  Proserpina  has  been  taken  iiiar 
Hamilton  occasionally,  and  always  in  company  with  Artheniis. 

In  (,'an.  Knt.,  VII.,  p.  2(iH,  in  a  list  of  biittorllies  taken  at  Ciodbout  Hiver,  mi 
tlie  north  side  of  the  lower  St.  I^wrcnce,  in  the  Hcasons  1873  and  1874,  in  wiiicli 
ArthemiH  is  included,  and  said  to  be  common,  but  neither  Vroserpina  nor  Ursula 
are  mentioned. 

1  formerly  received  a  large  invoice  of  buttcrfliea  collected  by  Mrs.  Christina 
Ross,  at  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie's  River,  nnd  among  them  were  many  Arlhrriiis, 
but  no  I'roHerpind.  \\\\\  to  the  west  of  Fort  Simpson,  Mr.  Dall  did  not  find  the 
species  on  the  Yukon  Hiver.  Nor  <lid  Mr.  (Jrotch  meet  with  it  in  British  Coliiia- 
bia.  1  have  never  .seen  an  example  taken  in  the  Rocky  Moinitains,  and  I  tiiiiik 
the  statement  of  Mr.  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.,  Phil.,  VI.,  p.  143,  that  Arllumin 
has  been  taken  in  Colorado,  must  be  erroneous. 

The  wesl(  rn  limit  of  the  species  seems  to  bo  to  the  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tjiins,  and  tlu?  southern  coincides  nearly  with  latitude  43',  but  where  high  moun- 
tains cross  that  line  the  limit  lies  u  degree  or  two  farther  .south.  ProKerphxi 
appears  in  certain  localities  along  the  southern  area  between  latitude  44'  iiixi 
43',  nnd  in  the  Catskills,  42^ 

The  southern  limit  of  Proserpina  coincides  with  the  northern  limit  of  Urxnlit, 
and  in  sonu-  regions,  as  in  Michigan,  proi)aldy  overlaps.  And  wherever  Prosc/y/'/w 
appears  there  are  found  individuals  banded  almost  as  conspicuously  as  Ar//i< iniH, 
and  from  tJu'se  there  is  a  regular  gradation  to  what  has  been  con.sidered  a  north- 
ern form  of  Urxula,  showing  no  itand  or  traces  of  one,  and  these  last,  as  wc  go 
south,  grade  into  the  typical  Ursula.  Below  the  line  of  Arthemis  there  is  a  belt 
of  .several  degrees  of  latitude  in  which  many  Urmia  clo.scly  resemble  Proseipinn, 
with  the  exception  of  the  band.  In  other  words,  the  northern  form  of  Ursula 
lives  throughout  this  broad  belt,  side  by  side  with  the  southern  form.  The  fonrier 
are  blacker  on  upper  side,  the  latter  are  sufTused  with  blue  or  green,  and  llie 
lustrou.s  area  is  not  confined  to  the  margins  of  .secondaries,  but  often  runs  (|iiiLe 
t«  the  base.  The  former  have  the  under  surface  either  dark  or  light  brown,  .iin- 
ning  into  ferruginous,  and  the  apex  of  primnrie.<«  is  of  the  same  hue  with  serdiid- 
aries.  In  the  latter  a  blue  or  green  sheen  hides  the  ground  of  secondaries,  mid 
the  apex  is  of  a  light  shade  of  brown,  and  often  more  or  less  sufTu.sed  with  a 


LIMKNITIS  I. 

Iiiiiiry  whito;  iind  not  unlViMiiuMitly  in  tliis  licit  iirc  taken  in<liviilu(ilH  wlii<li  liiivo 
iiMCi's  more  or  U'sm  distinot  oC  a  wliiti.sli  liiintl  lU'io.xs  out*  or  liotli  winj^s.  I  Imvo 
tHciiHioniilly  taken  Huch  ('xain|)lt'M  at  Coalhurjrli,  lat.  ;>H'  20'.  Dr.  John  Hamilton, 
di'  Allt'K'"'"y,  l*cnn.,  lat.  40'  ,'50',  writes:  "Dnrinj,'  Heveii  year.s  1  have  never 
f<(in  Arlhcmh  in  this  Comity,  and  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  which  was  ciip- 
tiircd  in  tliis  Slat(^  Ursula  is  conunon.  Many  of  (iiom,  especially  of  the  females, 
li;ive  the  white  hand  on  hoth  sides  of  the  win;,'."  Dr.  Hamilton  went  me  a  pair, 
lidtli  of  which  show  this  hand,  the  female  on  both  sides,  the  male  on  imder  side 
(iiily. 

I  may  mention  hero  that  the  female  fij^in-ed  n.s  Prostcrpbi'i  in  Volnme  1.  of  this 
work  is  nndonhtedly  a  handed  Urmia.  It  was  taken  in  the  mountains  of  I'enn- 
r^\  Ivania. 

I  received  from  Mr.  Worthinj^ton  2(?  2  9  Urmila,  taken  near  Chicaffo,  These 
were  of  large  size  and  of  the  .southern  type,  hut  one  male  and  om;  female  show 
tlir  l)an<l  very  plaiidy  on  the  under  side  of  primaries. 

Kxamples  of  Ui'HuIn  from  Arizona  did'er  more  from  those  of  West  Virginia 
than  the  latter  from  Prosirpuia  of  the  Catskills.  There  is  a  constant  departure 
lioiii  the  northern  type  as  we  go  to  the  .south  and  southwest. 

I  liclieve,  therefore,  with  Messrs.  Whitney,  Lintncr,  firev,  and  others,  that  of 
tlicsc  forma,  Arlhemit  is  the  original;  that  it  lirst  gave  olf  I'roKcrpind  in  special 
loiidities  luid  under  some  inlluence,  perhaps  of  climate,  but  not  yet  determined, 
j\i<l  as  Papilio  7'«ntMS  gave  off  GhtucuH  ;  and  that  from  Proserpina  has  come 
rrmild,  which,  as  it  made  its  way  .south,  became  double-brooded,  and  has  more 
aipl  more  diverged  from  its  first  type. 

rnfortiinately  1  have  not  yet  been  able  to  breed  Ursula,  and  know  the  larva 
only  from  figures.  As  given  in  Abbot,  it  is  like  the  larva  of  PrDscr^nna  in  color. 
It  i-i  (piite  unlike  that  given  in  Boi.sduval  and  Leconte,  which  resembles  the  larva 
111'  /Jinlppus. 

Arlhemis  is  a  forest  .species,  and  may  be  .seen,  in  it.s  season,  either  singly  or  in 
groups,  along  the  roads  and  paths,  particularly  wherever  there  is  exciementi- 
lioiis  or  decaying  animal  matter.  When  alarmed,  it  darts  swiftly  away  and 
courses  up  and  down  the  path,  or  (lies  into  the  trees,  but  will  soon  return  to  its 
tii-t  resting-place.  It  flies  at  some  distance  from  the  forest  also,  and  visits  or- 
(li.iiils  for  the  rotten  apples,  and  farm-houses  for  the  chance  of  what  it  may  find 
to  its  liking.  Mr.  Scudder  tells  us  that  "  the  matrons  of  the  houses  in  the  valley 
ol  I'cabody  River,  N.  H.,  complain  of  these  in.sects  entering  their  kitchens  in 
^ucli  number  as  to  be  a  very  nuisance.  One  of  them  relates  how  she  has  taken 
nioie  than  fifty  on  the  inside  of  her  windows  on  a  single  morning.  Mr.  Hill  saw, 
on  one  occasion  in  the  Adirondack's,  a  log  closely  packed  with  Arlhemia  standing 


HUh'    llV   M<ll'. 


LIMKNITIS   I. 
'r';>-  iiirva'  li-fd  on  llu'   ii'iivcs  of  will 


o\v.  as 


pe 


n,  I 


)ass-\voo(l,  ami,  it 


is  .said,  on  ;Iioin.  In  llic  ("atskills,  the  i-gt^s  an  laid  the  last  davs  oi'Julv  or  emlv 
in  AiifTust,  on  vounjj;  tins,  and  hut  one  ejrj;  upon  one  loaf.  This  is  placed  niiu' 
the  tip  (  Kijr.  "),  and  the  newlv  liafchcd  larva  ciits  away  the  leal'ou  lioth  sidc-i  of 
the  niidrii).  When  at  rest,  it  is  to  l)e  found  on  the  stripped  portion  of  the  rib.  mikI 
is  easily  discovered  hy  this  habit.  When  two  larvtB  are  hatched  on  one  leaf.  n< 
iiapp"  IS  when  two  eggs  have  heen  laid  in  conlinenient,  Mr.  M"ad  has  ni/iiccil 
thai  one  (d'  them  occupies  the  niidrii),  while  the  other  rests  on  a  peich  con- 
striicti'd  by  itself  froiii  (he  side  ol'  the  leaf.  This  pi'reli,  he  says,  is  iicailv  a 
(piarler  of  an  inch  loiii;  and  aliout  one  lil'tietii  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  irregiilarlv 

i<l  small  bits  of  the  leaf,  fastened  together  iiml 


cvlindrical  and  comiiosi'd  of  fr 


iss  a 


eoveri'd  with 


^ilk 


Liincnitis  JJisijijiks  ha.s  in  all  respects  laival  habits  similar  to  Arlhoiiis.  .hhI 
.  1  have  often  watched  the  constrnetion  ol'  the  perch  in  that  speeies,  one  accoiint 


wil 


i|iply  to  both.  The  end  of  the  rib  is  no  sooner  laid  bare  than  it  is  conlcd 
and  wound  with  silk,  and  to  the  extremity  are  li.xi'd  grains  of  laival  e.xcreiiiciit. 
at.  first  but  two  or  three,  placed  one  after  the  other  in  line.  These  are  boimd 
togelher  and  to  the  lib,  and  being  small  as  grains  of  rille  powder,  they  liinn  ;i 
coiiliiiuatioii  of  about  the  same  diiiKMi>ions  as  (he  rest  of  the  perch,  and  secin 
elfectual  to  prewiit  eiirling  as  the  rib  dries  (  Fig.  h).     As  the  larva  grow-^.  tlic 


pr 


oeess  is  eontinuid   until   this  artificial  portion  will  measure  live  or  si.\  tenths 


of  ail  iiicl:.  and  makes  a  stout,  irri  gular  cylinder,  the  entire  pr-rch  reaching.'  aliout 
one  and  i  half  inches  |  Fig.  //).  It  is  constantly  strengthened  by  addition-:  of  silk, 
the  lai'  I  almost  iiivaiialdy.  as  it  ^oes  back  uiul  forth  from  its  feeiliii'.:'  groiiiiil. 
adding  ; breads  and   piitchiiig   the   weak    place 


On   tl 


I' 


'b    ih 


irva.  Ill  It- 


younger  stages,  that    is.  before   hybernation,  always   rests,  going   to  (he  leaf  lor 
food  at  short  intervals.      It  occupies  the  middle  of  the  perch  and  its  usii.il  alliiiide 


IS  a  (wist,  the  veil 


(ral  1 


egs   c'  isplll; 


lilt    the  anterior  half  of  the   bodv   is  bent 


down 


tl 


le 


ide    o*    and  somew  jiat   lllHlel' 


th 


1' 


•li.      If  two  larvii'  are  nfieeil 


on  llu 


th 


ailie 


K'af.  one  alwa\s  takes  posse-ision  of  the  extremity,  often  with  -oiiic' 


thing  of  a  contest  and  knocking  of  heads  together ;  but  the  other  will  pr 


e-eii 


llv 


found  on  one  edge,  excavating  on  either  side  ol  a  narrow  strip  which  is  to  dni 


'  Till'  li;iliil  (if  yiitliii'iiin  ill  iliii-i'  ii'dwiU  is  <  .niiiiinn  In  iimiiv  fprcii'!'  of  liulli'itlic*.  iiml,  «ii  far  n»  I  Iiii.pw. 


IH  r<il)filM-<l  .illllM-l   it'  It'll   will 


III  (III 


iiii-iitiiiiti'il  it  ill  iiiv 


lli.ln 


i.f    I', 


lint  nliiiiii  ilii' 


tiiMr  lliMl  MMii  I    iiiliil.  I  ii;i»  :i  va»llv  l;ir;ii'r  '.Mllici  in;;  nf  l':i|iiliiis  Tiiiinn,  7Viii/ii.«.  ami     l/Vn'.  |iriiiri|iiilli  "I  lliB 


lirsl  iif  llii'M',  lliiii    I   liinl  licvrilii'il.     I  was  ilriviiit:  iiliiiii.;  \\  cri'i'k  in  llii.<  iiii^lilniiliiioil,  'iil  .(inir.  I**i 


iinl 


imn: 


M'll  .\  tl.ii  I'lirk  liy  A<W  i<(  till 


vliirli 


mI  III! 


i.ivi-  'uTii  iiiiii-liMU'il  liv  ilii'  ilriii|iiii«ii  I'linii 


vir  it.  A  «|i;i(c  Tiiii  |i««  til. ill  ti.iir  fiil  si|ii!irr  wii>  iniwitiil  with  tin  'i'  l'.i|iiliii>.  .Vlli 
liiitlrrll\ .  wliirli  si'iiiii'il  Hni|ili'.  tliirr  win-  ii|iwarili  uf  '.'..liid  in  tliiit  tu.-.f*.  In  ciniiBi'  i 
law  biuiilar  ^utlicrinijs  uf  frmii  m'ui'vs  iu  hiiiniriMls  uf  iniliviiliiiiU. 


win^  inic  ii  i' 


ll  tiM 

lil.'.'  .I- 


I.IMKNITIS  I. 


-litiitc  the  lifisi'  of  tilt"  pcrcli.     This   is   Ijoinid   and  h'tigtlu'tii'd  witli   IVass  and 
Mivcs  I'very  pnrposi'. 

Mdtli  tln'st-  s|»i'ci('s  of  larvii'  have  .\  liahit  (if  accuninlatinjf  little  scraps  of  leaf 
ii  the  Imsf  and  under  sidi'  ol'  the  jiereh  till  (piile  a  |)iU!kel  is  fornied.  and   this  is 

Killed  haek  aH  the  snhstance  of  the  leaf  is  eaten  so  as  to  lie  clew  to  ll iit  edi.'e 

i.r  t!ie  leaf.  This  edge,  in  willow,  is  kept  neaily  s(|nare.  a  section  lii'iiig  eaten 
liom  one  hilie  and  then  a  coi-responding  one  from  the  other.  In  liegiiniing  on  a 
lii'-h  .-e<'tion,  the  larva  lies  diagi  :ill\  across  one  corner,  the  anal  legs  clasping 
the  liiise  of  the  perch,  and  its  In  id  will  strike  the  side  of  the  leaf  aliout  two 
I.  iiihs  inch  aliove  the  corner.  It  .'ats  a  ciinal  nearly  perpemlicnlar  to  the  side 
;iiid  towards  the  niidrih  ;  not  all  at  oik'c.  Ii\  any  means,  for  this  is  the  result  of 
.-iveral  nu'als.  in  tin-  intervals  alwiiys  retiuuing  to  the  perch.  When  the  rili  is 
icmcIk'iI,  the  firva  then  licgins  to  W-nl  on  the  lower  side  of  the  canal  ne\i  j|ic 
iil>.  an<l  to  keep  the  slender  and  unsteady  hit  of  leaf  in  position  it  spins  guys 
fiom  the  t'ud  and  edge  to  the  solid  leaf  opposite  an<l  to  the  rili.  .\s  the  feeding 
proceeds  and  a  consideralile  triangle  is  held  only  liv  a  nai'row  strip,  whiidi  <liinin- 
i-lies  at  each  moulhtul.  more  guys  are  put  out.  and.  at  last,  when  the  triangle 
lalls,  it  is  held  liy  the  threaiU  and  swings  to  the  liasc  of  the  perch.  !•'  not.  it  is 
.>-()on  lirouglit  there  hy  fi.ving  one  thread  after  another  from  it  to  the  rili  and  leaf 
nil  it  if  pullt'd  to  its  ])lace.  Ili're  it  is  liound  loos(dy.  .\s  other  hits  are  added, 
ilici'e  ('(lines  to  lie  an  open  packet,  held  togellicr  liy  siniple  thrciid-.  and  of  alioul 
(iiie  tealh  incli  diameter.  Ii\  the  two  \ounjicr  singes  this  is  move(l  along  as  the 
l;u\;i  feeds,  and  is  always  kejil  clo^e  to  lln-  leaf.  |iarlly  hy  |iu.^liiiig.  what  is  gained 
iit  each  eHlirt  heing  secured  li\  threads,  or  it  is  rolled  hy  uttaching  sueceKsive 
iliicads  from  the  farther  side  to  the  leaf  and  rili  till  the  mass  is  turne(|  over. 
After  the  st'cond  stage  the  packet  i>  left  iiehind.  and  no  additions  are  made  to  it 
I  Klg.  /().  1  was  at  lirst  pu/./le(l  IomccouiiI  fur  lhi>-  conslructiMi;  :  hut  h.ippeiiiiig  to 
»ce  line  of  the  caterpillars  liack  down  'he  perch  and  drop  it.-  c.vcrcinenl  directly 
iMio  the  packet,  it  occinred  to  me  that  really  this  was  the  magazine  whence  the 
l.oxi  drew  its  materials  for  lentflheniug  the  perch  On  pidling  some  of  the  pack- 
et- iipart  a  few  grains  were  always  found  in  them.  Thi<  I  lielieve  to  lie  the  ii-e 
<>l  the  packets,  and  without  .some  contrivance  to  catch  the  frass.  it  is  diDicnlt  to 
-'<■  Im'W  the  larva  olitains  the  n  a'erials  it  uses.  Apiiarenlly  it  drops  just  aliout 
eiHMigli  into  the  jiacket  lor  the  oliject  in  view,  tor  it  is  certain  that  the  grains  art* 
ii-ii;illy  expelled  wherever  the  larva  happens  to  he.  and  lldl  to  the  irround.  .\fter 
ill"  .'lid  of  the  perch  is  sulHcieiitly  strengthened  and  there  i-*  im  further  lU'ed  of 
tl.i   LM'aiiis,  tile  packet  is  dropped  hehind  and  iiegli'cted. 

ri.e  larvii-  of  Arllii  mis  hatch  in  from  t^i'ww  to  i,im'  days,  nndetgo  two  moult.-. 
mil  c  (instruct,  eiicli  tor  it.self  eiu«.'n  or  hyljoruueulii  of  k'livt'H  in  which  to  pass  the 


LIMENITIS  I. 


winter.  Ah  the  woatliiT  in  s])riiig,bec(iinfs  settled  and  warm,  they  emerge  from 
tiieii  eases,  I'eetl  ii  lew  days  sparingly,  iuid  pass  the  third  moult,  soon  to  be  fol- 
lowed Ity  the  fourth  and  last,  and  must  change  to  chrysalids  from  Ist  to  15lli 
June. 

The  Ibrni  Proserpimt  was  hy  many  lepidoptcrists  considered  to  be  a  variation 
of  Ursula;  by  others  as  a  ])robable  hybrid  between  that  species  a.n([  Artheinii^ ; 
and  others,  again,  suspected  diniorpliism  with  Arthernis.  To  settle  the  point,  Mr. 
Mead  made  efforts  to  l)roed  from  the  eggs  of  both  forms  in  1875,  and  in  t'liii 
P/Ut.,  \'1I.,  p.  1(12,  relates  the  history  of  the  experiment  as  follows  :  "  In  obtaiiiiiif,' 
eggs  of  Arthi'inix,  1  have  been  very  successfid,  partly,  1  think,  on  accoimt  of  a 
method  of  keeping  the  |)arent  in  good  lieaith  and  si)irits,  devised  some  years 
ago,  and  which  has  given  very  satisfactory  results.  A  notch  is  cut  in  the  side 
of  an  empty  wooden  in)X,  tlirougli  which  a  branch  of  willow  may  be  passed, 
care  being  taken  to  select  a  leafy  spray  so  as  to  partially  fdl  the  box  with  loli- 
age.  It  is  then  covered  with  gauze  tacked  fast  on  one  side  and  part  way  mi 
the  ailjoiiung  sides,  that  on  the  fourth  being  held  down  by  a  piece  of  wood 
lastened  to  the  renuiining  flap  of  gau/.e.  This  renders  easy  the  exanunatioii 
of  the  contents  ut  any  time.  A  saucer  of  raw  dried  «pple,  sugared,  and  partly 
filled  with  water,  is  put  in.  and  the  cage  is  conijdete.  Butterflies  like  ,1/- 
t/icunn  will  live  in  such  a  vivarium  for  two  weeks  and  more  aftci*  their  capture, 
and  appear  to  enjoy  the  food  provided  for  them  immensely,  layi.'g  many  m<)r(( 
eggs  than  if  inclosed  in  a  bag  and  allowed  to  perish  of  hunger  and  thirst.  .^Iy 
fifh'cii  lemales  iA'  Arthtvils  have  laid  a  very  large  nund)er  of  eggs,  probably  over 
live  hiuidreil.  They  at  first  observe  i\n'  usual  custom  of  depositing  the  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  leaves,  but  become  reckle.-ss  after  a  while  and  lay  them  anywhere. 
I  counted  considerably  over  a  hundred  u|)on  the  cloth  covering  the  box.  A  d'- 
niale  of  I'roxerplna  has  also  laid  thirty-one  eggs."  This  was  last  of  July,  itl. 
Iluuler,  in  tlic  (^itskills.  The  larvm  from  these  eggs  in  large  numbers  lived  t(/ 
nuike  their  cases,  and  part  were  brought  by  mo  to  Coalburgh,  while  Mr.  Mt  miI 
retained  part  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  All  the.se  werv!  found  to  be  dead  in  the  s|)riiig, 
from  our  not  understanding  the  conditions  necessary  for  pres(Mving  them.  Hiii  a 
few  of  the  Arllii'iniH  larva)  had  been  allowed  to  feed  on  the  leaves  of  a  small  wil- 
low, in  New  York  city,  and  to  make  their  cases  on  it,  and  three  or  four  were  alive 
These  all  jjmdured  Arl/ictniii,  and  we  therefore  knew  no  more  of  the  relation-^liip 
of  I'rosirpiiia  tliaii  before. 

In  August,  18711,  I  went  to  the  Catskills  too  late  by  nearly  a  month  for  tin- 
Huason  of  these  butterflies.  Hut  a  few  individuals,  mostly  females,  were  still  Hy- 
ing, and  I  took  some  of  each  form  and  treated  as  directed  by  Mr.  Mead.  All  r<! 
fused  to  lay  except  one  I'ruserjjina,  which  deposited  eleven  eggs.     The  eflecl  (il 


LIMKMTIS  I. 


I  he  feeding  on  sugar  wiitcr  was  to  make  the  bodies  enormously  fat,  so  tliat  tliey 
^welled  out  like  the  bodies  of  wasps  and  the  insect  coidd  scarcely  move  about, 
iind  in  a  few  days  died.  Probably  tiiis  excess  of  fat  hindered  the  hiying  of  eggs, 
lor  there  always  were  found  to  be  a  few  mature  eggs  in  the  ovaries.  These  egi's 
kA'  ProHirpina  iiatched,  beginnitig  on  the  ninth  day,  and  the  larvic  fed  well.  Hut 
before  they  had  reached  the  hybernating  stage,  I  had  to  guard  tiiem  in  a  warm 
room,  and  to  keep  branches  of  aspen  and  willow  in  water  to  supply  them  with 
lood.  Out  of  doors  tlie  leaves  were  falling,  the  frosts  becoming  severe,  and  it 
was  certain  that  not  one  of  these  larva>  or  of  any  larva*,  then  feeding  naturally, 
ciiuld  have  reached  the  hybernating  stage.  The  existence  of  the  species  is  in  faot 
due  to  the  development  of  the  eggs  laid  in  July  and  early  in  August.  The  larvae 
hatched  lOth  to  \'1\\\  .Septeud)er.  began  to  pass  their 
fust  moult,  ISth,  and  second  on  21th.  Nine  lived 
through  the  second  moidt.  On  27th,  the  first  one  hud 
(iHupleted  and  taken  possession  of  its  case.'  The  eggs 
liiil  been  laid  on  willow,  but  after  second  moult  I  trans- 
Icn-ed  the  larviK  to  aspen,  which  they  readily  took  to. 
\  1  ry  soon  aft«'r  the  transfer  some  of  them  began  to  cut 
dill  the  ii.itterns  of  the  cases.  First  eating  a  narrow 
ciiiial  for  one  (piarler  inch,  the  width  of  the  head,  ob- 
hipiely  outward  from  tlie  stem  at  base,  a  ;  next  a  canal  of 
same  length  on  the  side  of  th<!  leaf,  about  three  fifths  the 
distauce  to  the  ape.v.  perpeiidicular  to  the  edge,  />,  then 
li. ruing  this  at  a  right  angle  in  the  direction  of  the  first  canal  and  cutting  for  a 
hith-  distance;  then  crossing  to  the  other  half  of  the  leaf  and  cutting  similar 
iMiiaN;  after  which  the  extretnity  of  the  leaf  was  cut  otT  by  an  incision  from  tbr 
ImiiiI  in  the  .second  canal  directed  ol)liquely  forwanl  to  the  midrib,  first  on  one 
^idc  then  on  the  other,  c  ;  next  the  first  and  se(V)nd  canals  on  one  side  were  joined, 
(/.  then  on  the  other  side,  and  there  remaiiied  of  the  leaf  but  a  small  fiddle- 
sh;i|ic(l  piece,  lying  almost  e(|ually  on  either  .-'de  the  rilt.  Hefor*,'  and  iluring  the 
tiiiic  tbi.s  work  was  progressing,  the  larva  had  taken  intervals  of  rest  from  the  cut- 
tiiii.  and  had  occui)ied  itself  in  weaving  threads  from  the  branch  to  the  stem, 
iiii'l  along  the  npper  side  of  the  leaf,  tlius  coating  with  silk  what  was  to  be  the 
iniih'  of  liie  rase.  Finally,  l>eginning  at  the  ba.se,  it  drew  the  edges  partly 
III  (iber  for  a  little  distance,  leaving  an  o|)en  space  between  of  about  one  tenth 
iiti  h,  and  held  them  in  position  by  single  threads  ;  then  proceeded  to  weave  a 


'  I'lii'  larv,i!  of  Disippni.  ;it  rniilliiirali,  p.iiH  oillicr  two  or  lliret'  moiilli  before  liyln'rn»tinn,  litU  I  hiive 
lir'Mwii  ijf  only  two  moiiU"  in  tlii<i  KiiciicH  afti'r  hyl>ernation.  To  the  nortliwnnl  I  tliinic  it  posiiible  tliat  ilia 
(il!  inoiilta  arc  liiiiilvil  tu  tiro,  as  willi  Arthemia. 


LIMKNITIS  I. 


tliick  poniiaiicnt  covcriiijf  lo  tliis  irap;  which  dono,  it  wnrkod  back,  (Irawiiijr  (lie 
('(IfTos  as  hcloiv.  and  wcaviiijj.  till  at  k'lii^th  tlio  case  was  coiiipletc.  (Kif.'.  /.) 
As  it  s))iiii.  (lie  laiva  was  in  a  constant  state  of  anxiety  about  its  work,  ns  if  it 
foresaw  the  storms  of  rain  and  wind  it  innst  be  snbjecte<l  to  lor  many  lonj^  months, 
slint  in  this  slemler  house.  In  (dosin<r,  it  lies  uloiij^  the  miilrii»  inside,  its  anterior 
sejjrnu'Uts  e.\tendin<f  over  tlie  top.  and  it  moves  its  head  trom  side  to.!deweav 


iiii 


l(  ic 


a  concave  ediri-.  Jhit  it  often  reached  far  over  and  addeil  a  thread  here  and  tl 
where  the  woik  seemed  to  he  finished,  and  it  would  fre(|nently  leave  the  case  lo 
inspect  the  fastening's  al)out  the  iininch.  and  to  weave  additional  threads  there 
as  needed.     The  silk  is  passed  entirely  around  the  Itraneh.  and  binds  both  sides 


of  the  leaf-stem,      in   weavinj'   at    the   ease    the   larva 


won 


Id 


soon   become 


iiaustt'd.     I  timed  one  aetivelv  at  work   for  ten  minutes.  an<l  there  succeeded 


ex- 


ni 


tt'i'val    aliuut    as   lon<^    of  rest,    the    larva    Iviii;^    motionless    al 


out: 


til 


e  imilnl) 


When  at  last  the  case  is  finishe<l,  the  larva  enters,  and  rests  awhile,  but  presently 
coiuea  out,  runs  about  examinin>:;  the  stem  and  the  fastenings,  then  returns  — 
and  this  scrutiny  will  be  repeated  perhaps  thi'ce  or  lour  linu's.  Two  liuv;»» 
were  ke|)t   in  the  same  j^lass,  each  of  ,vhich  had  coiiii'icuced  a  case  and  partly 


inclosetl    it.   when   I    removed   one 


Th 


e  other  soon  began   to  anuise   itse 


iftiug  about,  trying  each  case  and  working  at  it.  and  liually  com])leted  and  (n 


eupied   that  which  it  had  not  he 


gun. 


Some  days  after  all  hail  ap])arently  retired 


for  the  siMson.  one  came  out  and  wamh-reil  uneasily  about,  but  a  few  hours  later 
was  found  lo  ha\c  returned  to  its  case  and  wa.s  seen  no  more. 

There  was  soiiu-  variation  in  the  mo(h'  of  cutting  the  pattern,  as  sometimes 
work  was  begun  on  the  sidi'  of  the  leaf  instead  of  at  the  base.  But  it  alwavh 
resulted  in  the  same  liildle-shaped  piece,  '{'he  cutting  was  (>vidently  fatiguing. 
IVom  the  inconvenient  position  of  body  rcfjuired.  the  head  and  anterior  .segments 
li;i\iiig  to  be  bent  sideways,  even  lo  a  right  angle  much  of  the  time,  and  tin- 
larva  freijiU'Utly  rested  ami  shifted  iis  place.  It  was  ncvi'r  found  on  the  wrmig 
side  of  the  out.  however,  oi'  in  danger  of  failing  with  the  rejected  portion  of  llic 
leaf.  Occasionally  alU-r  having  begmi  a  case  the  larva  would  ilesert  it  and  con- 
struct another.  The  larva-  finally  entered  tin-  cases  head  first,  their  bodies  eon- 
ti'acting  in  length  and  |iioportionaiely  thick<'uing  so  as  to  com|iletely  lil!  the 
upper  end  of  the  tul>e.  and  allow  nothing  to  be  visible  from  the  aperture.  \vliili' 
over  this  last  the  long  llap  of  the  leaf  soon  curved  snifieienlly  to  keep  out  waiei-. 

I'rob.iblv  in   natural  state   the  case  is  constriu;ted  from  llie  leaf  on  wliiih  Hm' 


caterpular  began  its  existence,  whether  wnlow  or  as|)en.      I  his  is  so  wi 


ith  iJl 


pt. 


'/'■ 
ts.     The  t'uds  of  the  leaves  ha , t'  been    ealen   awav  and   (-n!\  the  sides  need 


shaping.     Rut   if  the  residue  \<   insnilieieni.  or  for  any  reason  does  not  an<Nver 
the  purpose,  the  caterpillar  moves  to  another  leaf  and  beg-ns  cutting. 


LIMENITIS  I. 


In  relating  the  history  of  Melitnea  Phae/on,  1  have  .shown  how  caterpillars  work 
ill  community  for  protection  against  the  winter.  In  the  present  case'  we  see  the 
individual  taking  care  for  itself,  and  witii  what  forelhoiighf,  meclianieal  skill,  and 
|i;itionco  the  end  is  secured.  Some  caterpillars  rover  tlieinsi'lves  in  a  web,  or 
iiiml  two  leaves  together  loosely;  mere  conceal  tlicinselves  under  wood  and  stone, 
or  in  the  sod ;  but  here  is  one  wlio  has  t'lrned  tailor,  weaver,  and  house-builder, 
li  knows  just  what  sort  of  leaf  lo  choose  for  its  purpose,  takes  its  own  nu'asure- 
Micnt,  cuts  out  the  pattern  on  a  system  peculiar  liut  eOt'ctive,  sows  it  up.  and 
inserts  an  elastic  silk  baud  which  will  be  its  .security  when  the  drying  leaf  con- 
1 1  acts,  upholsters  the  interior,  binds  the  stem  of  the  leaf  firmly  to  the  branch, 
iiinl  takes  possession,  even  hf  ving  provided  against  the  ingress  of  water  by  a  flap 
t.|i;i|icd  when  the  pattern  was  cut  out.  One  caniuit  but  wonder  liow  sur-h  a  habit 
ori'^nnated  and  how  it  is  perpetuated.  Young  birds  are  supposed  to  make  obscr- 
viilions  on  the  nest  they  were  fledged  in,  and  so  prepare  themselves  to  build  a 
fiiiiiilar  one  when  the  proper  time  comes;  but  this  caterpillar  never  saw  anything 
like  its  winter  house,  and  the  butterfly  which  laid  the  egg  from  which  the  cater- 
piiliirs  came  knew  nothing  of  houses.  In  the  event  of  there  being  a  .summer 
as  well  as  a  fall  brood  of  one  of  these  case-making  species,  as  in  the  .southern 
Disippus  and  Ursula,  the  larvae  of  the  early  broods  need  no  shelter,  as  tliey 
liikc  no  rest,  but  proceed  through  all  the  larval  stages  to  maturity  and  to  chrys- 
alis, and  this  habit  of  hou.se-building  manifests  itself,  therefore,  oidy  in  the  alter- 
nate generations.  Nothing  in  the  life-history  of  :i  butterfly  seems  more  won- 
derful than  that  the  egg  should  invariably  be  laid  on  the  food  i)lant  proper  to 
its  caterpillar;  for  very  few  caterpillars  are  omnivorous,  but  lu'arly  all  will  feed 
(111  two  or  three,  and  often  on  one  species  only  of  plant,  and  if  they  do  not 
liiid  fli<>  righf  plant  they  die;  of  himger.  It  woulii  seem  as  if  the  butterfly  has 
a  reiiu'inbrance  of  her  former  caterpillar  state.  Now  she  is  as  (iifl'erent  as  pos- 
HJliie,  a  creature  of  the  sun  and  air,  eating  no  solid  food,  for  she  has  no  mouth, 
iml  lives  on  liquids  drawn  up  through  a  tube  ;  then  .«lie  was  a  crawling  worjn. 
and  voraciously  fed  on  leaves,  cutting  tliein  with  powerful  jaws.  And  between 
tlie-:i'  stages  there  has  inlerveru'd  anotlii'r  tiiat  wmdd  seem  to  have  divided  (hem 
e(iiM|i!etely,  certainly  to  have  extinguished  all  recollections  in  the  butterfly. 
And  yet  she  seeks  the  particular  plant  her  caterpillar  mu.st  feed  on.  and  finds  it.' 

'  At  Conlhiirgh  lh«  larviE  of  Pi.ii/ipiiit  fird  on  willow,  nnd  no  aspi'n  prowH  in  llii!<  p»rl  of  tlir  Sliili  i;,  tin 
ra(»kill«,  Initli  willow*  nnci  nopins  alKiiind,  nii<l  iIhto  lliii*  n|K'<i.(i  prefers  to  feeil  on  the  lHtt4'r.  1  luiv  mien 
foiiii  I  llieir  eases  on  yoiin'^  ii»|i(nii  late  in  the  full,  Imt  never  on  willow,  lliont>li  willow  woiil'l  lie  usiil  if  there 
W.11.  no  choice.  In  IHTB,  I  liroii({ht  several  small  as[«ns  to  Coalliiir^'li  and  planied,  and  since  that  lime  I  lind 
many  larvm  of  Omppuf  feedin;;  on  the  leaves;  hilt  on  the  willows  near  hy,  on  whiili  I  lia<i  heiMi  accnstoined 
to  linil  iheni,  I  rarely  havo  met  one.  Here  was  a  ease  when'  pcihaps  for  huiilieds  of  (iineiaiions  neither 
eai.rpillar  nor  hiUlerfty  eoiild  have  seiii  an  nspen,  'ml  tiie  moim-.it  one  was  proiliiced  the  liutterlly  knew  what 
W'   11  mil  the  caterpillar  best,  and  dosertcil  the  willow. 


LIMENITIS   I. 


The  hyberimcnlii  me  liaMe  to  be  rolthed  hy  birds  and  pr<)l)al)ly  hy  somo  in- 
Meets,  for  those  of  Dlslppus  may  often  be  found  opened  near  the  base,  the  hiiviu 
luissinj?. 

1  brought  the  eases  of  Prnserplnn  to  Conlliurgh.  and  kept  them  out  of  doors 
during  tlic  fall  and  winter,  exposed  to  tiie  weather,  but  shadetl  from  the  sun. 
Itinding  them  to  the  twigs  of  a  little  tree,  and  covering  tiie  whole  with  a  mu-lin 
bag  to  protect  from  birds  or  insects.  This  method  succeeded  well.  On  iOtli 
March,  I  removed  them  to  the  grei'nhouse.  having  previously  forced  willow 
branches  so  that  a  provision  of  leaves  was  secured.  On  the  29th,  two  came;  ont 
of  their  cases,  and  on  the  .'51st  pa.ssed  .iie  third  moult. 

One  of  the  Proserpina  larvie  can\e  out  of  fourth  moult  with  only  one  of  the 
clubbed  appendages  on  third  .segment,  its  i)lace  being  sup])lied  by  a  small  tulKTcle 
similar  to  the  two  iiuier  ones  on  same  segment;  but  there  was  no  deformity  in 
the  butterfly  which  came  from  this  larva.  They  were  voracious  feeders,  liked 
best  to  be  in  the  full  glare  of  the  sun,  and  moved  about  very  little.  As  they 
approached  maturityi  1  arranged  some  arched  twigs  for  them  to  su.spenil  to.  iiml 
was  able  to  watch  the  process  of  spinning  the  button  of  silk  and  attsicliin;; 
the  anal  feet  to  it.  This  button  was  thick,  rounded,  nnide  of  white  silk,  and 
soon  alter  it  was  finished  the  larva  turned  round,  and  with  .some  effort  got  the 
hin<1er  pair  of  its  ventral  legs  upon  it,  moving  back  and  forth  till  it  reiiclicd 
that  position,  depending  entirely  upon  its  sense  of  feeling,  'i'hen  it  moved  for- 
ward slowly  till  the  anal  legs  touched  the  silk  ;  after  which  it  braced  itself  on  .dl 
its  thoracic  and  ventral  legs  and  began,  with  nnich  muscular  action,  especially  ;ip- 
par(;nt  in  the  last  three  segments,  to  force  the  claws  of  the  anal  legs  into  the 
silk,  pushing  back,  then  pulling  forward  and  pushing  back  again,  with  repetition 
for  nearly  five  minutes,  till  the  object  was  accomplished.  Then  the  larva  rested 
cxhausteil  and  jterfeetlv  quiet,  its  head  and  tlioraci<!  s(>gmeuts  hanging  so  that 
the  legs  on  these  segmiMits  did  not  touch  the  twig,  the  ventral  legs  all  cli-ip- 
ing  it.  Shortly  after,  it  cast  oU'aiid  hung  l)y  the  anal  pair  only,  the  body  straiLdit. 
the  anterior  segments  nearly  at  right  angles,  the  bend  being  on  the  fifth  seg- 
ment. Twenty-four  hours  later,  the  body  hung  in  a  sinuous  curve,  and  the  an- 
terior segments  were  roinidly  bent  up,  the  heail  resting  on  .second  segment.  Ten 
hours  after,  I  ob.served  a  muscular  movement  from  tjiil  to  head,  passing  in  wmvcs 
beneath  the  skin,  while  the  body  was  nearly  straight  and  much  elongated.  .Alter 
some  minutes  of  rJu-se  throe-,  the  skin  burst  on  the  top  of  the  hea<l  and  ilown 
the  suture  of  the  f»»«r  m  well  as  back  lo  the  third  segment,  and  the  meson"!  mn 
of  the  elM'VSftlis  force«l'  <>w  way  through  the  rent,  followed  by  the  hea<l  case,  and 
f#y  the  crt>>  j-ing  moveiii»  nt  of  the  ImmIv  the  skin  was  .slowly  shulUed  back.  The 
fl'Ui  was  «/fj)jtjue,  the  dorsal  side  of  the  cliry.salis  being  exposed  three  segments 


LIMENITIS  r. 


Ik  voiul  the  ventral,  and  tlio  skin  fitted  ti<,di(ly  on  the  anterior  parts,  but  at  the 
list  segments  wiis  loosening  and  padding  in  a  mass.  As  the  skin  on  the  dor- 
-:d  .•^ide  was  pushed  back  to  (he  tentii  segment,  a  violent  and  somewhat  pro- 
ii;icted  I'fTort  began  for  the  extrication  of  tlie  tail  of  the  (ihrysalis  from  the 
>kin,  a.id  the  abdominal  segment-s  were  successively  expanded  and  contracted 
lo  an  extreme  degree,  while  the  chrysalis  rose  steadily  towards  the  button  of 
nlk  and  grasped  it  with  the  booklets  on  the  end  of  the  anal  pads,  after  an 
I  \lraordinary  and  convulsive  struggle,  in  which  it  threw  itself  almost  up  to  a 
liiir  horizontal  with  the  silk.  Observations  recently  made  on  the  pupation  of  the 
N\  iiiphalidfr,  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Osborne  and  otiiers,  .show  that  the  chrysalis  at  the 
( lisis  of  pupation  is  supported  by  a  mendirane  or  ligament  formed  of  the  inner 
(lint  of  the  larval  skin,  which  catches  on  two  knolis  or  points  developed  about 
siinc  time  on  the  anterior  edge  of  the  last  segment  of  the  chry.sdis,  and  so  holds 
till'  chrysnliH  till  the  liook,s  are  caught  in  the  silk.  It  has  hitherto  been  a.ssumed 
tli.il  the  sup])ort  was  found  in  the  gra.sping  of  the  .skin  between  the  segments  of 
till'  chrysalis. 

When  the  chrysalis  of  I'roscrpina  rested,  it  was  greatly  stretched  ami  quite 
ilidi  rent  in  shape  from  what  it  soon  after  became.  At  first  it  measured  .95  inch 
long,  llit^  head  cas(>  was  very  short,  and  the  wing  cases  measured  l)ut  ..'>  inch  in 
linuth,  reaciiing  just  over  the  upper  edge  of  seventh  segment,  and  were  scarcely 
iii-cd  above  the  surface  of  the  thorax.  The  dorsal  aj)pendage  was  but  little 
niuuded,  not  very  prominent,  and  its  edgi*  wiis  blunt  instead  of  siiarp,  the  sides 
-wdllcn  instead  of  excavati'd.  Moreover,  it  was  equally  curved  at  both  ends. 
Ill  KMirse  of  an  hour  the  abdominal  segiueu,s  had  telescoped,  tue  wing  cases  had 
I  ir|)t  to  the  top  of  eighth  segment,  lengthening  one  tenth  inch,  and  were  much 
c'lMited,  giving  the  hunched  form  to  the  chrysalis  which  is  characteristic  of  the 
L'^tinis;  the  head  case  had  thrust  itself  out,  the  mesonotum  become  rounded  and 
vi  I y  prominent,  and  tiie  dorsal  appem'.age  was  uncveidy  rounded  at  the  ends, 
ill  11.  sharp,  excavated  on  its  sides.  The  chrysalis  finally  measured  .8  instead  of 
Vi  inch. 

I  had  lost  .some  of  the  larva'  during  the  winter  and  brought  but  four  to 
iliiysalis.  From  these  chrysalids  emerged  three  Lamina  and  one  Proserpina, 
wliich  last  is  shown  on  the  Plate  (Fig.  ">).  As  may  be  seen,  this  \»  very  near 
t'isu/a.  Tn  Vol.1,  is  figureil  a  male  with  the  white  bands  largely  developed, 
mill  examples  may  be  taken  in  the  Catskills  showing  every  grade  between  these 
extremes. 


LIMENITIS  I. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

AUTHEMIS.     Vwn.  I,  2,  F<>""  LAMINA  ,?.,  8,  4,  9- 
Fki.  T),  Fokm  I'UO.SERl'INA  i. 
Var.  of  samk,  (J. 


«    Eoo  ;  a',  same  m«g..ifif<l ;  «',  niicroi.ylo  of  same. 

6.   YOLNO  ..AUVA  (not  on  Pla.c  but  near  «) ;  *',  »«me  .nagniHed ;  J',  head  of  name  magn.flcd. 

r.    Larva  after  l»t  n.oult ;  c\  san.c  ;  .',  head,  magnified. 

d.    Larva  after  2d  moiilt ;  </",  liead,  niagnilied. 

c.    Larva  after  3d  moult,  natural  size  ;  e»,  hea.l,  magnified. 

/.    Larva  after  4tli  m.mlt,  natural  ai/c;  /^  Rnmo  stage,  but  matur*. 

/».  Head  after  4th  moult,  mugnilicd. 

g    CiiBYSAl.is;  »',  dorsal  view  of  same. 

,    Hybernacnlun,  or  winter  case,  constructed  and  occupied  after  second  moult. 
,    Perch  on  which  the  larva  rests  after  second  moult,  showing  the  rejected  packet  of  b, ts  of  ..a 
Two  perches  occupied  by  young  larva  are  shown  (without  letter)  and  one  of  these  represenU  the  pacUct 
in  its  earliest  stage. 


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COLIAS   II.,   III. 


I  have  l)re(l,  a  nialo  and  a  female,  were  from  larvae  wliich  had  these  spots  hirgi'ly 
developed.  Both  are  dark  lemon-yellow  above,  and  of  a  rich  shade  beneath, 
heavilv  dusted.  In  the  male  (Fi<--.  5,  PI.  1.)  the  discal  spot  on  under  side  of 
primaries  is  red-centred,  and  the  fringes  on  npper  side  are  roseate  throughout, 
not  mixed  with  yellow  as  is  usual.  The  other  butterflies  of  the  brood  were  in 
no  way  singidar. 

About  Coalburgh,  riulodice  appears  early  in  May,  and  is  on  the  wing  in  suc- 
cessive generations  till  about  the  first  of  November,  by  which  time  severe  frosts 
destroy  them.  The  eggs  are  deposited  upon  the  clover  leaves,  a  single  one  to  ii 
plant,  and  the  females  may  often  be  seen  flying  about  the  lawn  or  meadow  for  tins 
purpose.  I  have  not  attempted  to  obtain  eggs  in  conflnement  upon  other  food- 
plants  attributed  to  the  species,  but  Mr.  Dodge  has  succeeded  with  the  bufliilo- 
pea,  Astralagus  caryocarpns,  which  grows  on  the  prairies,  and  is  one  of  the  plants 
on  which  the  larvix)  o(  J'jitri/fheme  feed.  The  young  larvns  are  at  first  rather  dif- 
ficult to  mannge,  having  a  disposition  to  roll  ofTthe  leaves,  and  are  apt  to  be  lost 
in  the  breeding-cage.  1  have  succeeded  better  when  inclosing  them  in  covered 
glass  vessels,  changing  the  leaves  frequently.  This  tendency  to  drop  at  the  least 
distui banco  the  larva>  retain  till  maturity,  and  it  is  naturally  their  sufficient  pro- 
tection against  enemies  or  destruction.  They  lie  exposed  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  clover  leaf,  and  resemble  its  color  closely.  When  first  from  the  egg,  eiich 
makes  for  itself  a  hole  in  the  leaf,  and  feeds  at  the  edges  of  this  for  several  days 
(Figs,  c,  d,),  but  as  it  iicreases  in  size  it  devours  the  leaf  from  the  end  or 
side.  As  the  time  approaches  for  the  change  to  chrysalis,  the  larva  .seeks  the 
protection  of  some  stem,  bit  of  bark,  or  fence  rail,  spins  a  button  of  pink  silk  and 
a  light  web  over  the  surface  of  the  object,  fastens  its  anal  feet  in  the  one  and  its 
forefeet  in  the  other,  and  hangs  with  its  back  curved  downward  or  outwnrd. 
Gradually  the  mi\rkings  of  the  body  become  olditerated,  lost  in  uniform  green. 
In  this  condition  the  larva  rests  for  some  hours,  then  rousing  itself,  spins  a 
loop  of  several  threads  from  the  base  of  the  feet  on  one  side  to  a  like  pomt  on 
the  other,  instinctively  knowing  just  how  long  to  make  the  threads,  and  pres- 
ently, seizing  the  loop  in  its  jaws,  manages  to  throw  it  partly  over  the  head,  and 
by  a  great  effort  works  it  entirely  over  and  down  the  back  tp  the  fourth  seg- 
ment, and  stops  exhausted.  Some  hours  pass  without  any  motion,  when  suddenly 
the  skin  splits  on  the  back  of  the  anterior  segments  and  is  rapidly  shuffled  off, 
exposing  the  chrysalis,  which  rests  secure  on  its  girdle  of  silk. 

The  latest  broods  of  larvae,  or  those  which  are  caught  by  cold  weather  before 
thejf  have  matured,  hybernate  more  or  less,  and  further  south  this  may  be  the 
habit.  Twice  I  have  carried  half-grown  larva)  through  the  winter.  Mr.  Main] 
found  hybernating  larva;  inactive  under  boards,  in  the  month  of  May,  in  lllinoi... 


COLIAS   II.,  III. 


li  is  probable  that  in  some  districts,  and  especially  in  the  more  sonthei'n  States. 
the  butterfly  also  .sometimes  hyberiiates,  as  Ediisa  and  Ilyale  arc  said  to  do  in 
Kurope.  On  12t]i  December  lb73,  I  saw  a  male  Philodkc  on  the  winj?  at  Coal- 
liiii'uli.  loni^r  after  we  had  suflered  from  severe  frosts  and  cold  weather,  and 
when  all  butterflies  seemed  to  have  di.sappeared. 

In  the  Can.  Ent.  VI.,  p.  92,  Mr.  Couper  notices  some  peculiarities  in  Phllo- 
fZ/rc  on  Anticosli.  He  .says:  "I  took  a  few  specimens  last  July.  It  is  a  rare 
biitteilly  on  the  island,  where  its  habits  differ  from  those  found  at  Quebec.  It 
is  (lillicidt  to  capture.  Its  flight  is  rapid  and  contimious  during  the  occasional 
JHMirs  of  its  ajipearance,  and  it  is  only  towards  the  end  of  July,  when  the  weather 
liccifincs  cold,  that  it  can  ciisily  be  approached.  When  it  alights  on  a  flower, 
instead  of  i)eing  erect  on  its  feet,  it  lies  sideways,  as  if  to  receive  the  warmth 
dl'  ilif  sun." 

Mr.  I{eakirt,  in  his  paper  on  Coloradan  Butterflies,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  VI.,  p.  135, 
iiicntioiis  Ph'dorJke,  as  having  been  taken  in  Colorado  by  Mr.  Ridings.  This 
Stiife  WHS  thoroughly  explored  hy  Mr.  Mead,  in  1871,  and  since  that  time  large 
collections  of  butterflies  have  been  made  by  the  naturalists  of  Li  'itenant  Wheel- 
er's expeditions,  and  no  examples  have  been  taken  which  ear.  confidently  be 
referred  to  Phihdice,  though  a  near  related  species  is  found,  the  same  which 
M>.  lleakirt  had  before  him.  Mr.  Mead  agrees  with  me  as  to  the  distinctness  of 
this  s])e('ies  from  Phihdice. 

A  very  interesting  Colins  was  brought  from  Cape  Breton  island,  in  187"),  by  Mr. 
l.'iiland  Thaxter,  and  was  described  by  Mr.  Scudder  in  the  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist..  Oct.,  18V5,  as  a  variety  of  Philodice,  imder  the  name  of  Lmirenfiua.  It  is 
.illicil  to  both  PeJidne  and  PhUodice,  and,  in  my  opinion,  is  nearer  the  former, 
ami  luiiy  have  originated  in  hybridism  between  the  two.  But  it  plainly  breeds 
tiiK'  to  its  present  type,  for  besides  the  many  individuals  taken  by  Mr.  Thaxter, 
it  has  occasionally  been  taken  on' the  mainland,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Scudder.  I  re- 
.irard  it  therefore  as  a  true  species,  quite  as  much  so  as  either  of  its  presumed  or 
possible  parents. 

-Vlthough  PhUodice  is  figured  in  Stephens,  in  Swainson,  and  in  Humphreys 
and  Westwood,  as  having  been  taken  in  England,  Mr.  Westwood  remarks  that 
••  il-^  claim  to  be  regarded  as  indigenous  is  still  denied  by  several  of  our  principal 
Kntoiiiologists."  Stephens  speaks  of  five  .specimens  as  having  been  seen  '>y  him 
ill  cabinets,  and  says  that  ■•  till  last  summer,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
captured  in  England  for  upwards  of  forty  years."  It  seems  to  me  not  improbable, 
in  vu'w  of  the  trade,  esjiecially  in  tindjer,  between  Canada  and  England,  that 
clir\  salids  of  this  butterfly  may  occasionally  bo  carried  across  the  sea.  In  this 
way  chrysalids  of  Cuban  butterflies  have  been  brought  to  New  York  on  sugar  or 
molasses  hogsheads,  as  I  have  verified. 


3 


(D(^>lLilA'3 . 


^r^ 


§ 


i 


EURYTIiEME. 

Fru;;  ARIADNE  I,  2  c  39      Var^  A4.^^  B^:  :^  _ 
Kl-'E'.VAYDIN  7  o  Form  FJ.iI'YTHEME  ': 


.1       r.'.'    ■■ 


e       I.iirvd  alln-l'^moull      "W'/n//"- 

!•' !•' .' '    iihiiiii I'  II!    va." 

/■    riinisdli'''' ■ 


\ 


I    '    M 


l>r     M,: 


Si'i  -»      T  U 


K''-t  >•   -J         '   I). 


(IS"!      .' 


■i^ 


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'■■^i. 


COLIAS  IV. 


COLIAS  EURYTHEME,  1—8. 

Culhf  Euryllieme,  Boisduval. 

'S-S ':t  ^  28e'"-  ^"'-  ^'■'  ""'■  '•  ^-  "•  '''■   ^^""^"  «"'•  ^-  ^-  '■'  P-  ^3.  P'-  ". 

p^^^n^  '^:z:X.^^XZ  Tti'^^'"''''"  """"'•  ''"^-  ""'"•  ^-  ^'-  p-  «»• 

Chnfsolld'nif,  Bois.  anil  Lcc,  p.  62. 

ARI ADXK,  Kdwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  III,  p.  12. 

EURYTHEME,  form  ARIADNE. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  1.3  to  1.6  inch. 

Upper  side  bright  lemon-yellow;  on  primaries  an  orange  patch  extends  from 
inner  margin  to  median  nervure,  or  a  little  beyond,  somltim'es  very  pi  a""" 
mere  t.nt  on  the  yellow  ground,  but  usually  of  decided  color,  an^grldu"  ly 

Zuv  lint  r  7  'Tf  ''^™'''"^  "'*'^^  ''''^■'  --"'^-'-  --etim' 
.l.glitly  tmted,  but  mo.st  often  wholly  yellow;  the  marginal  borders  very  nar- 
row,  scarcely  half  as  wide  as  in  Keewaydm.  ^ 

Under  side  of  .secondaries  greeni.sh-yellow  thickly  dusted  with  brown  scales- 
the  cl.scal  spots  duplex,  a  large  and  a  small  silver  spot,  each  edged  by  ferruginous 
and  placed  on  a  large  patch  of  pink-ferruginous.  ferruginous 

Female.  —  Expands  1.6  to  1.8  inch. 

The  orange  shade  is  restricted  to  a  patch  on  primaries,  as  in  the  male-  sec- 
ondnnes  are  greenish-yellow,  much  dusted,  and  often  over  the  whole  surface- 

e  margmal  border  of  primaries  narrow,  and  but  partly  inclosing  the  submar^ 
g  a  spots;  sometimes  it  is  restricted  to  a  mere  edging,  and  there  is  no  trace  of 
the  spots,  unless  at  apex,  where  they  may  be  indistinctly  outlined  ;  under  side 
of^..condar.es  pale  greenish-yellow,  thickly  dusted  ;  the  discal  spot  as  in  the 

an<f  ftttenf  t''"^"' t'^  ^^ ''"  ™'"  '"''  '''''''''^  °^^"^«  P'^t^'b  «"  primaries, 
and  fiequent  absence  of  orange  on  secondaries;  the  narrowness  of  the  borders  ■ 

by  the  greenish  hue  of  under  side  of  secondaries  and  the  heavy  dusting,  and  by 


COLIAS   IV. 

diL'  iiiajfiiitiide  of  the  discal  spot  with  its  fcrrujfinoufl  rings  and  patch.     This  is 
tht!  typiciil  chaructt'i-,  but  there  are  intergrades  connecting  this  form  with  Kee- 

iinii/din . 


I^IUIIYTIIEME.  Efi(i. — Length  .06  inch;  narrow,  fusiform,  tapering  evenly 
from  tiie  middle  to  eitlior  e.vtremity,  the  base  broad,  the  summit  pointed  ; 
ribbed  loii^fitudinally  and  crossed  by  numerous  stritc ;  color  buff-white  when 
(irst  deposited,  after  one  or  two  days  changing  to  crimson,  and  near  the  close  of 
the  stage  to  l)lack.  (i^'ig-  «•)  Tiie  larva  emerged  after  six  days  in  August,  nine 
days  in  September. 

Yoti.V(;  [jVitvA.  —  Length,  .05  inch;  cylindrical,  of  even  diameter  to  eleventh 
segment,  eacii  segment  several  times  creased,  and  on  the  ridges  thus  formed 
many  black  points,  from  which  spring  white  hairs;  color  dark  brown  or  choco- 
late ;  head  obovoid,  granulated,  dark  brown.  (Fig.  h.)  Duration  of  this  stage 
in  August  two  days,  in  Septeml)er  five. 

After  (irst  moult:  length  .125  inch;  shape  as  before;  body  covered  with  mi- 
nute black  tubercles,  disposed  on  the  ridges  so  as  to  form  both  longitudinal  and 
transverse  rows,  each  tubercle  sending  out  a  white  hair  ;  color  dull  green,  head 
obovoid,  dark  brown.  To  next  moult  in  August  five  days,  in  September  four- 
teen days. 

After  second  monlt:  length  .28  inch;  color  dark  green ;  tuberculated  as  be- 
fore ;  pilose  ;  head  as  before.  (Fig.  c.)  To  next  moult  in  August  six  days,  in 
September  seven  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  .56  inch,  color  darker  green,  but  varying,  some 
examples  having  the  sides  onl}'  dark,  the  dorsum  yellowish,  the  sub-dorsal  stripe 
someiiines  wanting,  but  usually  more  or  less  defined  ;  at  the  posterior  end  of 
each  segment  from  3  or  4  to  10  or  11,  it  becomes  thickened,  forming  a  distinct 
spot  rather,  while  elsewhere  it  is  faint ;  many  examples  show  a  red  streak  on 
each  of  these  spots,  and  not  unfrequently  there  is  a  black  dot  exactly  under  the 
feebly-defined,  fragmentary  line  of  greenish-white  ;  head  obovoid,  yellow-green. 
(Fig.  d.)     To  next  moult  in  August  five  days,  in  October  ten  days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  .45  inch  ;  cylindrical,  long  and  slender  ;  color  dark 
green  ;  tuberculated  and  pilose  as  before ;  at  base  of  body  now  appears  a  white 
stripe  through  which  runs  a  crimson  line,  and  under  this  stripe  are  black  semi- 
circular or  ovate  spots,  sometimes  only  seen  on  segments  3  to  6,  but  usually  from 
3  to  1 1,  iliininishing  in  size  posteriorly  ;  in  some  examples  these  spots  are  wanting; 
at  the  beginning  of  this  stage  there  is  no  indication  of  a  sub-dorsal  line,  hut 
presently  appears  a  line  paler  than  the  ground,  which  gradually  changes  into  a 
white  spot  on  segments  5  to  10.     (Fig.  e.)     To  maturity  in  August  seven  da}  s. 


COLIAS  IV. 


Ilia 


With  the  later  brood  of  larvoB  this  period  waa  greatly  protracted  by  the  cold 
wciilher,  reaching  twenty  days  and  more. 

Mmtuk  Larva. — Length  1.1  to  1.2  inch;  cylindrical,  of  even  thickncsx, 
laiii'iing  on  the  lant  .segiuentH ;  each  segineat  several  times  crease<l,  and  on  tin; 
liili'c.s  so  formed  are  numerous  fine  papillic,  mostly  white  but  many  black,  and 
oiicli  sending  out  a  fine,  short,  white  hair  ;  color  dark  green  ;  at  base  of  body  a 
liiiiiil  (if  pin-o  white  through  which  runs  a  l)right  crimson  lino  from  segments  2 
to  11,  almost  continuous,  seen  faintly  on  13;  and  Ijeneath  this  band  from  3  to 
12  is  a  large  semicircular  or  semi-ovate  black  spot  on  each  segment,  the  ante- 
rior ones  largest,  the  rest  diminishing  gradually ;  on  the  edge  of  dorsal  area  is  a 
faint  wliitish  line,  thickened  at  the  posterior  end  of  each  segment  .so  as  to  pre- 
sent woll-delined  white  spots  ;  next  above  the  white  line  is  one  of  crimson, 
bioken  on  each  segment,  and  usually  well-defined  only  just  above  and  near  the 
wliitc  spots  ;  beneath  these  last,  on  the  last  ridge  of  each  segment  from  5  t()  10 
is  a  black  dot ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  pale  green  ;  head  obovoid,  pale  or  yellow 
green.  There  is  much  variation  in  the  mature  larva  with  respect  to  the  sub- 
dorsal lines.  1  have  seen  no  living  example  in  which  they  are  wholly  absent,  but 
I  iiave  an  alcoholic  one  received  from  Mr.  Dodge  in  which  there  is  no  trace 
wliatevcr  of  these  lines,  and  the  larva  looks  like  that  of  Phllndire.  So  I  have  a 
carefidly  drawn  and  colored  figure  from  the  late  Dr.  H.  K.  Ha3diurst,  whi(!h 
shows  no  trace  of  these  lines.  (Fig.  c.)  On  the  other  hand,  one  in  alcohol  from 
Mr.  Dodge  shows  a  broad,  continuous  white  stripe,  like  that  at  base,  only  a  trifle 
narrower.  Mr.  Bean  says,  "  The  glass  showed  the  upper  line  t  •  be  white,  edged 
with  yellow  only,  there  being  no  trace  of  red  whatever,  but  the  day  after,  the 
line  was  unmistakably  margined  with  confused  crimson  and  yellowish."  I  re- 
ceived a  number  of  larvae  in  their  last  stages  from  Mr.  Bean,  and  my  notes  read, 
"In  .some,  the  white,  crjmson,  and  black  of  upper  band  are  distinct;  some  have 
no  trace  of  the  black,  some  neither  of  black  or  crimson  ;  and  in  some  the  Avhite 
lint'  fades  till  nothing  remains  but  the  thickened  end  on  each  segment,  and  this 
may  be  represented  by  a  dot  or  minute  spot  only."    (Figs,  e,  e^,  eK) 

Chuysalis.  —  Length  .85,  breadth  .09,  greatest  depth  .11  inch;  compressed 
laterally,  the  thorax  prominent,  abdomen  tapering,  mesonotum  rounded,  head 
case  pointed  ;  color  of  anterior  part  and  of  wing  cases  dark  green,  of  abdo- 
men yellow-green  ;  a  light  buff  stripe  on  either  side  of  abdomen  from  the  end 
of  wing  cases  to  extremity,  and  on  the  ventral  side  of  this  stripe,  a  demi-band 
of  (lark  brown  ;  between  the  stripe  and  band  three  black  dots,  one  on  each  seg- 
ment; on  the  wing  cases  there  is  a  submarginal  row  of  black  dots,  one  on  eadi 
interspace,  and  on  middle  of  the  disk  is  a  small  black  spot.  (Fig./.)  Duration  of 
this  stage  in  September  fifteen  days.     Of  the  later  brood  the  periods  varied,  the; 


COLIAS  IV. 


Kliortcst  roiiching  twenty-fivL'  clay.s.     These  as  well  as  their  larvno  were  kept  in  a 
wiiriii  loom. 

Thi'  present  spocios  traverses  a  vast  extent  of  territory,  emhrncinff  all  of  the 
United  States  west  of  tiie  Mississippi  River,  besides  a  considerable  area  to  the 
east,  and  an  nndefined  portion  of  British  America  as  well  aa  of  Mexico.  This 
rej^ioii  covers  40°  of  longitude  and  upwards  of  30°  of  latitude,  and  present'' 
every  variety  of  surface  and  climate.  To  the  southward,  the  summer  is  pro- 
longed and  the  winter  short  and  mild ;  at  the  north  the  reverse  of  this  is  the 
fact,  but  on  the  plains  of  Texas  or  the  prairies  of  Illinois,  on  the  elevated  pla- 
t<'aus  of  Colorado,  or  in  the  secluded  valleys  throughout  the  Rocky  Mo\mtains, 
and  over  the  Sierras  to  the  Pacific,  the  species  is  equally  at  home  and  is  every- 
where alumdant.  It  occupies  with  Philodice  the  whole  of  the  United  States 
and  much  of  British  America,  and  like  that  species,  which  it  resembles  in  every 
respect  but  in  color,  it  is  subject  to  great  aii<l  extreme  variation,  there  being  no 
feature  whether  of  size  or  ornamentation  that  is  not  unstable.  In  Vol.  I.,  I  gave 
such  history  of  fJitrijiheme  and  Keewm/dln  as  I  was  then  able,  but  since  those 
brief  relations  were  printed,  and  indeed,  within  the  past  three  years,  by  repeated 
breeding  from  the  egg,  together  with  careful  and  extended  observations  in  the 
field,  in  many  localiticp.,  it  is  rendered  certain  that  we  are  dealing  with  a  bi- 
formed  and  triformed  species,  and  that  Ariadne,  Keewaydin,  and  Euriftheme  are 
but  so  many  seasonal  manifestations  of  it.  Also,  that  in  some  districts  the 
species  is  not  seasonally  polymorphic,  but  is  simply  a  variable  one,  like  Philo' 
dice. 

This  Colias  is  not  found  in  West  Virginia,  nor  have  I  ever  seen  it  alive,  but  I 
have  been  aided  by  several  friends  in  the  effort  to  learn  its  full  history  :  b}'  Mr. 
Dodge,  of  Glencoe,  Nebraska,  who  has  raised  several  lots  of  larva?  from  summer 
females,  and  sent  me  the  resulting  butterflies ;  by  Mr.  Bean,  of  Galena,  Illinois, 
from  whom  I  received  larva?  of  the  last  brood  of  butterflies  of  the  year,  and  so 
was  enabled  myself  to  follow  the  several  changes.  Mr.  Bean  has  also  given  me 
full  nok's  of  all  the  stages  of  larvaa  raised  by  him  at  .same  time,  and  of  summer 
larvic  besides,  and  a  tabulated  statement  showing  the  forms  of  this  species  taken 
by  him  in  the  field,  with  dates  of  capture.  Mr.  Worthington,  at  Chicago,  has 
sent  me  a  similar  table.  Mr.  Mead  has  furnished  notes  from  his  experiences  in 
Colorado  and  California  in  1871,  and  besides  this,  I  had  the  .opportunity  of  ex- 
amining all  the  specimens  collected  by  him.  And  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  has  sent 
many  examples  and  records  of  his  captures  and  observations  in  California  and 
elsewhere  on  that  coast.  He  has  also  published  a  vtiluable  paper  on  the  Coliados 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy,  Vol.  VI.,  1877,  of  which  I  have  - 
availed  myself.     Finally,  Mr.  Boll,  of  Dallas,  Texas,  has  sent  a  paper  read  by 


COLIAS  IV. 


Iiiiii  nt  Ix'ipzig,  upon  Diinorpliio  Hpoeios  of  Lcpidoptcra  in  America,  in  which  C 
h'lin/fhnne  is  disciisKi'd  at  K-njrth.  Mr.  Boll  hiis,  in  addition,  given  nie  a  (teries 
111'  cxiiiiipli'M  of  tlu'  .several  fonns  of  tiio  Hpecies  to  illiistrato  his  paper. 

KcciDdijdiij,  was  originally  separated  as  a  spetiies  fioni  examples  received  piin- 
(■i|)idly  from  Texas  and  Mississippi.  Large  numbers  from  Texas  were  of  this 
llirm.  while  from  Mississipj)i  all  received  were  of  the  form  Kuri/lhemc.  These 
last  were  taken  late  in  the  season,  hut  the  signifu-anee  of  that  fact,  T,  of  course, 
cimld  not  then  apprehend.  In  California,  Mr.  Kdwards  and  Dr.  IJehr  were  (lon- 
liilcut  that  two  distinct  species  existed,  Kecwaydin  flying  early  and  the  other 
lute  in  the  season.  This  was  long  before  anything  was  known  to  us  of  .seasonal 
(liiiiorpliism  in  lutterllies,  and  before  any  knowledge  whatever  bearing  upon  this 
liliciinmcnou  or  even  of  simple  dimorphism  had  l>een  gained  by  breeding  from 
the  egg.  At  the  time,  the  late  Mr.  B.  D.  WaK-'i,  living  at  Roek  Island,  Illinois,  in 
(•iiiri'spoudence  witii  me,  streiuiously  coml)atted  I'.i  idea  of  two  species,  a.sserting 
tliiil  it  was  a  ea.se  of  variation  as  \\\  PhiJodUe  uvX  that  all  the  varieties  were 
tiyiiig  at  the  same  time,  and  must  be  from  1'  ■  sam-  brood.  This  he  gave  as  the 
result  of  twelve  years'  familiarity  with  the  species.  Mr.  Walsh  was  undoubtedly 
rii'ht  as  regarded  the  district  he  had  collected  in. 

1  received  from  Mr.  Dodge,  10th  June,  IHVG,  .several  larvtc  nearly  mat  if'', 
but  they  had  suffered  from  want  of  food  on  the  journey  and  but  one  lived  to 
uimKc  chry.salis.  This  gave  butterfly  17th  .Time,  Kcewaydin  S.  In  1877,  Mr. 
Udilge  .«eut  me  three  l)utterflies,  2(?  19,  all  undoubted  Keetrinjdin,  which  had 
ciiicigcd  from  chrysalis  early  in  July,  from  eggs  laid  by  9  Kcewm/dln,  4tli  June. 
And  lie  also  sent  eleven  butterflies,  5^  69,  from  eggs  laid  by  9  Kecwoi/dln, 
IStii  July,  1877,  and  which  emerged  from  chrysalis  between  l^th  and  2()th 
August,  and  of  these  butterflies,  4^  39  are  Eitrytheme,  1(?  39  are  Keewaydbi. 
In  1S76,  I  received  from  Mr.  Bean  larva?  bred  from  eggs  laid  by  Eurytheme, 
IVtIi  September.  These  larvae  would  naturally  have  hybernated  when  about 
liidf  grown,  !.>ut  being  protected  in  a  warm  room,  they  proceeded  slowly  to 
chrvsalis,  and  the  butterflies  emerged  between  1st  and  15th  February,  1877,  4<? 
')?.  Mr.  Bean  retained  several  of  same  lot  of  larvne,  and  from  them  obtained 
nine  l)utterflies,  8<?  19,  the  first  one  emerging  23d  December.  The.se  sixteen 
linUcrflies  are  all  of  one  type.  They  are  as  large  as  the  average  Keeicayd'm, 
and  with  as  broad  a  border,  but  the  coloration  of  the  upper  side  is  that  of 
Ariadne,  the  orange  being  restricted  to  a  patch  on  the  inner  margin  of  prima- 
ries. On  the  under  side  the  color  of  secondaries  is  greenish,  heavily  dusted 
with  gray  scales;  tlie  discal  spot  is  duplex,  large,  ferruginous,  more  or  less 
snfViised  with  pink  ;  and  the  extra-discal  points  form  a  complete  sf  ries  on  each 
wing.  In  these  respecLs  this  variety  is  most  like  the  typical  Arird)u.  It  is  an 
intiirgrade  which  I  designate  as  Var.  A.     (Figs.  4,  5.) 


COLIAS  IV. 


Mr.  Bean  also  bred  from  Kecwaydin  9 ,  which  laid  five  eggs  1st  August,  1876. 
From  these  ho  obtained  two  butterflies,  15th  and  19th  September,  one  ol  them 
Eury theme  <?,  the  other  Keeioaydin  S . 

And  he  gives  the  following  statement  of  his  captures  at  Galena. 

I.  Eury  theme  i,  typical  form. 

30th  May,  faded,  evidently  a  hybernator  ;  29th  June  (1st  brood);  6th,  lOtli 
August  (2d  brood) ;  21st  September  (3d  brood). 

Eurytheme  9  ;  Hth  July  (1st  brood) ;  27th  August  (2d  brood) ;  24th  Septem- 
ber (3d  brood). 

II.  Intermediate  examples. 

4th,  18th  July  (1st  brood);  6th  August  (2d  brood);  15th,  24th  September 
(3d  brood);  8th,  10th  October  (belated  3d  brood). 

III.  Keewaydin  <?,  typical  form. 

22d  June  to  4th  July  (1st  brood) ;  20th  September  (3d  brood). 
Keticaydin  9  ;  18th  July  to  3d  August  (2d  brood). 

The  typical  Ariadne  Mr.  Bean  has  not  .seen  in  Illinois. 

Mr.  Worthington  states  that  he  took  Eurytheme,  in  1876,  30th  May  (hybor- 
nator);  1st  July  (1st  brood)  ;  in  1877,29th  May  (hybernator) ;  4th  July  (1st 
brood),  and  at  intervals  thereafter  till  frost.  And  Keewaydin  10th  Juno,  1877, 
anil  at  intervals  thereafter  till  10th  September.  But  the  form  Ariadne  he  has 
never  seen  in  Illinois,  nor  does  he  find  it  in  several  local  collections  examined. 
The  nearest  approach  to  it  is  the  intergradn,  designated  above  as  Var.  A. 

Mr.  Dodge,  who  lived  several  years  in  Illinois,  and  for  several  more  has  lived 
in  Nebraska,  giving  his  experience  in  both  States,  says :  "  As  regards  Ariadne' 
(which  I  had  .sent him),  "I  have  never  seen  it  before.  I  have  never  taken  it. 
I  have  taken  the  other  two  forms  both  here  and  in  Illinois,  and  am  sure  no  such 
form  as  Ariadne  exists  at  the  North.  I  have  seen  the  species  flying  here 
as  early  as  the  second  week  in  May,  .some  seasons  not  till  last  of  May.  There 
were  in  Illinois  three  distinct  broods.  In  May,  I  used  to  find  a  few  hybernated 
specimens,  usually  too  much  worn  for  identification.  In  June  the  first  brood 
appeared.  I  had  to  look  for  these  on  the  uncultivated  prairie.  This  brood  was 
never  large  in  number.  The  second  brood  appeared  in  midsummer,  and  in  Sc])- 
tember  the  third.  The  butterflies  then  became  quite  plenty  on  clover."  Speiik- 
ing  of  Nebraska,  "  I  think  the  species  hybernates  bofch  as  imago  and  larva.  I 
usually  find  fresh  specunens  in  May  that  must  have  just  emerged  from  chrysalis, 
but  the  worn  and  battered  ones  are  the  most  abundant.  The  first  brood  np- 
pears  about  the  middle  of  June,  the  next,  middle  of  July,  and  the  third  in  Sep- 
tember. If  the  weather  is  warm,  the  butterflies  are  abundant  in  Octobpr.\' 
The  earliest  butterflies  spoken  of  by  Mr.  Dodge  as  fresh  from  chrysalis  were  ovt- 


COLIAS  IV. 


ilciitly  from  hybeniating  larvaj.  That  hybernation  takes  place  in  larval  stage  in 
some  districts  is  unquestionable.  Mr.  Boll  writes  me,  8th  April,  1878:  "When 
I  ciuight  the  first  specimen  of  Ariadne,  in  February  of  this  year,  in  Archer 
County,  Texas,  on  the  same  day  I  found  a  full  grown  caterpillar  and  a  chrysalis. 
imilur  stones,  both  which  produced  Ariadne." 

The  account  Mr.  Boll  gives  in  his  Leipzig  paper  is  in  substance  as  follows : 
Till'  species  begins  its  flight,  in  Texas,  in  November,  and  throughout  the  winter 
it  is  to  be  seen  fresh  from  chrysalis,  in  warm  days.  It  is  common  in  March, 
laicr  in  May,  and  totally  disappears  in  June.  The  larva  feeds  on  Trifolium 
slolouiterum,  running  Buffalo  Clover,  which  attains  its  greatest  luxuriance  and 
lilossoms  in  April  and  May,  and  dies  off  before  the  appearance  of  the  last  June 
liulti'iflioH.  It  does  not  spring  up  again  till  the  advent  of  the  October  rains. 
As  hc'I'ore  stated,  the  butterflies  appear  in  November,  and  during  the  rest  of  the 
s-Diisou  larvie  and  butterflies  are  talien  at  the  same  time.  It  is  the  opinion 
(if  Mr.  Boll  that  the  eggs  laid  in  June  do  not  develop,  owing  to  'ack  of  food, 
till  the  summer  is  past.  (I  apprehend  that  if  there  is  any  retardation  it  must 
ln'  with  the  larvoc.)  There  are  four  annual  broods  of  this  species  and  the  first, 
or  w  inter  brood,  appearing  from  November  to  end  of  February,  is  Ariadne.  The 
pic'vailing  form  in  March  is  Keeioaydin,  an  example  of  Ariadne  being  then 
riuoly  seen.  From  April  to  June  the  form  is  what  Mr.  Boll  in  this  paper  calls 
Kiiri/lhcme,  but  his  April  and  May  examples  of  the  series  sent  me  are  what  Mr. 
llciiii  calls  tJie  intermediate  form,  an  intergrade  leading  to  Eurytheme. 

.Mr.  Boll  says:  "If  we  compn-e  the  specimens  we  find  a  stetdy  increase  in 
iiiiciisity  of  color  from  April  to  June ;  the  orange-red  becomes  more  fiery  and 
I  xti'iids  in  the  male  over  the  whole  upper  surface  of  secondaries,  leaving  yellow 
only  tlie  costal  margin  of  primaries,  while  the  black  marginal  band  becomes 
liionder  and  broader.  Through  the  influence  of  the  sun  the  whole  orunge  upper 
side  l)ecomes  iridescent,  with  a  violet  hue,  as  in  the  European  species  C.  Myr- 
viidone.  This  is  particuluily  noticeable  during  life,  and  is  very  brilliant,  but  grad- 
uiilly  fades  in  dried  specimens.  The  whole  under  side  changes  from  greenish- 
vcllow  to  deep  yellow."  This  is  the  iy^\cn\  Eurytheme.  Mr.  Bcil  adds:  "The 
efJi'ct  of  temperature  is  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  steady  injrease  in  size  and 
intensity  of  color."  This  is  the  result  of  field  observation  and  though  breeding 
lion  the  egg  might  show  that  the  ^  "^mbers  of  the  series  were  not  quite  so 
sliMToly  defined  in  all  cases,  it  is  clear  chat  there  is  a  regular  succession  of  forms. 
Mill]  ;liat  there  is  no  such  intermixture  as  appears  to  the  northward.  The  but- 
ti'rr''.'s  of  the  fourth,  or  late  summer  brood,  and  which  are  typical  Eurytheme, 
do  not  hybernate.  The  length  of  the  warm  season  admits  of  the  laying  of  eggs 
i.y  this  brood,  after  which  the  butterflies  die,  as  do  all  butterflies  shortly  after 


COLIAS  IV. 


laying  eggs.  To  make  sure  that  I  was  stating  the  fact  in  this  particular,  I 
questioned  Mr.  Boll  particularly  as  to  the  hybernation  of  both  Eurytheme  anil 
Keewaydin,  and  he  writes  in  reply,  "  I  never  saw  specimens  of  the  bright- orange, 
or  late  summer  type  of  this  species  later  than  the  first  days  of  November,  and 
these  were  always  much  worn.  I  never  saw  Keewaydin  flying  between  Novem- 
ber and  May."  In  another  letter  Mr.  Boll  states  that  any  worn  individuals  seen 
at  the  close  of  winter  are  Ariadne,  and  in  March  the.se  are  taken  in  copulation 
with  Ariadne  fresh  from  chrysalis.  1  received  from  Mr.  Boll  in  April,  1878, 
2  c?  3  9  ,  taken  in  Archev  County,  between  the  24th  and  28th  February,  all  fre.sh 
from  chrysalis.  One  of  the  females  is  an  albino,  one  pair  are  typical  Ariadne, 
and  the  other  male  and  female  are  similar  to  the  examples  had  from  the  Illinois 
larvie  mentioned,  Var.  A. 

From  Colorado,  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  butterflies  taken  by  Mr.  Mead 
show  a  mingling  of  the  characters  of  Keewaydin  and  Ariadne,  but  nearest  the 
former.  (Var.  B.  Fig.  6.)  The  orange  is  limited  on  primaries  to  a  patch  on  inner 
margin,  and  the  under  side  of  secondaries  is  much  dusted.  Mr.  Mead,  comment- 
ing on  Mr.  Boll's  paper,  writes,  "  I  doubt  if  the  form  Ariadne  occurs  at  all  in 
northern  Colorado,  where  the  winters  are  severe.  I  met  with  Keewaydin  and 
Eurytheme,  in  Colorado,  in  about  equal  numbers,  from  first  of  June  to  last  of 
August,  when  cold  weather  set  in.  The  nights  were  cold  most  of  the  time,  cer- 
tainly often  at  the  freezing  point,  during  June  and  August,  and  by  10th  Septem- 
ber, the  whole  South  Park  was  covered  with  snow.  Keewaydin  was  as  abundant 
at  the  last  of  the  season  as  at  the  first.  Ariadne  I  have  only  found  in  Yo 
Semite  Valley,  California,  where  it  was  rather  abundant  about  the  middle  of 
October,  in  company  with  Keewaydin  and  a  few  Eurytheme.  The  temperature 
was  then  moderately  cold,  and  it  was  at  the  close  of  the  dry  summer  season." 
Examples  of  the  form  Eurytheme  from  northern  Colorado  have  not  the  intensity 
of  color  and  the  iridescence  of  those  from  Texas,  but  among  the  butterflies  col- 
lected in  southern  Colorado,  in  1877,  t)y  Mr.  Morrison,  are  some  Etirytheme 
quite  equaling  anything  seen  from  Texas  in  these  respects. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  says  of  these  forms,  in  the  paper  referred  to:  "Eurytheme 
is  abundant  in  clover  and  alfalfa  fields  from  July  to  September,  the  richest  and 
most  deeply  colored  individuals  occurring  latest  in  the  season.  It  is  rare  in  the 
mountains,  while  Keewaydin  is  abundant  at  even  very  considerable  elevations. 
Keewaydin  is  the  commonest  butterfly  of  California,  appearing  in  April  or  early 
May  and  continuing  through  the  summer.  I  have  taken  it  from  San  Diego  in 
southern  California  to  Vancouver's  Island.  Ariadne  is  a  local  and  early  species, 
of  which  there  is  a  second  brood.  In  the  first  wann  diays  of  February  many  * 
specimens  of  Ariadne,  entirely  fresh,  have  been  taken  by  me  on  the  hills  near 


COLIAS  IV. 


S.m  Francisco,  r.nd  in  October  some  fine  examples  were  brought  from  Yo  Semite 
hy  Mr.  Mead.  I  have  previously  alluded  to  the  tendency  to  hybridization  dis- 
|ila\x'il  by  the  species  of  this  genus,  and  may  here  relate  my  experience  therein. 
ill  July.  1874,  while  staying  at  the  Big  Tree  Grove,  Calaveras  County,  I  took  a 
9  ai'.il  i  Colias  in  coitu.  The  female  was  a  small,  pale-colored,  narrow-bordered 
Ar'iiiihie.  and  the  male  a  rich,  deep  orange,  broad-bordered  Enry theme.  Some 
U'\<  liiiys  after,  the  exact  opposite  occurred  to  me.  This  time  tlie  female  was  a 
riili  orange  Evrytheme,  and  the  male  a  small,  pale  yellow,  faintly  marked  Ari- 
iiibie.  It  can  hardly  be  that  the  large,  deep  orange  Euryfheme,  and  the  pale 
yellow  and  fragile-looking  Ariadne  can  be  one  and  the  same  thing,  linked  to- 
gether by /reejoayrfm  and  a  series  of  intergrading  forms;  but  it  would  be  dif- 
ficult to  arrive  at  any  other  conclusion,  unless,  as  I  have  stated,  the  above- 
iiieiitioned  instances  are  regarded  as  cases  of  hybridism."  Mr.  Edwards  gives 
time  and  locality  for  Ariadne  as  follows  :  in  Marin  and  other  counties.  February 
iiiiil  March  ;  Big  Trees,  July  ;  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  July  ;  Yo  Semite,  July 
and  October. 

In  reply  to  inquiries  Mr.  Edwards  writes  me  thus,  March,  1878  :  "  Early  in  the 
year,  in  tJie  warm  days  of  March  and  April,  I  take  many  hybornated  examples 
of  Kurytheme  and  Keewaydin,  the  former  being  most  abundant.  This  I'efers  to 
the  iiinaediate  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco,  that  is,  to  the  lowlant  s.  May  is 
the  first  spring  month  of  the  mountains,  at  six  or  seven  thousand  feet  elevation, 
and  1  have  there  taken  hybernated  Keewaydin,  but  have  never  seen  Eurytheme 
in  the  mountains  in  the  same  condition.  I  find  fresh  examples  of  Keewaydin, 
aliDut  San  Francisco,  in  March,  but  none  of  Eurytheme,  nor  have  I  ever  taken 
iVe.-^li  examples  of  the  latter  form  before  July,  and  in  no  quantities  till  August 
m  Se|)tember.  I  saw  plenty  of  Keewaydin  on  Vancouver's  Island,  but  no  Eitry- 
IIk  inc.  and  even  in  Oregon  the  latter  is  very  rare.  Its  home  appears  to  be 
within  a  couple  of  hundred  miles  north  and  south  of  this  city.  But  Keewaydin 
is  eveiywhere  from  San  Diego  to  Vancouver's,  where,  as  well  as  in  Oregon,  it  is 
the  eonunonest  of  species. 

■•.b'/«(?nc  IS  rtather  abundant  about  Sancelito  (near  San  Francisco),  on  some 
hills  from  seven  to  eight  hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  as  early  as  February.  As 
ftu'  as  1  know,  from  my  own  experience,  it  is  never  found  in  the  lowlands  in  fresh 
condition  except  in  early  .spring.  As  we  go  further  north,  that  is,  to  Oregon 
and  \'anconver's  Island,  it  is  found  in  June  and  July,  and  in  the  Yo  Semite  Valley 
—  four  thousand  feet  —  it  flies  as  late  as  October.  I  have,  therefore,  always  be- 
■'^  ;.>.i  this  form  was  two-brooded,  the  June  race  in  Oregon  being  equal  to 
February  and  March  race  here,  and  the  June  race  of  San  Diego  being  equal 
to  the  October  one  of  Yo  Semite."     I  may  add  here  that  my  manuscript  was 


lie 
.lie 


COLIAS  IV. 

submitted  to  Mr.  Edwarrls  and  he  now  concedes  the  polymorphism  of  this  spe- 
cies. 

The  summing  up  of  tiiese  histories  in  the  several  districts  is  as  follows:  — 

I.  In  northern  Colorado,  whore  the  summer  is  short,  the  species  is  but  digo- 
ncutie,  tlie  butterflies  of  tlie  first  brood  appearing  in  June,  and  the  second  in 
July  and  August.  Proba1)ly  the  species  is  here  preserved  by  the  survivnl  of 
some  of  the  last  l)uttor(lies,  which  hybernate  and  deposit  their  eggs  in  spring. 
It  is  donbtfid  if  tlu'  climatic  conditions  will  permit  the  growth  of  larvne  late  in 
the  season  and  their  consequent  hybernation.  Tlie  species  is  restricted  to  Kee- 
way  din  and  intergrades  up  to  the  paler  variety  of  Euri/theme,  but  a  few  individ- 
uals are  taken  which  show  a  tendency  to  vary  in  the  direction  ol'  Arindne.  (\'Mr. 
B.  Fig.  fi.)  If  tliere  be  any  hybernating  larva)  they  would  probably  produce 
these  individuals  spoken  of. 

II.  In  Illinois  and  Nebrtaska  the  species  is  trigoneutic,  and  many  of  the  onr- 
liost  brood  are  nearer  Ariadne  than  Kcewnydhi,  but  the  typical  Ariadne  does 
not  a])pear.  Some  individuals  of  the  last  brood  of  buttertlies  survive  the  winter, 
and  thus  appear  in  early  spring  in  company  with  the  butterflies  that  have  coino 
from  hybernating  larva?,  and  consequently  must  breed  with  these.  And  inter- 
grades between  the  forms  are  the  result,  and  such  are  to  be  found  throughout 
tlie  year.  So  that  in  Illinois  and  Nebraska,  as  in  Colorado  and  probably  througli- 
out  the  northern  range  f  the  species,  it  is  ratlier  a  variable  than  a  polymor- 
phic species,  and  either  form  or  any  variety  of  either  may  appear  from  any  one 
laying  of  eggs. 

III.  In  Caliibrnia,  in  the  lowlands,  the  .species  is  polygoneutic,  either  three  or 
four  brooded,  the  earliest  brood,  which  Hies  in  February  and  March,  being 
Ariadne.  Keewaydin  forms  the  second  lu'ood,  which  flies  in  April,  and  thi.s 
form  is  on  the  wing  during  tiie  remainder  of  the  season.  Eurylhenie  appears  in 
July,  and  is  abundant  in  August  and  September.  And  Ariadne  appears  in 
localities  iit  difl'erent  periods  throughout  the  summer,  and  apparently  in  such 
localities  must  form  part  of  every  l)rood.  Keewaydin  is  the  usual  form  throujzli- 
out  the  season  in  the  mountains  and  also  in  Oregon  and  on  Vancouver's  Island, 
EnryUieme  being  rare.  And  Ariadne  is  taken  occasionally  also  in  those  districts. 
By  which  it  appears  that  in  the  lowlands  of  California  there  is  a  strong  disposi- 
tion towards  polymorphism  as  distinguished  from  mere  variableness,  all  the 
forms  being  present,  and,  moreover,  that  each  in  great  degree  is  limited  in  its 
season.  The  surface  of  California  is  extremely  varied,  lofty  mountains  alternat- 
ing with  narrow  valleys,  with  corresponding  differences  of  climate.  Near  Sun 
Francisco  frost  and  snow  are  unknown,  and  there  is  every  degree  of  clinintic 
difierence  between  this  and  a  sub-boreal  climate  in  one  part  or  other  of  that 


COLIAS  IV. 


Stiite.  In  tlie  liiglilands  this  Coli;is  is  restricteil  in  the  number  of  its  anniiiil 
broods,  and  the  I'orni  Eurytheme  is  either  unknown,  or  very  rare,  accordinn-  to 
till'  locality,  the  species  being  mainly  represented  by  Keewayd'ui.  And  at  eer- 
l;ilii  levels  (hroughout  the  State  the  upland  races  come  in  contact  with  the  low- 
laixl.  —  the  digoneutic,  practically  limited  to  a  single  form,  meeting  the  poly, 
goiicutie  and  polymorphic  I'ace ;  and  by  the  consequent  cross-breeding  the 
tliorongh  separation  of  the  lowlanders  into  seasonally  distinct  forms  is  inter- 
ru|ittMl  and  can  never  become  so  definite  as  on  the  vast  plains  wliich  occupy 
To.xMs,  and  the  regions  to  the  immediate  north  and  south  of  it.     (See  Note.) 

IV.  In  Texas  and  the  regions  adjoining  there  are  no  inequalities  of  surface 
siiHicicnt  to  aft'ect  the  general  result,  and  this  species  has  for  ages  been  subject 
to  the  most  favorable  climatic  and  geographic  conditions  for  the  development  of 
pdlyinorphism.  There  are  four  annual  broods,  the  earliest,  flying  from  November 
to  February,  consisting  ol'  Ariadne,  the  next  of^  Kee  way  din,  the  third  of  an  inter- 
giMde.  and  the  last  of  Eurytheme,  the  separation  being  marked.  If  either  form 
apprins  in  any  degree  out  of  its  season,  it  is  not  in  suificient  numl)ers  to  invali- 
date the  rule.     The  species  here  is  truly  polymorphic  and  seasonally  ,so. 

h'laraj/dtn,  throughout  the  range  of  the  species,  is  the  most  constant  of  the 
three  forms,  and  I  should  consider  it  the  winter  ;'orm  and  therefore  the  primitive. 
ISiit  where  the  species  is  polygoneutic,  a  second  winter  i'ovm,  Ariadne,  has  ari.sen, 
and  in  some  districts  where  it  is  di-  or  tri-goneutic,  an  intermediate  variety, 
strongly  tending  towards  this  second  winter  form,  sometimes  manifests  itself 
The  case  is  much  as  in  Papilio  Ajax,  which  has  one  sununer  foiin  Marcellm,  but 
two  winter  forms,  Telamonides  and  Wahhii,  the  first  the  primary,  the  other  sec- 
ond;! ly.  Application  of  cold  to  chrysalids  of  any  of  tlie  forms  of  Ajax  causes 
Tclanionkks  to  appear,  and  similar  experiments  made  with  chrysalids  of  this 
Colias  will  be  apt  to  show  which  is  the  original  winter  form. 

The  resemblance  between  Eurytheme  and  Philodice  I  have  spoken  of,  and 
prohiibly  every  variety  and  sub-variety  of  eaih  form  of  the  first  of  these  species 
can  be  piiralleled  in  the  other,  color  alone  excepted.  The  variety  of  Philodice 
sliown  on  Plate  III.,  of  Colias,  Figs.  2,  3,  corresponds  with  Ariadne;  Figs.  1,  2, 
Plate  II.,  correspond  with  the  typical  Eurytheme.  Even  the  appearance  of  the 
d(ig's  iiead,  characteristic  of  Colias  Casonia,  and  not  unfrequently  to  be  seen  in 
the  female  of  Eurytheme,  occasionally  appears  in  Fkllodlce.  Albinic  females  ap- 
pe  ir  in  every  brood  as  in  Philodice.  In  that  species  these  females  are  as  com- 
mon m  the  early  spring  brood  as  in  any  of  the  later  ones,  although  the  contrary 
lias  lieen  stated  by  authors  ;  and  judging  from  the  number  of  albinos  received 
by  nic  from  many  quarters,  the  same  is  true  of  Eurytheme. 

The  larvae  of  Eurytheme  and  Philodice  are  scarcely,  if  at  all,  distinguishable 


COLIAS  IV. 


in  the  ciulier  stages,  and  in  the  later  are  often  just  as  much  alike.  But  many 
larvae  of  the  former  have  developed  a  second  lateral  band,  making  the  species  at 
this  stage  polymorphic.  The  close  resemblance  extends  also  to  eggs  and  chrysa- 
lids.  In  the  notes  to  Philodice,  I  have  recorded  instances  of  hybridism  between 
the  two.  The  larval  food  plants  arc  also  the  same.  The  larva?  of  Eurytheme 
which  I  have  received,  and  which  were  stated  to  have  been  fed  on  plants  not 
found  here  at  Coalburgh,  fed  as  readily  on  red  clover  as  do  the  larvte  of  Philo- 
dice. 

Philodice  is  nowhere  a  polymorphic  species,  but  everywhere  a  varial)Ie  one. 
Its  varieties  are  not  separable,  but  are  so  thoroughly  intermingled  that  any  fe- 
male of  any  brood  of  the  year  may  not  unlikely  discover  in  its  progeny  the  ex- 
tremes and  all  shades  of  variation. 

And  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  where  Eiiri/lhcme  is 
but  two  and  three  brooded,  the  two  principal  forms  of  the  species  are  intermingled 
as  m  Philodice.  In  tiiese  districts  it  is  a  variable  species.  Bnt  in  Texas,  where 
the  length  of  the  warm  season  permits  the  species  to  become  many  brooded,  it 
is  seasonally  polymorphic.  The  explanation  of  this  difference  I  conceive  to  be 
this:  at  the  north,  more  or  less  of  the  fall  l)uttertlies  hybernate,  as  also  do  larvaj 
from  eggs  laid  by  some  of  the  females  of  the  fall  brood,  the  latter  producing 
butterflies  in  the  spring  and  while  the  hybernators  are  still  flying.  The  series 
begins,  tJieretbre,  in  the  spring  with  all  the  forms  or  varieties  of  the  butterfly 
which  are  fouml  in  the  district,  and  cross-breeding  occurs  then  and  all  the  season 
through.  But  in  Texas,  the  butterflies  of  September  lay  egys,  and  the  larvje 
from  these  feed,  and  more  or  less  of  them  mature  and  reach  the  chrysalis  stage, 
or  even  the  imago,  before  cold  weather  comes;  while  others,  though  torpid  dur- 
ing cold  weather,  are  active  upon  the  advent  of  every  fine  day,  and  so  feed  and 
mature  at  intervals  throughout  the  winter  months.  The  butterflies  which  have 
emerged  in  the  early  part  of  the  winter  are  typical  Ariadne,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion live  in  a  state  of  semi-hybernation,  according  as  the  season  permits,  and 
are  on  the  wing  in  February.  Those  which  emerge  late  in  the  winter  are  mostly 
of  the  same  type,  with  an  occasional  variety.  (Var.  A.)  The  series  in  the  spring, 
therefore,  begins  with  Ariadne  alone  and  not  with  the  three  forms  of  the  species, 
for  two  of  them  have  been  left  far  behind.  They  lived  long  enough  in  tiie  mi- 
tumn  to  perpetuate  the  species  through  the  form  Ariadne,  and  nature  had  nu 
further  use  for  them.  Eggs  laid  in  the  spring  by  Ariadne  produce  Keewaydin, 
which  in  its  turn  is  followed  by  Eurytheme,  just  as  P.  Telamonides  is  followed  by 
Marcelhis.  It  seems  to  me  that  if  Marcellus  hybernated  in  the  imago  iind  bred 
with  Telamonides  or  Walshii  in  the  spring,  the  result  would  be  a  variable  specieij, 
—  at  any  rate,  not  one  seasonally  dimorphic. 


COMAS   IV. 


Ill  tlic  lowlands  of  California,  the  species  is  apparently  also  four-broodec^,  and 
^v(■  iiio  assured  that  hybernated  examples  of  the  two  summer  forms  are  seen  fly- 
iiiu  ill  early  spring.  These  may  be  supposed  to  be  belated  individuals  of  the  last 
liidod  of  tiie  summer,  for  those  of  the  same  brood  which  earliest  emerge  must 
li;i\('  laid  their  eggs,  and  the  larvao  must  have  gone  on  to  maturity,  just  as  in 
Texas,  producing  Ariadne.  And  the  number  of  these  hybernating  butterflies 
iiiiisf  be  too  few  to  neutralize  the  influence  of  Ariadne  in  the  succeeding  brood, 
wliicii  Mr.  Edwards  tells  us  is  made  up  of  Keewaydin.  That  this  last  named 
1(11111  appears  in  all  subsequent  broods,  and  Ariadne  to  some  degree,  may  be 
iittril)uted  to  the  configuration  of  the  country,  compelling  the  hill  races  to  inter- 
iiiiiijile  with  tho.«e  of  the  valleys.  In  the  lowlands  there  is  evidently  a  strong 
tciiileucy  to  seasonal  polymorphism,  but  in  the  later  broods  of  the  year  this  is 
soiiiewhere  neutralized  or  interfered  with. 

Kcciiyii/din  is  the  form  which  has  frequently  been  assumed  to  be  identical  with 
Chnjxotheme,  and  of  which  Dr.  Boisduval,  in  the  "  Icones,"  siiys :  "It  is  found  in 
Mtiy  in  districts  of  temperate  America.  Individuals  from  this  part  of  the  world 
nil'  MS  large  as  Edusa.''  In  the  Lepid.  de  I'Am.  Sept.,  Dr.  Boisduval  says  of 
C/in/sof/ione  that  it  is  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York.  Prof.  P.  C. 
ZiHer,  Ent.  Zeit.,  1874,  p.  430,  in  a  review  of  my  Vol.  I.,  says:  "  Certainly 
.Mime  of  the  species  designated  may  be  reduced  to  well-known  European  ones. 
Thus  I  can  assert  Keewaydin  to  be  nothing  but  our  Chrysotheme,  of  which  I  my- 
self have  taken  a  male  {it  Vienna,  with  ,so  little  orange  on  the  inner  half  of  the 
wiiiL'  borders  that  a  North  American  could  scarcely  distinguish  it  among  a  number 
of  Keewaydin.  If  Keewaydin  and  Chrysotheme  arc  really  the  same  species,  we 
iiKiy  well  say  that  species  vary  much  more  iii  North  America  than  in  Europe. 
Enrylheme  i  is  .sometimes  no  larger  than  our  3/yrniidone,  to  which  it  is  besides 
vt'i'v  similar,  though  they  cannot  belong  to  the  same  species,  as  the  latter  po.s- 
M'sst's  a  glandular  spot,  wiiich  Eurytheme  does  not."  I  conclude  from  this  th.at 
I'loi'cssoi-Zeller  accepted  Eurytheme  as  a  good  species,  but  believed  Keewaydin  to 
he  the  same  as  Chrysotheme,  and  was  surprised  at  the  degree  of  variation  mani- 
I't'sled  liy  it.  I  express  no  opinion  on  the  present  identity  of  the  two  species 
thnnigh  the  Ibrm  Keewaydin,  but  if  the  latter  was  the  primitive  form  on  this 
idiitiiu'iit,  it  may  have  peopled  the  old  world  betbre  it  became  polymorphic  in 
thi<,  and  the  present  representatives  on  both  continents  have  come  from  one 
stock.  As  to  whether  they  are  distinct  .species  now,  much  light  would  be  gained 
if  ihe  life  history  of  the  European  Chrysotheme  was  followed  out  by  lepidopter- 
i>!>  ill  its  territory.  I  have  exerted  my,self  in  vain  to  obtain  egg.s,  or  larva},  or 
(hiiwiiigs  of  its  several  larval  stages,  and  I  am  not  aware  that  either  drawing,  or 
jiroper  description  of  these  siages  exists. 


COLIAS  IV. 

I  have  received  a  letter  from  Dr.  James  S.  Bailey  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  stating 
that  in  the  niitumn  of  187C  he  took  what  he  supposed  to  be  Keewaydln  within 
five  niileH  of  Albany  ;  and  in  Vol.  VII.,  Canadian  Entomologist,  1875,  Mr.  C. 
W.  Pearson  of  Montreal,  Canada,  mentions  taking  an  Eurytheme  fresh  from 
chrysalis. 

The  butterfly  figured  on  Plate  of  Keewaydin,  in  Vol.  I.,  as  No.  7,  supposed 
to  be  a  variety  of  that  species,  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  as  distinct, 
and  has  recently  been  described  by  him  as  C.  Ilftrfordii. 


NoTK.  —  After  the  foro<;nin'i  pajes  were  in  typp,  1  rceoivcil  letters  from  >[r.  Mead,  in  Cnlifornin,  passiijcs 
from  wliii'h  well  illustrate  the  oxtrenio  difforenecs  in  climate  in  that  State,  and  the  effect  upon  insect  life. 
"  Yo  Skmitk,  June  10,  1H78.  Up  the  watercourse  hehind  the  hotel,  I  found  <|uite  a  snow-bank  remaining, 
and  near  it  the  plants  hail  hardly  more  than  budded.  One  clump  of  a  certain  bush  was  iu  full  blosKom  on  the 
side  towards  the  ravine,  and  was  loaded  w'th  nearly  ripe  fruit  on  the  other  side.  This  state  of  things,  of 
course,  'lausoa  a  succession  of  fresh  individual.-i  .among  the  butterflies,  so  that  spring  and  summer  broods  cannot 
he  well  defined  from  each  other  where  they  exist."  June  16.  "The  snow  lies  in  large  patches  in  the  high- 
lands still,  and  the  willows  are  just  putting  forth  their  catkins.  In  ten  days  or  two  weeks  there  ought  to  be 
something  to  collect  up  there."  At  Glacier  Point,  in  the  same  region,  Mr.  Mead  notices  that  by  a  few  flut- 
terintrs  of  the  wing,  a  butterfly  may  drop  two  thousand  feet  or  more  perpendicular,  and  arrive  at  a  wholly 
different  climaie. 

rrmii  Tallac  Point,  Lake  Taboo,  on  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  California,  August  4  :  "  Tallao  Pep.k,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  lake,  is  exceedingly  precipitous,  and  the  snow  lies  in  great  banks  in  the  ravines  all  sum- 
mer long.  On  the  north  side,  however,  the  mountain  slopes  with  a  comp.aratively  gentle  inclination,  ami  ii 
overgrown  with  bunch  grass,  in  many  places  even  to  within  one  or  two  hundred  yards  of  the  summit.  Part 
way  u|i  the  mountain  I  tooK  Pyraineis  Carye,  a  butterfly  found  abundantly  throughout  the  lowlands  and  cvin 
in  llie  tropics.  This  region  is  .said  not  to  have  very  intensely  cold  winters,  but  the  snow  falls  in  enoniious 
quantities  — twenty  feet  deep  on  a  level  —  so  that  the  ranches,  except  some  on  the  lake  shore,  are  entirely 
deserted  in  winter,  the  farmers  moving  with  their  cattle  to  the  lowlands,  where  pasturage  is  good." 


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HELICON  I A  I. 


IIKMCOMA    CIIAIUTONIA. 

Ilillcntiiii  ('liiirilimiii,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nut.,  I[.,  p.  7,17.    Criiiiu'r,  II.,  |)1.  Illl.     Kal).,  Kiil.  Syst.,  III.,  |i.  170.     lid 

iuhI  Loc.  |i.  11",  III.  11. 


Mai.k.  —  Kxpaiiils  (Voiii  2.")  to  4  inchc'^. 

UppiT  sidt!  Itlack,  haiKlcd  witli  li'inon-yollow  ;  priiniiries  have  an  oblique,  traiiH- 
vt'isi',  iiiuTow  apical  hand  ;  ii  .Hocoiid  from  costa  croMso.s  the  disk  and  I'nds  on 
iippcr  liranch  of  iiicdiaii  lU'rvurc,  a  liltlt!  siiort  of  hind  niarjrin  ;  a  third,  startini^f 
from  liaso,  followH  median,  lying  on  Ijoth  sidcH  of  it,  makes  an  olhow  at  lower 
hiimcli  of  Mame,  and  nniH  with  this,  aloii<f  the  anterior  side,  nearly  to  margin. 

Secondaries  have  a  hroad  hand  from  \\\\wv  ninrgin  near  base  across  ceil  nearly 
to  outer  angle,  and  b.'vond  thi."!  a  traiisvei.se  row  of  yellow  spots  curvinu'  with 
tlio  margin  at  outer  angle,  the  anterior  ones  siiiidi,  llie  others  oi)loiig  or  rectan- 
gular, individuals  ditl'ering  ;  along  the  posterior  half  of  hind  margin  yellow 
jioints,  in  pairs,  on  the  interspaces  ;  at  base  two  bright  red  spots  or  jjoints,  the 
lower  one  sometimes  wanting;  fringes  black,  yellow  in  the  interspaces  of  .sec- 
ondiirie.s,  and  at  inner  angle  of  primaries;  and  .somewhat,  bill  irregularly,  to- 
ward apex.     The  yellow  bands  are  sometimes  partly  siiil'used  or  dusted  with  I'ed. 

Under  sid((  brown  ;  costa  of  primaries  next  base  lu'iglit  red  ;  the  bands  repeated, 
tile  mesial  and  lower  one  extended  to  hind  margin,  or  very  nearly,  ami  next  this 
margin  siiifused  with  .salmon  color;  individuals  vary  in  the  color  of  the  bands; 
some  have  the  lower  one  as  bright  as  on  upper  side,  the  others  paler;  some 
have  all  three  of  same  shade,  pale  yellow  ;  and  iwit  infrequently  the  two  upper 
ones  are  washed  at  each  extremity  with  diluted  salmon-red. 

Secondaries  have  the  band  repeated,  pale  yellow ;  at  the  outer  end  of  same 
two  large  .salmon-colored  jiatches,  almost  confluent ;  the  row  of  spots  repeated, 
but  the  outer  half  are  whiti.sh,  the  rest  deep  yellow  ;  the  marginal  dots  are  en- 
larged to  spots,  and  the  pairs  run  from  outer  to  inner  angle  and  up  inner  margin ; 
on  this  margin  between  the  band  and  .spots  are  two  red  spots,  and  two  others 
ill  base. 


HELICONIA    I. 

Bod^-  above  black  ;  benoiith,  the  thorax  black  with  an  oblique  yellow  side 
stripe;  a  yellow  macidar  .stripe  on  side  of  ab(,i)iiieii  and  two  yellow  lines  below; 
the  edges  of  the  segments  inon  or  less  ;  A]ow  ;  inider  side  pale  salmon  color  ;  a 
red  spot  on  either  side  of  U'd^Miion  next  the  wings  ;  four  yellow  spots  across 
thorax  and  a  l)ar  behind  them  ,  two  rows  of  four  small  yellow  spots  back  of  the 
liead  ;  legs  black  with  dull  yellow  ,  ales,  the  aborted  pair  bright  yellow;  palpi 
yellow  with  many  long  black  hairs  in  front,  the  upper  side  at  tip  black;  antenniu 
and  club  black. 

Female. — P]xpands  4  to  o  inches;    similar  in  color  and  markings  to  the  male, 

1'he  species  is  subject  to  considerable  variation  :  one  example  submitted   to 

me  has  a  patch  of  ydlow  on  ])rimaries  l)etwi'('n  the  two   lower  bands.     (Fig.  (1.) 

Another  has  the  spots  of  hind   wing  pure  white   on   both  sides   (Fig.   5):  and 

there  is  much  dili'erence  in  size,  .some  being  dwarfed.     (Fig.  4.) 


Egg.  —  (/ylindrical,  one  half  higher  than  bronil,  Hat  at  base,  tapering  very 
slightly  from  base  to  about  three  fourtlis  the  leugtli,  then  conoidal,  the  top  flat- 
tened and  a  little  depresseil  ;  marked  by  fourteen  vertical  ridges,  straight,  nar- 
row, not  very  prominent,  extending  from  base  to  the  middle  of  the  cone  ;  below 
the  cone  are  horizontal  low  ridges  which,  with  the  vertical  ones,  inclose  long, 
rectangular  spaces  ;  there  are  nine  tiers  of  these,  each  space  being  roundlj'  ex- 
cavated ;  next  above  the  base  of  the  cone  is  a  tier  of  similar  spaces,  but  higher, 
more  nearly  square,  and  more  deeply  exciivated  ;  next  are  seven  (!ells,  irregu- 
larly pentagonal.  The  llattened  top  is  composed  of  three  concentric  rows  of 
spaces,  pentagonal,  except  the  innermost,  which  are  rhomboidal ;  color  yellow. 
(Fig.  a,  ti^.)     Duration  of  this  stage  three  days. 

Young  L.vhva.  —  Length  .08  inch ;  cylindrical,  segments  2  to  7  of  about  even 
thickness,  then  tapering,  the  dor.sum  sloping  ;  marked  by  four  principal  rows 
of  rounded  and  flattened  tubercles,  of  which  two  are  dorsal,  and  one  is  on  either 
side;  the  former  extend  from  3  to  13,  the  latter  front  3  to  11,  each  tubercle 
standing  on  the  middle  of  the  segment ;  there  are  also  two  rows  of  similar  but 
minute  tubercles,  one  lying  l)etween  the  dorsal  and  lateral,  each  tubercle  placed 
at  the  junction  of  the  .segments  from  2-3  to  12-13.  with  another  at  the  end 
of  13 ;  and  one  over  feet,  two  tubercles  to  each  segment  in  longitmlinal  line 
from  2  to  10,  and  one  from  11  to  13  ;  on  2  is  a  chitinons  dorsal  band  with  tubLT- 
cles ;  a  rounded  tubercle  on  side  in  line  with  the  lateral  body  row,  but  suiall ; 
and  near  the  front  of  the  segment  two  others,  one  upper,  one  lower;  each 
tubercle,  wherever  ])laced,  sends  forth  a  black  tapering  hair,  those  from  the  niiiin 
rows  long,  and  on  dorsum,  on  the  three  anterior  segments,  bent  forward,  on  tlic 
next  three  or  four  erect,  the  rest  recurved  ;  of  the  side  rows,  both  large  am! 


HELICON]. \   I. 


MiiiiU,  the  liairs  to  6  inclusive  are  bent  forward,  the  rest  back,  and  all  are  de- 
|)ressed  ;  color  pale  reddish-brown,  like  fresli  cut  cork  ;  legs  and  feet  same ; 
lu'iid  obovoid,  a  little  paler  in  color  than  the  body  ;  a  few  scattered  bhack  hairs 
over  snrfiice  ;  ocelli  black.     (Fig.  h.)     To  lir.st  moult  two  to  three  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  .22  inch;  cylindrical,  nearly  even,  the  segments  a 
little  rouii  led  ;  color  light  brown,  changing,  as  the  stage  proceeds,  to  grecnish- 
wliitc,  mottled  with  brown  ;  armed  with  si.\  rows  of  spines,  one  sub-dorsal,  one 
iMKhlie,  and  one  infra-stigmatal  (arranged  as  described  under  mature  larva); 
these  s|)ines  are  short,  slender,  and  tapering,  black,  with  a  few  short  black  bristles 
(111  the  sides;  on  second  segment  a  chitinous  dorsal  patch  with  hairs;  feet  and 
lejis  brown  ;  head  obovoid,  truncated,  a  little  depressed  at  the  suture,  the  ver- 
tices low,  rounded,  and  on  each  a  short,  tapering,  blunt,  black  process,  thinly 
beset  with  i)ristles.     (Fig.  c,  c^,  bead  .spine  c''.)     To  ne.xt  moult  two  days. 

After  .second  moult:  lengtii  .5  inch;  color  dull  wliito,  mottled  or  spotted  with 
yelloW-brown  ;  imder  side  brown  ;  the  spines  long,  sharp ;  head  as  before  the 
s|)iiR's  longer,  directed  forward,  a  little  recurved.  (Fig.  d.)  To  next  moult  two 
(Jays. 

,\fter  third  moult :  length  .7  inch  ;  slender,  whiter  than  before,  but  green- 
tinted  ;  dor.sal  .spines  .1  inch  long,  upper  laterals  .01)  inch,  lower  .07  inch;  head 
fiiHH'nish-yellow,  the  processes  like  the  body  spines,  .08  inch  long.  (Fig.  e.) 
To  next  moult  three  days. 

.\fter  fourth  moult :  length  1  inch,  and  in  three  days  reached  maturity. 

.M.VTiitK  Lahva.  —  Length  1.25  to  1.'.  incli  ;  cylindrical,  slender,  nearly  of 
even  size  from  2  to  12,  the  segments  a  little  rounded  ;  color  dead  white,  with  no 
gloss,  smooth,  witli  no  hairs;  spotted  with  black  or  black-brown,  the  spots  dis- 
posed in  cross  rows,  two  of  which  are  back  of  the  spines  and  one  on  the  extreme 
iiiifeiior  end  of  the  segment;  mostly  romided  or  oval,  but  those  on  medio-dorsal 
line  me  lialf-oval  except  the  spots  on  the  posterior  edges  of  the  segments,  which 
life  tiiiiuirular ;  the.se  spots  form  nne  dor.sal  row  and  two  on  either  side  ;  over  the 
liasiil  ridge,  on  4  to  11,  is  a  brown  patch  oovtring  the  adjacent  edges  of  the  seg- 
ments ;  another  patch  covers  each  s'<'.racle ;  under  side  reddish-brown  with  a 
green  tint ;  segment  2  has  a  dorsal  chitinous  biir  divided  in  middle,  and  on  either 
part  are  two  black  tubercles  with  hairs ;  the  body  furnished  with  six  rows  of 
spines,  two  sub-dorsal,  one  on  middle  of  each  side,  and  one  infra-stigniatal  ;  the 
(loisiils  rim  from  3  to  13  ;  the  upper  laterals  from  5  to  13,  the  lower  from  5  to 
1-;  and  between  2  and  3,  3  and  4,  in  line  with  upper  laterals,  is  a  spine;  the 
spines  of  the  four  upper  rows  are  straight  and  erect,  but  those  of  the  lower  row 
me  tui-ncd  down  and  a  little  recurved;  all  are  alike,  shining  black,  small  at  base, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  and  about  each  are  from  5  to  7  short  black  bristles 


IlELICONIA   I. 


irregularly  iilacod  ;  the  dorsals  measure  .2  inch,  the  1st  laterals  .17,  the  lower.  14 
inch,  and  there  is  little  variation  in  the  lengtii  of  the  spines  of  each  row ;  le<;s 
brown,  tipped  black,  pro-legs  biown,  A\ith  a  black  spot  on  the  side  of  each;  head 
obovoid,  rounded  in  front,  truncated,  a  little  depressed  at  the  suture,  the  vertices 
but  little  elevated,  rounded  ;  color  greenish-white,  vitreous;  on  either  side  the 
suture  on  mid-front  a  round  black  spot ;  the  ocelli  black  on  a  small  black  patch  ; 
mandibles  black  ;  ^-n  each  vertex  a  black  spine  nearly  like  those  of  the  body,  but 
le.^s  tapering  and  more  blunt,  .12  inch  long,  directed  forward  at  about  45%  and  a 
little  recurved.     {V'lg. /,/"■■'•*.) 

As  the  larva  approaches  suspension  the  spots  change  to  brown,  and  the  white 
becomes  dull  and  sordid.     Twelve  hours  after  suspension,  pupation  takes  place. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  to  top  of  head  ,9o  inch,  to  end  of  processes  on  head  1.1 
inch  ;  slender,  compressed  laterally,  the  thoracic  segments  on  ventral  side  highly 
arched  and  lounded  abruptly  down  to  abdomen  ;  tlie  sides  of  this  elevation 
covered  entirely  by  the  wing  cases,  .sloping,  almost  Hat  or  a  little  convex,  the  two 
wing  cases  not  quite  meeting,  but  separated  by  a  narrow  depressed  ridge,  on 
either  side  of  which  is  a  row  of  siuidl  bead-like  tubercles,  each  giving  out  at  top  a 
short  sharp  bristle  or  thorn  ;  this  ridge  widens  anteriorly  so  as  to  include  the  an- 
tenna? cases,  and  the  rows  of  beads  pa.ss  along  and  around  head  case  to  its  top  on 
the  dor.sal  .side,  but  for  a  little  distance  at  the  uase  of  the  antennic  lose  their  bris- 
tles; head  case  prominent,  compressed  transversely,  nearly  .square  at  top ;  upon 
\-ich  vertex  a  narrow  leaf-like  process,  lanceolate,  llattened  and  thin,  serrated  on 
both  edges,  divergent,  like  horns  ;  me.sonotum  prominent,  conipres,sed  at  top  into 
a  thin  carina  which  rises  on  the  anterior  ])art  in  a  doul)le  curve  to  a  sharp  point, 
but  on  the  posterior  side  slopes  at  about  45°  ;  followed  by  a  rounded  excavation 
considerably  longer  than  the  mesonotum  itself ;  abdomen  cylindrical ;  on  the  two 
upper  segments  a  large  sub-dor.sal.  tlaring,  flattened  process  roumled  irregularly 
on  the  edge  and  completely  spanning  both  segments ;  on  the  next  segment  is  a 
small  sharp  rounded  process,  and  on  the  next  another  small  and  flattened  ;  on  the 
next  a  sharp  tubercle,  in  some  cases  flattened  ;  on  the  tops  of  all  these  processes 
are  thorns,  one  on  each  of  the  smaller,  and  two  on  the  largest ;  in  row  with  tliise, 
on  the  depression  and  on  the  sides  of  mesonotum,  are  four  low  conical  tubercles, 
each  with  a  short  thorn ;  segments  I),  10,  11.  in  the  ventral  line,  have  the  ante- 
rior edges  turned  up  and  produced  into  low  divergent  points ;  at  the  base  of  the 
head  case  on  dorsal  side  a  large  burnished  gold  spot,  and  the  tubercles  behind  tiie 
mesonotum  gilded  ;  general  hue  brown,  in  shades  ;  the  anterior  parts,  which  in- 
chules  head  case,  mesonotum,  and  half  the  wing  cases,  being  light  or  yellowish  ; 
the  rest  of  wing  cases  dark,  or  streaked  dark  in  the  interspaces  of  the  wings;  the 
light  part  of  the.se   cases  somewhat  gray  or  whitish ;  the  proces-ses  on  head  and 


HELICONIA  I. 


P 
1 


the  antenna?  cases  are  dark;  abdomen  varied  in  longitudinal  streaks,  confined  to 
( ,uli  segment,  dark  and  light  brown,  with  some  oblique  whitish  marks  on  the  ven- 
iial  side.     (Figs,  g,  g''^'*-)     Duration  of  this  stage  0  to  7  days. 

Cliaritonia  is  common  in  parts  of  Florida,  as  at  Indian  River,  and  is  found 
(ilong  the  Atlantic  coast  at  least  an  far  northward  as  Port  Royal,  8.  C.  Many 
M'lns  iigo,  I  received  examples  from  Mr.  James  Postell,  St.  Simon's  Island,  Ga., 
and  was  informed  that  they  were  confined  to  one  particular  locality,  a  dense 
tliicUot.  It  is,  however,  a  sub-tropical  species,  and  it  abounds  in  the  Antilles  and 
(,'entral  America.  I  cannot  learn  that  any  record  exists  of  its  preparatory  stages 
prior  to  ihat  given  by  me  in  the  Canr,  Han  Entomologist,  vol.  xiii.,  p.  158,  1881. 
Ill  1878,  22d  December,  I  received  from  Dr.  A.  W.  Cliapman,  at  Apalachicola, 
■A  fliiysalis  of  Cliaritonia,  of  which  he  wrote  :  "  In  a  flower-pot,  with  a  Geranium, 
s|iriing  up  a  Passiflora  guberosa,  a  tropical  plant,  the  seeds  of  v,hich  I  '  .ought 
tioiii  Soutli  Florida,  in  1875,  and  have  since  cultivated  in  my  garden.  About  the 
iiiiildle  of  November,  I  discovered  two  caterpillars  on  the  plant,  one  about  one  and 
ii  lialf  inch  long,  the  other  smaller,  —  white,  be.seton  the  segments  and  head  with 
.ilonder  black  spines.  Placing  them  in  a  glass  jar.  the  larger  one  su.^pended  in 
two  days,  the  other  a  Aveek  later.  On  December  14th,  the  last  gave  butterfly, 
\l.  Cliaritonia.  The  other,  which  I  send  you,  I  fear  is  dead.  I  suppose  they 
i^'^'^\  on  any  species  of  Pa.ssiHora,  of  which  we  have  two  native.  Upon  tiieso  the 
(' it('r])illars  of  the  few  Cliaritonia  seen  here  must  have  fed.  The  pupa  is  very 
singular,  as  you  perceive,  the  projections  from  the  head  reminding  one  of  tlie 
horns  of  some  species  of  scaraljieus,  or  the  claws  of  a  lobster.  And  then,  tbe 
golilen  stripes  over  the  abdominal  segments,  and  the  spreading  plates  behind 
diom !  " 

I  learned  from  Dr.  Wm.  Wittfeld  that  the  butterfly  was  common  at  Indian 
River,  and  begged  him  to  make  observations  on  the  caterpillars,  and,  if  |)ossible, 
olitaiu  eggs.  Thereupon,  he  set  himself  to  examine  carefully  the  leaves  of  Passi- 
flora. but  for  some  time  discovered  nothing.  At  last  a  female  was  seen  ovipositing 
on  tiie  tender,  terminal  leaves,  and  thenceforth  there  was  no  difhculty  in  finding 
ejrus.  Females  tied  in  bags  over  the  ends  of  the  stems  laid  abundantly,  and  several 
ratcrpillars  were  raised  to  chrysalis  and  butterfly.  Attempts  to  get  either  eggs  or 
('ati'i'pillars  to  me  failed  by  rea.son  of  the  leaves  decaying  in  the  mails.  IIow- 
evur.  1  received  caterpillars  30th  August,  1880.  Kggs  had  been  sent,  which 
liatclied,  and  the  caterpillars  had  pas.sed  their  second  moult  when  I  received  them. 
Tlu'v  throve  on  leaves  of  Passiflora  coerulea,  and  the  larval  stages  proceeded  with 
rapiility,  scarcely  more  than  two  days  being  required  for  each. 

Dr.  Wittfeld  states  that  on  touching  the  chrysalis  he  ob.served  that  it  gave  out 
a  croaking  noise,  wriggling  about  at  the  same  time,  and  this  is  stated  l^y  Dr.  Fritz 


IIKLICONIA    I. 


MuUor,  in  a  paper  on  Hraziliaii  hutterflios,  to  be  characteristic  of  the  genus  Heli- 
conia.  Several  butturtiies  came  fortli  in  my  room,  and  one  of  them  was  set  free 
in  the  garden,  placed  gently  on  a  Hower  of  passion-vine.  It  rested  some  moments 
with  wings  fidly  opened  and  depressed  a  little  below  the  horizontal,  and  then  rose 
vertically  some  ten  feet,  circled  two  or  three  times,  Hew  slowly  towards  the 
woods,  and  was  seen  no  more.  I  had  a  similar  experience  in  1881  with  two 
others,  l)otli  rising  high  and  making  for  the  nearest  woods. 

Dr.  Wittfeld  reports  that  these  bntterflies  fretpient  paths  in  the  forest,  or  are 
found  feeding  at  a  little  distance  from  the  forest,  to  which  they  at  once  beta'^e 
themselves  if  alarmed,  and  then  tly  rapidly,  though  usually  their  flight  is  heavy. 
Also,  that  they  have  the  habit  of  gathering  in  Hocks  toward  night,  and  roost, 
always  with  heads  up,  to  the  number  of  perliajjs  (ifty  or  more,  on  Spanish  mo.ss, 
or  on  dry  twigs  of  trees,  especially  such  as  have  dead  leaves  still  hanging  to 
them.  In  the  morning,  after  the  sun  is  well  up,  they  come  trooping  forth  iri 
search  of  llowers. 

This  habit  was  observed  hy  Philip  Henry  (rosse,  Esq.,  as  is  stated  in  a  note  in 
Doubleday's  Genera,  I.,  p.  97,  and  as  this  work  is  nearly  inacce.-isible  in  this  coun- 
try, I  repeat  Mr.  Gosse's  remarks  :  '•  Passing  along  a  rocky  foot-path  on  a  steep 
wooded  mountain  side,  in  the  Parish  of  St.  Elizabeth  (Jamaica),  about  the  end  of 
August,  1845,  my  attention  was  attracted,  just  before  sunset,  by  a  swarm  of  these 
butterflies  in  a  sort  of  rocky  recess,  overhung  by  trees  and  creepers.  They  were 
about  twenty  in  ninnber,  and  were  dancing  to  and  fro,  exactly  in  the  manner  of 
gnats,  or  as  Ilepioli  play  at  the  side  of  a  wood.  After  watching  them  awhile,  I 
noticed  that  .some  of  them  were  resting  with  closed  wings  at  the  extremities  of 
one  or  two  depending  vines.  One  after  another  fluttered  from  the  group  of 
dancers  to  the  reposing  squadron,  and  alighte<l  close  to  the  others,  so  that  at 
length,  when  only  about  two  or  three  of  the  fliers  were  left,  the  rest  were  col- 
lected in  groups  of  half  a  dozen  each,  so  clo.se  together  that  each  group  might 
have  been  grasped  in  the  hand.  When  once  one  had  alighted,  it  did  not  in  gen- 
eral fly  again,  but  a  new-comer,  fluttering  at  the  group,  seeking  to  find  a  place, 
sometimes  disturbed  one  recently  settled,  when  the  wings  were  thrown  open,  and 
one  or  two  flew  up  again.  As  there  were  no  leaves  on  the  hanging  stalks,  tlic 
appearance  presented  by  these  beautiful  butterflies,  so  crowded  together,  their 
long,  erect  wings  pointing  in  different  directions,  was  not  a  little  curious.  I  was 
told  by  persons  residing  near,  that  every  evening  they  thus  a.s,sembled,  and  that 
I  had  not  seen  a  third  part  of  the  numbers  often  collected  in  that  spot." 

Mr.  Wallace  says  of  the  Heliconida;  in  general :  "  They  all  rest  with  their 
wings  erect  upon  leaves  and  flowers,  and  at  night  I  have  observed  them  asleep^ 
hanging  at  the  extreme  end  of  a  slender  twig,  which  bends  beneath  their  weiglit 
and  swings  gently  with  the  evening  breeze." 


HELICONIA   I. 


It  is  well  known  that  species  of  an  allied  family,  as  Danai,s  Arvhippns,  gather 
in  groat,  flocks,  bnt  this  seems  to  be  only  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  and  then 
liy  (lay  as  well  as  nij^lit,  and  is  apparently  connected  with  their  migrations,  which 
lue  l)elieved  to  be  periodical,  at  least  in  some  districts.  But  ChdrUonid  assem- 
hlesfor  the  night  only,  and  for  rest,  dispersing  during  the  day  in  search  of  food, 
.liter  the  fashion  of  our  wild  pigeons. 

The  family  lleliconidiw  embraces  an  iminense  number  of  .species.  Mr.  H.  W. 
Biites,  in  1861,  stated  that  there  were  two  hundred  and  eighty-four  then  known 
ill  tropical  America.  "  They  are  most  numerous  in  those  parts  uf  the  country 
where  the  forests  are  most  extensive  and  the  climate  most  sultry  and  humid. 
'Uwy  are  peculiarly  creatures  of  the  forest,  and  like  the  Plattyrrhine  monkeys, 
the  arboreal  Gallinaceae,  and  the  other  groups  of  the  same  region,  point  to  the 
gradual  adaptation  of  the  favma,  during  an  immense  lapse  of  time,  to  a  forest- 
chid  country." 

It  has  been  noticed  by  authors  who  have  treated  of  this  family  that  the  species, 
although  exceedingly  abundant  in  individuals,  and  of  slow  flight,  and  conspicuous 
colors,  more  easy  to  be  caught  by  birds  than  almost  any  other  insect,  are  iiotpcr- 
i<L'('iited  by  birds,  lizards,  or  other  animals.  Mr.  Belt,  in  "  Naturalist  in  Nicara- 
gua," relates  that  he  had  watched  a  pair  of  birds  catching  butterflies  and  dragon- 
llics.  which  they  brought  to  their  nest  to  feed  their  young,  and  in  no  case  did  they 
ciilcli  one  of  the  Heliconidiw,  which  were  in  great  numbers  about,  and  could  have 
been  caught  with  less  trouble  than  any  others.  Also,  that  a  tame  monkey,  who 
was  extremely  fond  of  insects,  and  would  greedily  munch  up  any  beetle  or  but- 
terfly given  to  him,  never  would  eat  a  Ileliconia.  There  was  no  doubt,  from  his 
actions,  that  they  were  distasteful  to  him.  And  this  iinmunity  from  attack  is  be- 
lieved b}-  Mr.  Wallace  to  be  owing  to  a  '•  strong,  pungent,  semi-aromatic  cr  medi- 
ciiiiil  odor  which  seems  to  pervade  all  the  juices  of  their  system." 

Dr.  Wiftfeld,  in  1881.  called' my  attention  to  a  strange  habit  of  these  butter- 
Hies,  as  follows  :  "  On  May  28th,  I  observed  three  C/iarHontax  on  a  chrysalis  of 
siiiiie  species  in  the  woods.  They  were  firmly  attached,  and  on  trying  to  drive 
them  off  they  would  not  go.  I  tried  repeatedly,  and  finally  used  force,  but  after 
living  around  a  few  times  they  took  up  their  former  position,  heads  down.  The 
iic\t  day  the  .same  thing  occurred,  only  I  noticed  that  one  butterfly  at  a  time 
would  leave  to  feed  ;  force  was  again  used,  with  the  same  result  as  before.  The 
lollowing  day,  shortly  after  dawn,  only  a  trifle  of  empty  shell  remained. 

■•  Th.is  observation  prompted  me  to  raise  another  chrysalis,  which  I  suspended 
in  ;i  llowering  shrub,  which  Charltonia  frequented,  June  27th.  Soon  some  but- 
tiTJlies  came  and  touched  the  chrysalis,  but  its  wriggling  seemed  to  cause  them 
to  move  off.     Two   days  before   the  imago  was  due,  they  attached  themselves 


HELICONIA   I. 


again,  two  or  throe  at  a  time,  and  would  only  y>.eld  to  force,  always  returning. 
On  the  third  day,  at  daybreak,  only  a  trifling  l)it  of  the  empty  shell  was  left,  and 
the  butterllies  were  all  gone." 

I  replied  to  this,  a.sking  how  the  butterllies  attached  themselves.  Did  they 
actually  rest  on  the  chrvsali.s,  holding  on  by  the  legs  ?  Also,  was  I  to  under- 
stand by  bits  of  empty  siiells  remaining,  that  the  imagos  had  come  from  the  two 
chrysalids?  I  suggested,  if  this  last  was  not  wliat  was  meant,  that  perhaps  the 
butterflies  had  discovered  the  chrysalids  to  be  dead  and  decaying  and  came  to 
them  as  to  carrion. 

On  this  Dr.  VVittfeld  again  wrote  :  "  In  each  case  the  butterfly  emerged  from 
the  chrysalis.  The  ciirysalis  looked  natural  but  was  growing  darker,  anil  the  day 
before  the  emerging,  tlie  coming  live  insect  tould,  to  some  extent,  be  distin- 
guished. There  was  notliing  dead  or  decayed  or  partly  eaten  aljout  it.  All  the 
legs  of  the  guarding  butterflies  had  firm  hold  of  the  ciirysalis,  and  it  recjuired  a 
little  effort  to  remove  them  with  the  fingers.  They  sat  firmly,  not  ligiitly  upon 
it.  To  frighten  them  off  did  no  good,  it  required  force  to  remove  them.  After 
having  been  picked  off  they  did  not  stay  long  away,  l)ut  flying  around  a  few 
times  (I  iiaving  removed  to  some  distance),  returned  to  the  chry.sdisand  attaciied 
tliemseives  to  it  just  as  they  had  done  before." 

I  wrote  Dr.  Wittfeld.  urging  him  to  try  again,  and  especially  to  ascertain 
whether  the  free  l)utterflies  and  the  imago  in  the  chrysalis  were  alwajs  ofopjio- 
site  sexes  or  not,  and  wiiether  females  were  attracted  to  a  chrysalis  in  any  case. 
1  received  his  further  report,  as  follows:  '*  Witli  regard  to  the  chrysalis  found 
May  28th,  of  which  I  wrote  you,  I  add,  that  there  was  found  by  me  on  the 
ground,  on  the  morning  the  butterfly  emerged,  a  female  with  wings  but  ])artly 
expamled,  yet  paired  with  a  perfect  male.  Also,  when  I  discovered  tiiat  the  but- 
terfly had  come  from  the  second  chrysalis,  that  of  June  2"th,  I  found  a  similarly 
undeveloped  female  on  the  ground  near  by,  paired  with  a  free  male.  I  lifted 
both  and  placed  tiiem  on  a  twig.  The  male  flew  off"  in  course  of  two  hours,  but 
the  female  remained,  though  a  cripple  and  unable  to  move. 

"  After  receiving  your  letter,  for  a  long  time  I  could  obtain  neither  eggs  nor 
caterpillars  of  Charitonia,  but  at  last,  near  the  end  of  September,  I  hung  out  a 
chrysalis.  A  heavy  rain  storm  setting  in,  no  butterflies  were  flying  that  evening, 
and  next  day,  six  a.  m.,  I  found  the  empty  shell  of  the  chrysalis  and  imago  gone. 
On  October  1st,  I  suspended  another  chrysalis.  Soon  a  number  of  butterflies  ap- 
peared, flying  around  and  touciiing  it.  None  however  attached  themselves  to  it 
as  in  previous-  observations.  I  caught  one  after  another  of  these  butterflies,  as 
they  came,  and  put  them  in  a  bag.  About  eleven  o'clock,  the  imago  came  from  ^ 
the  chrysalis,  and   as  it  clung  to  the  empty  shell,  an  occasional  free  butterfly 


HELICONIA   I. 


would  alight  by  it  or  fly  about  it.  On  examination  this  imago  proved  to  be  a 
male,  and  so  did  the  <M])tiired  bntterliies. 

"  At  the  same  time  another  ehrysalis  was  suspended,  and  began  to  ehange  eoloi , 
October  4th,  early  in  the  afternoon.  Soon  male  bntterliies  appeared,  took  hold 
(if  the  chrysalis,  as  before,  but  were  easily  frightened  away.  By  si,\  o'clock,  same 
iil'leiiioon,  the  color  had  changed,  and  males  came  freely,  attached  themselves 
linidy,  and  would  not  let  go,  in  fact,  were  utterly  regardless  of  their  safety. 
Wlieii  picked  off  they  v/ould  fly  around  and  return  at  once.  Two  m  lies  remained 
all  night.  Before  daybreak  next  morning,  I  was  at  my  post,  and  there  found 
the  two  males,  opposite  one  another,  head  down,  abdomen  curved  towards  the 
.ibiloiniual  end  of  the  chrysalis,  both  apparently  exercising  a  pressure.  Lighted 
iniitclics  held  near  them  would  not  drive  them  away,  shaking  the  twig  did  not 
loosen  their  hold,  only  picking  them  oil"  bodily  separated  them  from  the  chrys- 
alis. The  latter  was  now  almost  black,  and  momentarily  I  exj)ected  the  shell  to 
burst.  This  happened,  but  the  l)reak  was  not  at  the  usual  place.  Owiug  prol)- 
abiy  to  the  pressure  or  weight  of  the  butterflies,  the  shell  biu-st  at  the  ai)dom- 
inal  end,  and  instantly  one  of  the  males  made  connection  with  the  female  imago, 
whWv  the  head  and  thora.x  of  the  latter  were  still  enclosed.  After  about  ten 
iniuutos,  I  determined  to  free  the  new  insect,  which  was  accoinp'ished  by  a  slight 
pressure  on  the  .shell,  and  I  then  removed  the  pair  and  suspended  them  to  a  leaf- 
stem.  The  wings  of  the  female  immediately  began  to  expand,  but  they  did  not 
fully  develop.  Without  my  aid,  the  inuigo  would  not  have  been  able  to  extricate 
itself  from  the  shell,  although  copulation  had  been  effected. 

'•  1  suspended  another  chrysalis,  well  discolored,  under  same  conditions,  Octo- 
ber 7tli,  in  the  morning.  Males  flocked,  circled  about  a  few  times,  approached 
closely  and  then  flew  off  again,  none  having  alighted  or  actually  touched  the 
chrysalis.  This  went  on  for  an  hour,  when  a  male  emerged.  The  butterflies 
were  mostly  caught  and  all  prdved  to  be  males. 

'•  October  17th,  another  chry.salis  was  suspended  imder  .same  conditions  as  the 
lust  uientioned.  Males  appeared,  etc.  Behavior  just  as  before  ;  none  touching. 
The  imago  proved  to  be  a  male." 

Oil  November  1st,  Dr.  Wittfeld  again  wrote :  "  To-day  I  made  another  corrob- 
orative observation  on  Heliconia  chrysalis.  At  eight  A.  M.,  two  males  attached 
themselves  to  a  female  clwysalis,  and  acted  as  before  reported.  Four  more  males 
had  appeared  by  nine  o'clock,  took  hold  as  best  they  could,  and  the  six  made 
•  luito  a  bunch.  Soon  after  others  came,  but  had  to  be  content  with  flying  in 
(If ISC  ])roximity,  as  there  was  no  more  holding  room.  At  ten  o'clock.  I  freed  the 
fi'iiiide  from  the  crowd,  and  found  the  abdomen  exposed,  but  head  and  thorax 
si  ill  iu  the  shell.     I  carried  her  to  the  hou.se,  allowed  her  to  suspend  from  a 


HELICONIA   I. 


branch,  and  bein<(  now  out  of  the  shell,  the  wings  soon  grew,  and  in  another 
hour  or  so  tiie  insect  flew  off. 

"November  11th,  discovered  two  chrysalids  of  Charitonla  on  the  same  plant, 
al)out  two  inches  apart,  but  as  niudi  as  two  feet  from  the  nearest  passion-vine. 
No.  1  was  not  discolored,  No.  2  a  little.  To  each  dirysalis  two  males  were 
attached.  They  would  let  go  when  touched,  tiiose  on  No.  2  hesitating;  how- 
ever, all  would  ret\irn  at  once.  On  both  chrysalids  I  noticed  that  the  bodies  of 
the  males  were  bent  up,  that  is,  off  from  the  chrysalis,  and  tlie  pressure  exer- 
cised in  former  oijservations  was  not  yet  applied  by  the  males.  Apparently 
they  simply  kept  hold  so  as  to  be  on  hand  when  things  developed. 

"  Novend)er  12th;  No.  1  was  forsaken;  to  No.  2  four  or  live  males  clung, 
heads  down,  bodies  still  bent  up ;  they  leave  only  to  feed. 

"  November  13th ;  No.  1  still  forsaken,  but  in  course  of  the  day  males  flocked 
to  it,  their  bodies  still  bent  up ;  were  frightened  away  readily. 

"  Novend)or  14tii;  No.  1  had  all  the  attention  of  the  males,  while  No.  2  re- 
mained forsaken,  the  bodies  now  touching  the  chrysalis,  but  almost  midway  of 
the  abdomen  of  the  pu))a,  not  at  the  extremity. 

"  Later  ;  two  males  had  taken  firm  hold,  as  in  previous  oljservations,  touch- 
ing at  the  end  of  abdomen  of  pupa  ;  would  not  let  go,  but  had  to  be  picked  off. 

"  Later  ;  I  found  a  pair  in  copulation  on  the  ground.  Now  I  examined  No.  2 
and  found  the  imago  nearly  developed,  but  dead,  and  this  explains  why  the 
chrysalis  was  forsaken. 

"  During  this  observation  I  noticed  that  the  males  would  alight  on  the  chry.sa- 
lis  as  they  do  on  llowers,  then  wheel  around  quickly,  head  down,  body  up. 

"November  14th  ;  my  attention  was  attracted  by  a  flock  of  six  or  eight  Churi- 
Um'ia  butterflies  on  the  edge  of  woods,  flying  around  an  object  which,  on  inspec- 
tion, I  found  to  be  a  chrysalis." 

Dr.  Wittfeld's  observations  settle  this  :  that  in  H.  Chnritonia  the  males  are 
able,  by  some  means,  to  distinguish  the  presence  of  a  female  in  chrysalis,  at  least 
from  the  time  when  discoloration  of  the  .shell  commences  ;  that  the  attraction 
becomes  stronger  as  the  imago  nears  its  emergence,  that  the  females  show  no  such 
attraction  toward  a  male  in  chrysalis,  and  that  males  do  not  attract  males.  It  is 
not  unusual  to  find  female  butterflies  of  certain  species,  as  Papilio  Ajax,  so  lately 
out  of  chrysalis  that  the  wings  are  at  least  limp,  coupled  with  perfectly  devel- 
oped males,  but  I  have  not  myself  observed  a  case  where  the  connection  took 
place  the  instant  the  female  broke  from  its  .shell,  or  even  before  the  wings 
were  expanded.  Certainly  I  have  never  known  of  male  butterflies  watching 
tlie  advent  of  a  female  one  moment,  much  more,  for  hours  and  days,  nor  have^ 
T  read  of  such  an  occurrence. 


HELICONIA   I. 

I  wrote  Mr.  Bates,  whose  experience  of  eleven  years  on  the  Amazon  miglit 
linvc  lirouglit  this  hahit  in  oiio  or  more  species  of  Ileliconida)  to  his  notice.  But 
he  informs  nie  that  he  had  observed  nothing  of  the  icin<l ;  and  other  naturahst 
travelers  of  whom  I  Inivc  made  iiKjuiry  reply  to  the  same  eifect.  It  is  to  he 
supposed  however  that  the  hal)it  is  generic,  and  that  it  will  hereafter  l)i'  ob- 
.<i'i'ved  in  many  species. 

Aiiliough  the  cause  of  this  assembling  of  the  male  butterflies  about  the  female 
cluysalids  is  sexual,  yet  incidentally  the  latter  must  be  protected  thereby  from 
atlaclss  of  enemie.-j.  No  one  wiio  has  not  visited  the  tropics  can  conceive  the  peril 
to  which  such  objects  are  exposed,  in  tiie  innumerable  throng  of  spiders,  ant.s, 
predacious  in.secta  of  a  thousand  species,  birds,  and  animals  of  other  .sorts.  Dr. 
AVittfclil  has  many  times  reported  aggravating  los.ses  which  have  befallen  him  ; 
lint  1  know  of  my  own  experience,  for  1  formerly  spent  a  year  on  the  Amazon, 
that  the  active  enemies  of  any  chrysalis  are  tliou.sands  to  one  under  the  equator 
as  compared  even  with  Florida.  The  buttorllies  theiuselves  may  be  protected  by 
their  obnoxious  smell  or  taste,  and  the  chry.salis  might  prove  jusfa.s  obnoxious 
after  it  was  seized.  But  the  nii.-schief  would  be  done  when  that  happened,  and 
tlic  female  imago  wounded  or  destroyed.  The  color  of  the  chrysalis  is  not  suth- 
cifutly  marked  for  its  protection,  as  is  the  case  with  the  butterfly.  It  may,  in 
a  measure,  defend  itself  by  wriggling  about,  and  by  the  squeaking  noise  spoken 
of.  but  when  the  .shell  is  .softening  and  the  imago  is  mo.st  .sensitive  to  injurv  from 
any  rough  attack,  it  could  protect  itself  by  neither  of  these  expedients."  It  is 
jnst  then  that  the  males  gather  about  it,  and  effectively,  if  unwittingly,  guard  it 
till  tiie  danger  is  past,  and  the  new  butterfly  comes  forth.  In  most  of  the  in- 
.stuHces  observed  by  Dr.  Wittfeld,  the  females  emerging  were  crippled  by  the 
premature  a.ssaults  of  the  males,  and  if  this  were  always  the  case,  protection  of 
tiio  chrysalis  would  be  purchased  at  a  dear  rate  to  the  species.  But  we  may 
a.ssmue  that  this  does  not  generally  happen,  as  the  Heliconido)  so  abound. 

In  Char'donia  we  have  a  species  interesting  from  its  affiliations,  its  beauty, 
habits,  and  peculiarities,  and  all  the  more  as  it  is  the  only  representative  of  its 
kind  in  our  fauna. 


If  Mi  !f 


r\T  i<^ 


r^'^Tf 


i 


Dr-wn  :.y  Mary  P-sar'. 


BuwHn  in'htK  Phil' 


EURYMOME    \M.t.2A-^, 


n   /-/ 


f  '     i    ■      H 


V  it  { 


I.-,  >  ,■        (•,■  ■•,  I 


4-',    ,!■:.* 


ARGYNNIS   I. 


ARGYNNIS  EURYNOME,  1-4. 

Aupjnnlf  Eurijmme  (Eu-ryn'-o-im'),  KdwimU,  Ti-an<.  Am.  Erit.  Soc.  Vol.  IV.,  p.  6G,  IS"!?. 

PiiiM.\i!ii:s  slightly  arched,  produced  upically,  the  hind  murgin.s  straight  or 
ij()l.\ex. 

Mai.k.  —  Expands  1.7  to  2  inches. 

riipcr  side  bright  yellow-fulvous,  little  obscured  at  base;  the  hind  margins 
oil-ril  h_v  two  line  lines  between  which  the  fulvous  space  is  very  nnrrow;  some- 
liiiic^  these  lines  broaden  and  are  coulhient;  the  sub-marginal  spots  lunular,  con- 
llii'iii.aiid  inclosing  fulvous  spaces  of  the  gL,)und  color;  the  rounded  spots  wniall; 
■M^\^^-<  the  disks  a  delicate  zigzag  l)and,  rarely  on  .■secondaries  l)n)l^en  into  separate 
luiiiilur  .spots  ;  the  cidlular  inscription.-'  on  primiiries  include  an  angular  inverted  P, 
a  wavy  transver.se  central  ba'-,  and  two  siuuiar  i)ars  which  form  tjie  sides  of  a 
siili-(|iia(h'ate  spot;  two  small  spots  in  the  interspaces  below  the  cell  ;  the  basal 
■  iiva  (if  .«ec(mdaries  innnaculate,  the  discnl  spot  like  the  letter  C  ;  fringes  luteous, 
laii^ely  black  at  the  ends  of  the  nervnles  on  primaries,  aui'.  slightly  next  inner 
wW'Ar  dl' secondaries. 

I  iiiler  si(h'  of  primaries  ])ale  buff,  with  a  cinnamon-brown  tint  at  base  and 
aloiiu  the  nervules,  especially  the  branches  of  median,  the  middle  of  each  inter- 
space >||,)\ving  a  narrow  strij)  of  the  ground  color;  the  sub-marginal  mostly  sil- 
vcivil.  ;md  two  or  three  silver  spots  anteri(n'  to  these  next  costa. 

Ncuiiilaries  yellow-huff;  the  ba.'^al  area  am'  disk  mottled  with  pale  ferruginous, 
iiiiii  iilicu  with  more  or  le.-<s  of  olivaceou.-^ ;  the  band  iietween  the  two  outer  rows 
"I'  -i'dts  broad,  clear  yellow-buff;  the  spots  all  well  silvered  ;  those  of  the  sub- 
iiiaijiiial  row  serrated,  of  the  .second  mostly  hmg  oval;  thefirstand  fifth  equal, 
the  -croiid,  third,  and  sixth,  narrou-er  but  equally  long,  the  fourth  minute,  the 
-t'vciilli  lunate,  all  slightly  edged  with  black  above,  and  all  projecting  oIivaceou.s 
AvmUws  on  the  Itand  ;  in  tiie  third  row  arc  three  s[)ois,  the  first  ami  third  lunu- 
liii'.  I  lie  second  sub-quadrate  ;  there  is  also  a  dash  in  this  row,  on  inner  margin  ; 
I'l  til''  cell  one  or  two  rounded  spota,  below  (he  cell  a  long  oval;  all  these  lightly 


ii*H'-. 


■■  ^  i » 


V(- 


J.  c. 


ARGYNNIS  I. 

edged  with  black  ;  a  dash  at  base  of  cell,  and  another  at  base  of  subcostal  inter. 

space  ;  the  shoulder  and  inner  margin  silvered.         ^  .  ^  ^  ^.  ,  ,    ^ 

Body  above  fulvous,  beneath  buff;  legs  buff;   palpi  buff,  fulvous  above  and  at 

tip  ;  antonntB  black,  annulated  with  grayish  above,  fulvous  below ;  club  black,  tip 

ferruginous. 

Fkmalk.  — Expands  2  inches.  . 

Color  irnlor,  the  spots  in  the  sub-marginal  lunules  sordid  white  ;  the  marg.nal 
bands  brou.ler  and  all  the  markings  heavier  ;  the  second  row  of  sdvered  spots 
indicated  above  by  a  shade  lighter  than  the  ground ;  the  basal  area  of  primaries 

beneath  deep  colored.  ,  .  ,    .  •,       •         iwu 

Occasionallv  an  example  of  either  sex  is  seen  m  which  is  no  silvering,  all  the 
snots  then  being  of  nearly  the  same  color  as  the  ground. 

Egg  -Colloidal,  broad  at  base,  truncated  at  summit;  marko-i  by  numer- 
ous horizontal  stri*,  and  vertically  by  about  twenty  proinuv  u,  "ib.  -..e  ,4 
which  are  intersected  by  shorter  ribs  which  proceed  from  the  1..;  -  ruect 
ut  about  two  thirds  the  distance  to  the  summit ;  color  at  f.-st  lemon-yellow,  ^oon 
turning  to  purple.     Deposited  upon  Viola. 

Larv.v  unknown.  ,„  x    i.^     i  /-       i  ii 

From  Colorado  and  tlie  Rocky  Mountains.  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead  found  th,.  spreie. 
common  throughout  the  northern  sections  of  the  State,  in  18/1,  "  flyng  among 
the  grasses  and  along  the  streams.  It  began  to  appear  at  lairpla.v",  Gth  June. 
and  was,  especially  abundant  at  Twin  Lakes."  I  have  also  received  specimens 
from  Dr  Ilavdeu's  Colorado  expedition,  and  one  or  two  from  Montana  liitst 
last  were  en^oneouslv  mentioned  by  me  in  the  Reports  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Montana,  18V1,  as  MonHcaga.  Belir,  a  species,  so  far  as  I  know  confine  to 
the  Pacific  coa.st.  1  have  seen  EHrynome  in  no  collection  from  Utah,  nor  tn.ui 
Arizona  or  \ew  Mexico.  It  would  seem  to  be  strictly  a  mountain  species,  most 
abundant  in  Colorado,  and  to  be  found  more  or  less  through  the  territory 
adjoining  on  the  north. 


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ARGYNNIS   II. 


AUCiYNNIS   MEADir,  1-4. 


Ari/ynnii  Meadii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV'.  p.  G7  1872. 

Primaries  slightly  arched,  but  little  proiliiced,  stniight  on  hind  margin. 

jMale.  —  Expandis  2.2  iiicheh. 

Upper  side  deep  yellow-fulvous,  but  little  obscured  at  base ;  hind  margins  bor- 
deiTil  by  two  fine  parallel  lines,  inclosing  throughout  a  narrow  fulvous  space; 
upon  these  rest  a  confluent  series  of  black  spots,  those  next  tiie  apices  lun.ate,  the 
reiiiiiinder  serrate;  the  rounded  extra-discal  spots  of  medium  size;  the  mesial 
baud  narrow,  confluent  on  secondaries;  in  the  cell  of  primaries,  the  usual  in,scrip- 
tiniis;  at  the  origin  of  lower  l)ranch  of  median  a  black  Tnark,  and  below,  in  next 
interspace,  a  sagittate  spot ;  the  discal  spot  on  secondaries  an  inverted  C ;  the 
second  row  of  silver  spots  indicated  by  a  space  slightly  paler  than  the  ground  ; 
fringes  of  primaries  almost  wholly  fuscous,  there  being  merely  a  little  luteous 
in  the  middle  of  each  interspace,  of  secondaries  wholly  luteous,  except  a  few 
black  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  posterior  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  cinnamon-brown  at  base  and  along  the  nervures 
of  the  disk,  the  remainder  light  buff",  except  that  the  apical  area  and  hind  margin 
are  yellow-green;  the  five  upper  sub-marginal  spots  well  silvered,  as  also  the 
three  sub-apical  spots.  Secondaries  wholly  of  a  glossy  golden-green,  a  buff'  sub- 
color  showing  along  the  middle  of  the  band  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  spots ; 
all  tlie  spots  well  silvered  ;  of  the  seven  sub-marginal,  the  first  is  sub-ovate,  the 
next  two  serrate,  the  three  following  broad  and  sharply  serrate,  and  the  last  sub- 
limate, all  completely  edged  with  black ;  those  of  second  row  are  mostly  long 
oval,  the  first,  second,  and  sixth  of  equal  breadth,  the  third  narrower,  the  fifth 
broader  than  the  first,  the  fourth  a  point,  the  .seventh  irregular,  all  heavily 
edged  with  black  above  and  lightly  elsewhere ;  of  the  tiiird  row,  the  first  is 
nearly  round,  the  second  minute,  the  third  trapezoidal,  the  other  two  da.shes,  all 
edgiij  above  with  black  ;  in  the  cell  two  rounded  spots  in  black  circles,  a  long  oval 
in  .-iub-median  interspace,  and  a  dash  at  base  of  sub-costal ;  shoulder  and  inner 
margin  lightly  silvered. 


ARGYNNIS   11. 

Body  above  fulvou.s;  below,  the  thorax  gray-buff,  alMlomen  buff;  legs  fulvous; 
palpi  white,  furniHhed  in  front  with  long  fulvous  hairs  which  are  black  at  tips; 
iintenuie  fuscous  above,  fulvous  below  ;  club  black,  tip  fulvous. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Color  pale ;  the  sub-marginal  spots  in  both  wings  lighter  than  the  ground,  us 
are  also  the  spots  on  disk  of  secondaries  corresponding  to  the  second  silver  row  ; 
the  marginal  lines  conHuent  and  the  connecting  lunules  heavy,  especially  on 
secondaries;  hi  other  respects  like  the  male. 

This  species  was  discovered  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  who  took  a  single  nuile  in  per- 
fect condition,  at  Turkey  Creek  Junction,  Colorado,  in  June,  1873.  Subsequently 
several  specimens  of  both  sexes  were  brought  in  by  the  Yellowstone  expeili- 
tion  under  Dr.  Hayden,  from  Montana.  In  1874,  another  male  was  sent  me  witli 
a  few  butterllies  taken  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Pywell,  along  the  line  of  the  Nortlicni 
Pacilic  Railroad  west  of  Bismarck. 

MeacUl  has  been  surmised  to  be  a  possible  variety  of  EdwcmUu,  b\it  it  secins 
to  me  the  differences  between  them  are  too  consideralde  and  persistent  to  admit 
such  relationship.  Mead'd  is  of  medium  size,  the  primaries  scarcely  at  all  pio- 
duced,  the  color  deep.  On  the  under  side  the  basal  area  of  primaries  is  i)iik' 
cinnamon-brown,  and  the  green  on  both  wings  is  golden,  with  a  gloss  like  siUiii. 
very  difficult  to  represent  sufficiently  on  the  Plate.  Edwardsii  is  one  of  our 
largest  species,  with  long  and  tapering  primaries,  and  its  color  is  bright  and  clear 
beyond  all  others.  The  green  of  the  under  side  is  not  of  a  lively  shade,  but  is 
either  brownish  or  olivaceous,  and  the  basal  area  of  primaries  is  fulvous  to  fiery- 
red  in  the  two  sexes. 


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AllGYNNIS   III. 


AIIGYNNIS    lUSCIlOKl-'M,  1-4. 

Argynnii  Buchoffii,  KiUviirdn,  Tiiuis.  Am.  Kiit.   Sue.    Vol.   III.  p.  IHli,   1H70. 

PuiMAiUKS  wlioi't,  Hlij;litly  arched,  the  hiiul  iniirgiii.s  coiivo.x. 

Male.  —  Kxpiuuls  1.8  inch. 

lJj)]H!r  side  fulvous;  the  base  of  priiniirie.s  aud  tlic  \nm'v  half  of  .seoondaricn 
dfiiisoly  obwcured  by  purple-tinted  black,  .mo  as  to  conceal  the  nwirkings;  both 
wings  have  broa<l  black  marginal  borders,  either  crenated  or  erose  on  thi'  inner 
side,  and  inclosing  a  series  of  small  fulsous  s|)ots ;  often  these  are  nearly  or 
quit(!  obsolete  on  the  posterior  half  of  primaries;  the  other  markings  nincli  as 
in  Knriinonie  ;  fringes  luteous. 

Under  side  of  jirimaries  with  a  faint  fulvous  tint  at  ba.se  and  ov<m-  the  median 
interspaces;  the  apical  area  pale  ochraceous,  and  often  immaculate;  often  also 
the  siili-marginal  lunules  are  wanting  or  represented  by  a  few  brown  scales  only  ; 
but  in  .some  examples  these  lunules  are  distinct  throughout. 

Hfcondaries  bulf  washed  with  ochraceous,  mottled  on  the  basal  area  with 
gni\  ish-green,  and  sometimes  with  reddish-l)rown  on  the  mi<ldle  of  the  disk;  the 
band  Ijetween  the  outer  rows  of  spots  bufl";  the  sub-marginal  spots  brond,  ser- 
niii'd  ;  of  the  second  row,  the  first  three  are  nearly  equal,  sub-ovate,  the  fourth 
minute,  the  fifth  ovate,  larger  than  the  first,  the  sixth  ovate,  small,  the 
seventh  irregular ;  in  the  third  row  are  three  spots  and  in  the  cell  two ;  also 
oik;  in  the  interspace  above  cell.  Individuals  difler  much  in  respect  to  silver- 
ing, the  larger  proportion  of  males  examined  being  wholly  without  silver,  the 
spols  buff,  while  in  the  females  silvered  spots  predominate  ;  in  many  cases  also 
where  there  is  an  absence  of  silver,  the  sub-marginal  spots  of  secondaries,  as 
well  as  of  primaries,  are  nearly  obsolete. 

Body  black,  with  fulvous  hairs,  beneath  gray-fulvous ;  legs  and  palpi  fulvous  ; 
autcnnie  brown  above,  fulvous  below;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous. 

Female.  —  Expands  1.9  inch. 

The  basal  half  of  primaries  and  almost  the  whole  of  secondaries  obscured,  to 


ARGYNNIS  III. 

such  an  extent  often  thut  the  fulvous  color  is  nearly  limited  to  the  extra-dis.i,! 
area  of  both  wings  ;  the  disk  and  costal  margin  of  primaries  sordid  white,  as  a.v 
portions  of  the  intorspacoson  s.H'ondaries,  especially  those  which  correspond  with 
the  second  row  of  spots  on  under  side  ;  the  marginal  borders  broader  than  m 
the  m,de;  the  inclosed  spota  small,  sordid  white. 

From  Aliaska.  . 

All  the  examples  of  the  present  species  Known  to  me  ni  collections  have  been 
taken  in  one  locality  near  .Sitka,  "  upon  .some  rising  ground,  covered  with  hoatli- 
like  plants,  two  miles  from  the  town,  in  the  middle  of  July.''  Of  these,  o*.,. 
were  take-,  by  the  late  M.  Bischoff,  and  1*2^'  by  Mr.  Bendel,  of  San  iMun- 
cisco  Except  one  pair  of  M.  Bischoft-'s  coUeclaig,  I  have  seen,  or  Mr.  Hcniy 
Edwards  has  examined  and  described  to  me,  all  these.  Of  the  males,  one  only 
is  silvered  and  four  are  not;  of  the  females,  four  are  siivertd  and  two  are  n.t 
In  both  .sexes  there  is  much  dificrence  in  the  unsilvered  examples  as  to  the  dis- 
tinctness of  the  marginal  and  apical  markings,  and  all,  of  loth  sexes,  are  mnoli 

obscu'-ed  on  the  upper  side.  .  ,    ^  ,       ,  .     ^,        uu    e      a 

Mr.  Crotch  did  not  meet  this  species  in  British  Coluiubia,  though  he  fori.id 

several  other  Argynnides  there  in  abundance. 


ARGYNNIS   III. 


ARGYNNIS  Ol'IS,  5-8. 
Argt/nnis  Oph,  Edwarils,  Trans.   Am.  Ent.  Soo.,  Vol.  V.,  p.   105,  1874. 

JIalk.  —  Expands  1.5  incli. 

Fiinuirics  moderately  ai-dicd,  liind  margins  ronnded  ;  under  .side  without  silver 

Upper  side  uniform  yellow-fulvous;  primaries  very  little  obscured  at  ba.se 
srroH.laries  rather  largely  ob.scured  both  at  base  and  down  the  abdominal  mar- 
-11.  t..  the  mesial  band,  that  part  of  the  wing  being  covered  with  a  dense  coating 
(.1  >lark  brown  bristling  hairs;  hind  margins  edged  by  two  fine  parallel  linest 
sliMwmg  very  narrow  fulvous  spaces  between,  and  connected  throughout  with  a 
scncs  ..f  small  black  lunules  within  which  are  fulvous  spots;  the  extra-discal 
spots  small;  the  mesial  band  delicate,  and  conlluent  on  secondaries;  in  the  cell 
of  primaries  a  wavy  stripe  ciwses  the  lower  median  inter.spaee  and  part  of  sub- 
incdiau  below  ceU ;  secondaries  have  on  the  disk  an  incomplete  black  ring; 
Iriiiiics  hitcoiis,  fuscou.s  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

I  ndcr  side  of  primaries  buff,  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  red-tinted  on  ba.sal  area 
ol  pn.nanes;  the  markings  of  the  cell  repeated,  the  mesial  band  represented 
hy  srpiirated  spots  ;  tl)e  extra-discal  spots  ob.solete  except  two  or  three  next 
ii'iu'i'  margin ;  the  usual  sub-marginal  spots  obsolete,  or  near  inner  ano-le  repre- 
s.'nl..d  by  a  few  scales  ou'v-.  Secondaries  have  the  discal  area  pale  odiraceous 
snin.^vi.at  mottled  with  faint  red  ;  the  space  beyond  the  .second  row  of  spots 
•■I.Nir  ochraceous;  the  sub-marginal  spots  faint,  these  of  second  row  and  those 
tou.irdsba.-^esca.cely  more  distinct;  all  the.se  arranged  as  in  E>,r>/ name  and  al- 
li'il  -pccics,  but  ochraceous,  with  no  silvr  • 

lio'ly  above  fuscous  with  fulvous  hair«,  beneath,  the  thorax  grav-fulvous.  ab- 
il"""i'  I'uff;  legs  buff;  palpi  gray-fubous;  antenniB  fuscous  above,  fulvous  be- 
l"w  ;  club  black,  the  tip  fulvous. 

Fi:mai,e.  —  Same  size  and  shape.  Color  deeper  fulvous  ;  both  wings  ob.scured 
t'-'Hii  Inise  nearly  to  mesial  band ;  the  marginal  band  with  the  connected  lunules 


ARGYNNIS  III. 

and  indeed  all  the  markings,  heavier  than  in  the  male.  Under  side  of  pri- 
maries red-tinted  except  at  apox,  which  is  ochraceous;  seccmdanes  as  in  ti.e 
male. 

The  only  locality  at  present  known  for  this  species  is  Bald  ]M[ountain,  Cariboo, 
British  Columbia,  at  which  several  specimens  were  taken  m  1873,  by  the  Lite 

Mr.  G.  R.  Crotch.  ^  ,      tr        u 

The  virgins  Opis  and  Ahge  first  brought  offermgs  from  the  Hypei^oreans 
to  Apollo  at  Delos;  and  dying  there,  "they  receive  honor  from  the  Delu.n., 
the  women  calling  on  their  names  in  a  hymn;  and  ashes  frcm  the  altar  are 
thrown  upon  their  sepulchre,  which  is  behind  the  temple  of  Diana,  facing  (lie 
eaBt,  very  near  the  banqueting  room  of  the  Coians."  So  the  old  historian  ;  and 
later  by  three  miUeniums  it  pleased  me  also  in  naming  this  hyperborean  butter- 
fly  to  honor  the  heroic  virgins. 


^'uc^ 


BRF.V.KEr^.n 


.4  ?. 


A  li<i 


ARGYNNIS   IV. 


ARGYNNIS    BREMNP:RII,  1-4. 

An/i/iwii  Bremnarii,  Edwards,  Tniiis.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  1872. 

PiUMARiES  long,  narrow,  produced  apically  ;  hind  margin  more  or  le.'^s  con- 
vex. 

Male.  —  Expands  2  to  2.4  inches. 

U])per  side  deep  fulvous,  occasionally  yellow-fulvous,  dark  brown  at  base  and 
iu(iirly  up  to  mesial  band ;  hind  margins  bordered  by  two  parallel  black  lines, 
tlic  intervening  fulvous  space  divided  by  the  black  nervules ;  resting  on  these 
lines  a  common  series  of  black  crescents,  enclosing  fulvous  spots,  small,  mostly 
ii()iil)le-convex ;  other  markings  as  in  allied  species,  very  heavy,  as  in  Cyhde; 
tlie  mesial  band  confluent  on  secondaries,  and  connected  with  the  spot  on  the 
■m  hy  a  black  bar,  that  cro.sses  the  lower  sub-costal  interspace  ;  this  spot  is 
simped  like  an  inverted  C ;  fringes  Inteous,  l)lack  at  tips  of  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  red-fulvous,  sometimes  cinnamon-red,  next  base  and 
over  inner  margin  up  to  median,  buff  along  costa,  in  upper  and  posterior  part  of 
cell  and  in  the  discoidal  interspaces ;  the  hind  margin  from  apex  to  median  ferru- 
irinoMs,  and  a  large  ferruginous  sub-apical  patch,  on  which  are  two,  rarely  three, 
spots,  sometimes  well  silvered,  sometimes  buff  with  merely  a  few  scales  of  silver  ; 
the  sub-marginal  spots  to  the  number  of  five  or  six  from  apex,  either  well 
silvered  or  slightly,  like  the  sub-apical. 

Secondaries  deep  ferruginous,  somewhat  mottled  with  buff,  or  greenish-buff; 
the  space  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots,  usually  buff,  sometimes 
yellow,  and  not  encroached  on  by  the  dark  ground  color,  as  in  Cyhele ;  but  in 
other  cases  this  space  is  nearly  covered  by  ferruginous,  as  in  Aphrodite;  the 
seven  sub-marginal  silver  spots  narrow,  sub-triangular,  edged  above  with  ferru- 
ginons;  the  sev;M  o<"  second  row  each  narrowly  edged  with  black  anteriorly, 
the  (list  three  nearly  equal,  the  fourth  minute,  the  fifth  largest,  sub-rotund, 
the  sixth  sub-rectangular,  the  seventh  limate  ;  in  the  third  row  are  five  spots, 
similarly  edged  with  black,  the  first,  third,  and  fourth  equal,  lunate,  the  second 
minute,  often  obsolete,  the  fourth  a  dash  on  the  margin  ;  a  .small  round  spot  in 
cell  and  three  spots  at  origin  of  nervures ;  making  twenty-two  silver  spots  in 
iill;  shoulder  well   silvered,   abdomiwai   margin  lightly.     Body  fulvous  above, 


AUGYNNIS   IV. 


beneath  buff,  with  gray  and  fulvous  hairs,  abdomen  buff;  legs  fulvous;  piilpj 
fulvous,  with  buff  hairs  in  front;  antenme  fuscous  above,  fulvous  below  ;  ciiil) 
black,  fulvous  at  tip. 

Femai,k.  —  Expands  from  2.3  to  2.7  inches. 

Upper  side  paler ;  the  marginal  lines  and  crescents  confluent,  forming  a  broail 
black  band,  the  enclosed  fulvous  spots  paler  than  the  ground  color;  the  otluT 
markings  as  in  the  male. 

Under  side  of  primaries  deep  red,  ochraceous  apically  ;  the  silver  spots  distinct. 
three  on  the  ferruginous  patch,  and  five  or  six  along  the  margin ;  secondaries  ns 
in  the  male,  but  rather  more  mottled  with  greenish  -  ochraceous  ;  spots  largi-r. 
well  .silvered. 

This  fine  species  was  first  made  known  by  Dr.  Bremner,  of  H.  M.  Siiip 
Zealous,  who  obtained  a  few  individuals  on  San  Juan  Island,  in  1871,  and  \)\\'- 
sented  them  to  Mr.  Henry  Edwards.  In  1873,  Mr.  Edwards  himself  visited  Vim- 
couver's  Island,  and  writes  as  follows  :  *'  Jlremner'd  is  remarkably  common  in  the 
vicinity  of  Victoria.  I  observed  it  in  great  numbers  at  P^squimalt,  and  on  a 
patch  of  clover,  which  was  in  full  flower  at  the  time  of  my  arrival,  I  captured 
over  sixty  specimens.  The  great  n)ajority  of  these  were  males,  and  from  my 
own  experience,  and  that  of  other  ob.servers,  with  the  larger  Arfjynnhies,  1  lie- 
lieve  that  the  females  of  Bremnerii  would  not  appear  in  any  number  before  the 
end  of  August,  while  the  male  is  abundant  in  June.  It  seems  to  be  the  oiilv 
large  species  of  Argynnis  inhabiting  this  Island.  Its  flight  is  somewhat  slow  and 
heavy,  and  being  a  fearless  insect,  its  capture  is  a  matter  of  no  difficulty."  In 
August,  1873,  also,  Mr.  G.  R.  Crotch  was  collecting  in  British  Columbia,  and 
found  Bremnerii  abundant  at  Eraser's  River  and  at  Lake  Labache.  With  it  was 
flying  A.  Ajjhi'ndite,  scarcely  differing  from  its  type  of  the  Eastern  States.  Tliis 
alone  of  the  large  Atlantic  species  of  Arf/i/nnis  is  found  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and 
so  far  as  now  known,  is  confined  to  British  Columbia.  Both  Atlantis  and  Aph- 
rodite belong  to  the  Coloradan  fauna,  and  the  males  of  the  latter  s])ecies  liave 
there  undergone  .some  modification,  having  assumed  somewhat  of  the  intcns^e 
coloration  of  the  female,  while  the  fore-wings  are  more  produced  and  more 
arched  than  in  the  Eastern  type. 


pi.lpi 
dill) 


broad 
otliur 

stiru't, 
nes  i>s 
larjier. 


:.  Ship 

id  piv- 
(1  Vnn- 

iii  the 
i  oil  a 
iptuved 
oiu  my 
s,  1  lie- 
ore  the 
lie  only 
low  and 
y."     In 
)iii,  and 
1  it  was 
8.    This 
ast,  and 
ifl  Aph- 
es  have 

intense 
id  more 


Drawn  "vMa-i-y  Pnsr 


L  Howan.  Col 


INOBNATA  ,    1  d. 


>,,3.4.^\ 


AUOV 


■viinv'K- 


/i..^j!irj.  I  '.  f'l  "I 


>:il*;».i.t'l, 'I:'* 


'fij-'il' 'rttciio't, 


tHA'w  in  tl 


.!0   UHti,*l«:' 


,   ■>.)'     >? 


'!!.<ll 


J  •<"' 


.r-^-i-f. 


hK-    (I 


-f.  vory  «j.'si 


■hth  w! 


'\  i ;  *5i   lu' 


C  rh«i  ♦,? 


i!j,n>   ««!.} 


'<S. 


j'4:!w^ 


ARGYNNIS  y. 


ARGYNNIS  INORNATA. 


Arijynnis  inornata,  Kdwardu,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  61,  1878, 

Primaries  strongly  arched,  proclucecl  apically,  straight  on  hind  margin  in  the 
iiimIc,  slightly  concave  in  the  female. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.5  inches. 

llp'ior  side  red-fulvous,  much  obscured  from  the  mesial  band  to  base,  so  as  to 
render  the  blacki.sh  markings  indistinct  as  compared  with  JTesperis,  the  nearest 
allied  .species ;  margins  bordered  by  two  parallel  lines  that  are  confluent  on 
primaries  and  on  upper  half  of  secondaries,  forming  a  black  bond  through  which 
faintly  appears  a  tint  of  fulvous  in  the  interspaces ;  on  the  band  rests  a  con- 
nected series  of  black  lunules  inclosing  pale  fulvous  spots  ;  the  other  black 
markings  as  in  Ilcsperis,  but  heavier  ;  on  disks  of  secondaries  paler  spots  corre- 
sponding to  tlie  second  row  on  underside ;  the  black  markings  in  cell  of  primaries 
next  anterior  to  the  spot  on  arc  strongly  bent  so  as  to  inclose  a  sub-quadrate 
space  which  is  paler  than  the  ground  color  ;  fringes  luteous,  black  at  tips  of  the 
nervules.  Under  side  of  primaries  cinnamon-brown  at  base,  and  up  to  the  mesial 
iilack  hand  and  within  the  P  like  spot  on  the  arc;  but  the  sub-quadrate  space 
and  that  portion  in  cell  next  posterior  is  buff;  rest  of  wing  buft',  including  the 
.•<iili-marginal  and  sub-apical  spots. 

Secondaries  reddish-brown  from  base  to  outside  of  second  row  of  spots,  the 
band  between  this  and  outer  row  buff  and  immaculate ;  the  marginal  spots  large, 
1)11  lad,  sub-triangular,  very  slightly  edged  above  by  brown  ;  tho.se  of  second  row 
nuistly  large,  l)road-oval ;  of  the  third  row,  the  first  on  costa  is  nearly  round,  the 
second  trapezoidal,  the  third  a  dash  only ;  the  spots  of  the  second  and  third  rows 
liLrlitly  edged  above  with  black  ;  two  round  spots  in  black  rings  in  cell,  a  long 
ova!  at  base  of  sub-median  and  a  da.sh  at  base  of  sub-costal ;  all  these  buff, 
scarcely  differing  from  parts  )f  the  ground  color,  and  without  silver. 

Body  covered  with  fulvous  hairs,  gray-buff  beneath,  abdomen  buff;  legs  bufi"; 
palpi  same,  fulvous  in  front  and  at  tip ;  antennae  black  above,  fulvous  below ; 
club  black,  tip  fulvous. 


ARGYNNIS  V. 


Female.  —  Expands  2.7  inches. 

Upper  side  paler,  the  general  appearance  more  that  of  an  Euptoieta,  the  whole 
onter  portion  of  the  wings,  including  the  sub-marginal  spots  and  the  discal  spots 
of  secondaries,  faded  to  a  whitisli-ochraceous ;  in  cell  of  primaries,  the  space  within 
the  P,  and  that  between  the  two  black  lines  next  base  deep  orange-fulvous,  rest 
of  cell  of  same  sluule  as  the  disk,  the  sub-quadrate  space  conspicuous ;  under 
side  of  primaries  orange-fulvous  instead  of  cinntimon-brown  ;  secondaries  next 
base  pale  brow-  mottled  .vith  buff,  the  spots  shaped  as  in  male  but  greatly  en- 
larged ;  on  the  sub-marginal  spots  of  secondaries  may  be  seen  a  few  scales  of 

silver 

Inornata  was  originally  described  from  a  single  pair  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
James  Behrens,  and  which  had  been  taken  at  Downieville,  Cal.  Sirce  1872,  the 
species  has  been  found  to  range  over  a  large  territory,  even  to  Virginia  City, 
Nevada,  where  it  was  ol)served  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards.  He  writes :  "  It  is  a 
remarkably  wild  llyor,  and  never  rests  more  than  a  second  or  two,  in  this  respect 
differing  very  much  from  A.  Zerme  and  Montkola.  ^  It  alights  on  leaves  of  trees 
or  on  the  road,  but  I  never  saw  it  settle  on  flowers." 


whole 
.  spots 
within 
s,  rest 
undor 
next 
\y  Gri- 
lles of 


of  Mr. 
%  the 
I  City, 
It  is  a 
•espoct 
F  trees 


r?? 


:\'Sx  :is. 


Wlli^ 


^"<5^T 


Rit 


PF    i  -  *    •  4  V 


AKOV 


'-  •  li"-'\  f)  ti  in  i,>.U"t 

I       'V     <j  •    i»     t'-  1  lit.!!'-       < 

•'  'H.  ftU'!   tfi,''\'f  |..r  /, 


•»      !:>',M'       <,-V 


ARGYNNIS   VI. 


ARGYNNIS  RHODOPE,  1—4. 

Argynni$  Rhodope  (Hhod'o-pe),  K.lwnrds,  Trans.    Ain.  Ent.   Soc.  1874,  p.  13. 

Pi!iM.\RiEa  of  medium  width,  moderately  arched,  straight  on  hind  margin. 

Mai,k.  —  Kxpands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  deep  red-fulvous,  the  biisal  area  of  each  wing  up  to  the  mesial  l)and 
ilaik  l.rown  ;  hind  margins  edged  by  two  heavy,  parallel,  black  lines,  sometimes 
coiiliuciit,  on  which  rest  a  series  of  lunules  which  inclose  narrow,  sub-ovate,  ful- 
vous spots;  the  preceding  rounded  spots  small  ;  other  markings  as  in  the  allied 
spucies,  but  heavy  throughout ;  the  mesial  band  on  secondaries  confluent;  the 
iliscal  spot  on  same  wing  oval,  with  a  narrow,  fulvous  sinus ;  beyond  this  spot  to 
hiise.  the  ground  in  the  cell,  and  for  some  distance  on  either  side  of  the  cell,  is 
lilack,  partially  covered  by  brown  scales;  along  the  iinier  edge  of  the  mesial 
liimil  iilmve  median  nervure  are  fulvous  spots  in  the  interspaces;  fringes  alter- 
iiMicly  hitcous  and  black,  the  latter  prevailing  on  primaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  dark  ferruginous  along  the  entire  hind  margin  and 
iijH'x  quite  up  to  the  line  of  rounded  spots;  sometimes  the  l)a.sal  area  ami  inner 
iriargin  are  of  same  hue,  but  in  other  cases  are  paler;  the  sub-costal  and  di.scoi- 
ilid  interspaces  yellow,  as  is  also  much  of  cell ;  the  spots  inclosed  in  the  sub-mar- 
ginal hmations  small,  and  the  upper  five  or  six  either  yellow  with  a  few  silver 
scales,  or  well  silvered  ;  on  costal  margin  three  sub-apical  spots  on  a  patch  of 
reddish-brown,  also  either  yellow  or  silvered,  differing  in  individuals. 

Secondaries  uniform  deep  red-ferruginous  from  bii,se  to  margin,  except  that 
sometimes  there  is  a  narrow  pale  space  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  sjM.ts.  as 
of  a  yello'.v  sub-color  washed  with  red  ;  also  in  some  cases  the  middle  of  wing, 
next  anterior  to  the  second  row,  is  much  covered  with  black  ;  the  marginal 
'pots  well  silvered,  narrow,  elongated,  lunular;  those  of  .second  row  nearly  trqual 
I'l  size,  excepting  the  fourth,  which  is  minute  ;  the  first  three,  lifth.  and  sixth 
si'l.-quadrate,  the  seventh  long  and  narrow,  the  eighth,  on  inner  margin,  nearly 
olisolete;  all  these  heavily  edged  above  with  black;  the  spots  of^third  row 
fiaall,  edged  above  with  black ;  in  the  cell  a  rounded   spot,  and  at  the  base  of 


ARGYNNIS   VI. 

median  nervure,  an  oval,  both  ringed  with  black ;  all  these  spot.,  from  seco.ul 
row  to  base,  either  well  silvered,  or  pale  yclh.w  sprinkled  with  silver  scaU-s 
differing  in  individuals  ;  silver  patches  at  base  of  cell,  at  or.g.n  of  sub-costal 
nervure  and  on  shoulder ;   tiie  abdominal  margin  lightly  sdvered^ 

Body  above  brown-fulvous,  beneath  light,  the  abdomen  buff;  legs  fulvous; 
palpi  bull-  at  base,  fulvous  above;  antennae  fuscous,  beneath  ferrugmous ;  clul. 
black,  ferruginous  at  tip. 

Female.  —  Expands  2.4  inches.  ^       _         ,     ^        v 

Uv.per  side  paler,  the  ba.sal  area  nearly  as  much  obscured  as  in  male,  the  sub- 
luarii^nal  fulvous  spots  lighter  than  the  ground  ;  under  side  as  in  the  male,  the 
marginal  row  of  spots  in  secondaries  silvered,  all  the  others  yellow. 

This  beautiful  and  distinct  species  wa,s  discovered  in  1873,  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Crotch, 
in  the  Eraser's  River  country,  British  Columbia.  Three  males  and  one  fe.ua  e 
only  were  taken,  "  in  the  forest  on  the  way  from  Bates'  (commonly  called  .he 
lOU-mile  house)  to  Beaver  Lake." 


icoiid 
icalfs 
;ostal 

roiis ; 
chill 


Hiib- 
,  the 


rotch, 
enirile 
rl   the 


I  (. 


I'    !►   If  II 


w 


K.-'i'i-  [o   1  l:  .^  .;  4  ■ 

13IANA 

'/    A'»/i/  mifi/ni/lf'/ 
ft      //     Liirui     the  I'lll/l/  tlili/i:-'   ntili/lil/uif 


A  u  ( ;  V 


^b,.    .' 


t  , 


,     li'M'-'" 


^ 


s: 


Argyll 

M 
I'r 

jrin  I 

himl 
wliici 
espic 
tlio  0 
unil  ( 

iiiNcr 
|-M 
a|iir';«.l 
iiiirs 

lllMlll( 

omljir 
<li>k  ii 
f'roacl 
silvon 
witli  r 
Mnck  : 
fiflli  f 
Innate 
lowur 
costal 


V  »•  - 


ARGYNNIS  VII. 


ARGYNNIS    RUPESTHIS,   1-1. 

Argiinnit  lluptilrit,  Buhr.  Proc.  Cal,  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.,  18G3,  p.  84.     Same  work,  1862,  )    173,  described  ■■ 

"  No.  6." 

Mai.k.  —  Expands  two  inche.s. 

I'riiii.uiort  strongly  nrclieil,  moderately  produced,  rounded  apically ;  hind  mar- 
gin lU'iirly  straight. 

Upper  side  deep  red-fulvous,  somewhat  ol)scurod  at  base  of  primaries,  and 
Itirjrcly  on  secondaries,  the  dark  portion  nearly  reaching  the  mesial  hand ; 
liiiul  margins  bordered  by  two  fine  ])araliel  lines,  on  which  rest  a  series  of  lunule.s 
which  inclose  spots  of  the  ground  color ;  tiie  extra-discal  spots  rounded,  large, 
espdi.iliy  those  on  the  posterior  half  of  priuiai  .'s.  and  all  on  sccoudaricH  except 
the  (iiic  on  upper  median  interspace,  which  is  n-.inute;  the  mesial  band  heavy, 
ami  coulhient  throughout;  tlie  usual  in.scri|)tions  in  cell  of  primaries,  and  a 
.«a;rittate  .spot  in  sub-median  interspace;  in  the  cell  of  secondaries  a  spot  like  an 
invcrtc(l  C  ;  all  these  marks  heavy;  fringes  luteous,  black  at  tips  of  nervules. 

Indcr  side  of  primaries  brick-red  at  base,  hulf  over  outer  part  of  cell  and  the 
api(';>l  area  ;  the  median  interspaces  tinted  with  red  on  buff  ground  ;  the  mark- 
inir-*  repeated;  near  the  apex  a  slight  ferruginous  patch;  the  sub-marginal 
Inimles  brown,  darkest  posteriorily,  inclosing  buff  spots  without  silver  ;  sec 
omlaries  cinnamon-red  on  buff  grouml.  the  latter  appearing  in  patches  on  the 
disk  and  in  the  cell ;  the  band  between  the  outer  rows  of  spots  narrow,  buff,  en- 
cronclu'd  on  by  the  basal  color;  the  sub-marginal  spots  light  buff,  very  slightly 
silvered,  long,  narrow,  edged  above  by  red ;  the  remaining  spots  yellow-butl, 
with  no  silver,  each  of  those  of  second  and  third  rows  edged  narrowly  above  by 
lil:i(k ;  the  second  row  consists  of  seven  spots,  of  which  the  hrst  three  and  the 
fit'ili  and  sixth  are  sub-ovate  and  equal,  the  fourth  minute,  the  seventh  sub- 
lunate;  the  third  row  of  three  spots;  in  the  cell  two,  and  an  oval  at  ba,se  ot 
lower  median  interspace,  these  edged  with  black;  a  patch  of  buff  at  base  of  sub- 
costal interspace. 


ARGYNNIS  VII. 

Body  deep  fulvous  iilxjvu,  beneath,  the  tbornx  buff,  iibdonien  yellowiHh  ;  Icjrs 
buft",  red  on  the  unterior  wide  ;  palpi  yellow  at  the  Hide,  fulvoun  in  front  ami  iit 
tip;  ..ntonnm  fuscous  altove,  fulvous  below;  club  black,  the  tip  ferruginous. 

Female.  —  Kxpands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  It'ss  intcnsoly  colored,  tending  to  yellow-fulvous  on  disk ;  the  lior- 
ders  and  lunulos  heavy;  the  spots  inclo.sed  on  the  lunules  paler  than  thegromwl; 
all  the  markings  heavy  ;  under  side  of  primaries  light-red,  and  of  nearly  unilniiu 
shade  ovjr  the  basal  area  and  all  the  outer  limb  below  the  upper  branch  of  im-- 
dian ;  the  discoidal  nervulea  edged  with  red  ;  remainder  of  the  wing  bulf;  the 
anterior  sub-marginal  spots  very  lightly  silvered,  the  rest  buff  as  are  also  those  ou 
sub-apical  patch  ;  secondaries  have  the  basal  red  of  brighter  tint  than  in  llio 
male  ;  the  sub-marginal  spots  partially  silvered,  the  others  clear  yeilow-buff. 

This  fine  species,  although  described  so  long  ago  as  18(52,  by  Dr.  Behr,  from  a 
single  male  which  had  been  received  by  him  from  .some  member  of  the  Sdite 
Geological  Survey,  had  remained  otherwise  unknown  until  1874,  no  other  ."^ppci- 
men  having  been  taken,  and  no  knowledge  existing  of  it«  locality.  During  the 
past  season  Mr.  James  Behrcns  re-discovered  the  species  at  Soda  Springs,  iu 
northern  California,  and  from  him  I  have  received  the  pair  figured  on  the  I'liite. 


ARGYNNIS   VII. 


AKGYNNIS   DIANA. 

Argynnit  Diana,  Cramer,  II.,  pi.  98.    Kilwnnlii  Hut.  \.  A.,  Vol.  I.  plati^  30, 

DESCRU'TION  OF  PUKI'AUATOHY    8TA0ES. 

Ego. — Height,  .086  inch,  breadth  at  base,  .09,  at  .siiininit,  .034;  conoiilal, 
truncated,  deprcHsed  at  suiriinit,  marked  vertically  by  about  eighteen  prominent, 
nliirlitly  wavy,  ribs,  eight  of  which  extend  from  ba.'^e  to  summit,  and  form  around 
the  latter  a  serrated  rim  or  crown  ;  the  remainder  lie  between  these  and  end 
iiic^nilarly  at  one  half  to  three  quarters  distance  from  ba.se,  sometimes  scpiarely 
lit  one  of  the  tran-sverse  striio,  but  often  curves  towards  and  unite  with  the  long 
ribs;  between  each  pair  of  ribs  are  equi-distant  transverse  stria',  about  twelve 
in  nil.  each  one  depressed  in  the  middle  and  not  often  in  line  with  the  corres- 
IJiiniling  striio  of  the  adjoining  sections  ;  the  H|)aces  between  the  ril)a  and  striic 
excavated  roundly.     (Fig.  a.)     Duration  of  this  stage  fifteen  days. 

YoiiNO  Lakva.  —  Length,  .08  inch;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  fifth  and  sixth 
so;;inents,  tapering  slightly  towards  either  extremity  ;  colr)r  dull  green,  translu- 
cent ;  each  segment  from  third  to  twelfth  marked  by  a  transverse  row  of  eight 
clonfriited,  mostly  ob-ovate,  tubercular,  dark  spots,  the  second  on  either  side  the 
(lui'sil  line  lying  back  of  the  rest;  on  the  thirteenth  a  straight  row  of  four  spots, 
and  behind  this  another  of  two  spots ;  the  second  segment  is  narn  w  and  is  occu- 
pied dorsally  by  a  blacki.sh,  oblong  patch,  on  the  front  of  which  are  four  small, 
rounded  tubercles,  and  immediately  behind  each  of  the  two  outer  ones  a  similar 
tiilicrcle;  in  addition  to  these,  on  either  side  of  this  segment  are  two  spots  like 
those  upon  the  other  segments  ;  from  each  of  the  tubercular  spots  throughout 
spring  one  or  two  long  black  hairs,  curved  forward  ;  head  rounded  in  front  and 
at  the  vertices,  depressed  in  middle  at  top ;  color  blacki.sh  brown,  sparsely  pilo.se. 
(Fig.  h.)  At  this  stage  tliis  larva  cannot  be  distinguished  from  that  of  Ci/bele  or 
Aphrodite.  The  first  moult  occurred  in  eighteen  days  aller  the  larva  awaked 
from  hybernation. 


AIKIYNNIS   VII. 


After  Pv.st  inoiilt  :   IfUiitli   .1")  iiicli  ;  same  sliiipc  iis  hufore  ;  color  oliv; 


iir('(iii><, 


niotaod  over  llu^  wliolc  smliu'c  with  !)rowii  ;  armed  with  .six  longitudinal  idws 
of  lonjr.  Ili'shv.  hiack  .■opines,  each  of  which  sprinj^s  from  a  yellowish  tiilicrcjc  ; 
th(\sc  spines  are  soniewliat  tinted  witii  lulvous  at  hase.  and  from  the  sides  and 
end  of  each  ])n)ceed  short.  cMU'ved  hiack  hairs;  legs  and  pro-legs  didl  grctii ; 
head  hlack.     ( Kig-  <'■)     Duration  of  this  stage  sixteen  days. 

After  secduil  moult  :  length  ..'i  inch  ;  the  segments  fr<  in  fiurth  to  elevcutli 
enlarged,  from  Iburth  to  second  tapering  more  rapidly  than  liefore  ;  color  uni- 
form ohscure  greenisli-hrowii ;  the  s|)iiu's  as  in  the  last  stage,  a  dull  yellow  In- 


hercic  forming  the  base  of  each  ;  ley-s  black 


gs 


pn 


-lejrs  dull  green;   front  of  h 


blackish  brown,  itiistling  with  hairs;  hack  f)f  head,  at  tiie  junction  with  sicdriil 


sejrmcnt.      dl  vclios 


isr.  t 


I.)     1) 


lu'ntion  of  this  stage  foui'te«'n  days. 


After  third  moidt  :  length  .7;  cohtr  as  in  last  stage,  the  U])per  surface  witli 
a  silky  gloss;  the  spines  longer  and  more  la|)ering,  the  basal  thiid  of  each  iind 
the  tul)ercle  also  orange;  the  bristles  shorter ;  legs  and  ])ro-li'gs  hlack;  licad 
sub-conic,  truncated,  with  a  prominent  vertex  on  either  side,  between  wliiili 
and  the  apex  is  a  romiderl  depression,  the  front  flattened,  the  lower  iiiigles 
lounded  ;  color  brown  in  front,  dull  yellow  liehind  ;  the  ocelli  black.     (Fig  c.) 

Time  to  next  moult  sev,  nteen  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  .1  inch;  color  uniform  deep  chocolate-brn\v;i ; 
the  spines  as  Ijclore.  except  those  of  the  two  dorsal  rows  on  seconil  and  list 
four  segments,  all  of  which  are  l)iack  ;  tin;  bristles  shorter;  betWMMi  the  ilmsiil 
rows  on  eacii  segment  are  two  whitish  dots;  head  i)lack.  (Fig.  /. )  Duration  'il 
this  stage  twelve  days. 


After  fifth  nutult  :   length  1.5  inch.     The  larva  continucil  \  'ihout  cl 


lanirc   Ml 


coloration  tdl  matin'ity. 

MaTI'UK    liAKVV. 


hengtii  _.-)  niches;  I'yimdric.d,  lleshy.  taperuig  at  cilicr 
extremity,  I'ach  segm*  nt  rounded  ;  wiiolly  velvety-!>laek  ;  armetl  with  six  niwi 
of  long,  tapering,  sharp,  glossy-black  spines,  from  eacdi  of  vvhi<'h  proceeds  scvrial 
short  black  bristles  on  the  sides  and  one  at   the  top;  lengtii  of  ii\osl   of  ihc^c 


s  measure  .•>  iiicii. 


spines  .2  inch  ;  on  liu-  second  segment  the  two  dorsal  spine 
and  are  ])roJected  forward  over  i!:<'  head  ;  on  each  side  ol  same  segnu'iil  is  one 
other  s])ine,  starting  from  the  posteri(M'  "dge  of  tin-  segment  and  back  <»f  tin'  line 
of  the  dors.ils,  and  these  aNo  ar«'  porrecti  d  ;  the  remaining  spines  of  the  six  rows 
railiiitc  as  if  from  a  cculral  axis,  those  of  the  stigmntal  row  being  dc|)ressc'l  so 
that  theii'  ends  are  on  a  level  with  the  feet  ;  tl;e  basi>  of  each  sj.inc  deep  .)tatij.'C 
or  lulvous;  betwi'cn  each  jiair  of  dorsals  two  whitish  dots  placed  lraiisvti-i  1\  : 
legs  ai\d  pro-legs  lilack  ;  head  small,  iiut  broader  than  the  second  segment,  s-u'd- 
conic.  truncated  and  depressed  at  top,  flattened  in  from,  the  lower  corners  rouiulcd, 


ARGYNNIS   Vir. 

the  viTticcH  prominent,  tlic  surface  sparsoly  pilose  ;  color  brown,  hcliiiid  f'ulvouH. 

iKiu'.  I/.) 

Thirt_v-.«ix  hours  elapsed  al'tcr  suspension  before  the  change  to  chrysalis  took 
place,  twenty-two  <lays  from  the  lifth  moult. 

('rii;vsAMs.  —  Length  1.2  inch,  greatest  breadth  .4^5  inch;  cylindrical,  with  an 
niijiilMr  excavation  below  the  niesonotuui  ;  the  whole  surface  finely  corrugated; 
liruil-cikse  s(|uare,  tranversely  roiuided,  with  somewhat  prominent  vertices  : 
iiir-(Mi()tuiu  prominent,  eotPfressed,  carinated,  rounde(l  at  smnmit.  and  with  a 
sliarp  tu!)ercle  at  base  on  either  side  ;  two  other  tubercles  ju.st  below  and  back  of 
the  licad  ;  wing-cases  mucii  eh  vated  above  the  surliice,  the  outer  edgi's  at  ba.se 
Haling;  on  the  al»domen  two  doi'sal  rows  of  long,  sharp  tubercles,  and  smaller 
iiiir^.  (orresponding  to  the  first  lateral  spines  on  the  larva,  on  the  three  or  four 
iiuiMlc  segments  ;  color  of  the  anterior  portions  and  of  the  wiug-ca.ses  light- 
brown,  streaked  with  darker  shades;  of  the  abdom<'n  dark  l)rown,  mottled  on 
till'  sides  with  red.  (Fig.  h.)  Duration  of  this  stage  nearly  twenty-one  days; 
iiiakiiig  the  time  from  the  egg  to  the  imago  alxiut  nine  months. 

MirKS    ON     TUK     I'HEP.IKATOKY     STAOF.S     OK     AliGVNVIS     DIANA,     CYIJEl.K,     A>n> 

AIMIKODITK. 


After  many  di.scouragiug  attempts  at  raising  the  larvie  of  one  or  other  of  these 
>|)(iics.  I  succeeded  in  bringing  all  from  t'ggs  to  chrysalids  in  lS7;J-4.  The 
fciiiiles  readily  deposit  their  eirgs  in  condnenu'ut,  :ind  at  difl'erent  tunes  1  had  had 
luiinlrcds  hatch,  but  h).Ht  tlu^  young  larviv<  almost  immediately.  Ctfhfle  is  a  com- 
iiiiin  sjiccies  at  Coalbiirgb.  and  in  August  and  Sciilcmbcr  multitudes  cf  them  may 
lie  lakeu  on  (lowers,  in  the  fields  on  Vernonia,  in  the  garden  on  single  /.iimiiiH, 
<'^|ncially.  Aphroilite  is  sometimes  taken,  but  is  rare,  and  as  to  DUuki,  though 
ten  years  ago  I  was  able  to  take  n»any,  of  late  it  has  become  almost  e.xtinct  hero- 
iil«>nts.  Hut  on  la.st  of  .\ugust,  IH7;J.  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead  brought  from  a  locality 
lit>\  miles  east  of  ("oalbiirgh,  among  the  moimtains.  several  li\iug  females  of 
,1/, ///.«#/(■/,'  and  some  sixty  ol'  Diana.  The.se  were  placed  in  boxes  and  keg.s,  with 
tii-li  jilants  of  violet,  as  were  also  femali's  of  ('i/hilr.  and  a  very  large  uundier  of 
cgu"^  were  obtaiiu'd  of  eaci  species,  laid  upon  the  leaves  and  stems  of  the  plants, 
■iMiJ  also  upon  the  sides  of  llie  b(».xes  and  the  cloths  which  covei'ed  them.  Didnn 
iiN'i  ile|M»sited  freely  upon  stems  <»l'  \'eiiionia.  but  1  was  never  nble  to  discover 
thai  ijie  young  la,'va>  fed  on  that  plan!.  Dr.  If.  K.  irayburst,  at  Sedalia,  .Mo.. 
to  uiiom  I  had  sent  yoiuig  I:»rva>  lA'  jfJiinn  in  ISCil*.  wrote  me  at  the  time 
tliai  ill  some  instjinces  they  did  eat  the  au;iace  of  the  leaves  of  V^ernonia  Nova- 
l)eiaiei)sis.     It  is  c.crtnin,  however,  that  this  larva   thrives  on   vi<>lets  of  every 


ARGYNNIS    VII. 


variety,  wild  (ir  cultiviited,  ami  iii)<>ii  paiisies.  as  do  the  larviu  of  Ci/helc  ami 
Aphroi/ilr.  The  efifrs  of  the  three  species  are  essentially  alike,  eoiistructcd  (ui 
the  same  phm.  and  in  ahoiit  eiiiial  ])eri()ds  the  larviu  hatched  ;  namely,  tVoin 
twelve  to  (il'teen  days.  Alter  emerj^inji,  an  occasional  larva  was  noticied  i'eedinj;. 
hnt  only  for  a  day  or  two,  and  nearly  all  at  once?  attached  themselves  to  the 
under  sides  of  the  leaves  and  M|)(»n  the  {grooves  of  the  stems,  w'here  rows  of  ImH' 
a  do/en  were  to  he  seen  rani^ed  one  Ijchind  the  other,  <[uite  to  the  l)as('.  nnii 
hecame  dormant.  There  is  no  |)t'rce|)lihle  dillereniie  l)etween  the  larva*  of  these 
thiei-  species  at  this  or  the  next  two  or  three  staj^es.  As  it  seemed  necessary 
to  keep  the  plants  cool.  I  found  j^reat  diHicnIty  in  carrvinj^  them  throu<;h  the 
early  part  of  the  winter,  and  as  the  leaves  died  olV.  and  ])erhaps  the  wliolo 
plant  as  well,  the  larvu'  had  to  he  translerrcd  to  others,  and  a  jjreat  many 
of  them  were  lost  in  the  process.  Many  also  were  destroyed  hy  mould.  .Soon 
after  the  first  of  .January.  I  placed  the  plants  in  the  {^reenhou.se.  and  a  few 
days  litter  discovered  the  larv;e  of  Ci/hi/r  moviu^r  ahout  and  feediuj^.  Two 
weeks  later,  on  the  tweuty-lirst.  those  ol'  J)lfniri  and  Aji/inx/ilc  were  active.  To 
prevent  escape  I  confined  them  within  jrlass  jjlohes  set  on  the  pots  •  Mil- 
plants.  tJiii  hoth  plants  and  lai'va'  sidlered  from  the  coullnement,  ami  ..lere 
.soon  apja'ared  a  great  mortality  among  the  'alter,  l^ut  the  most  serious  loss 
oecurreil  from  the  smoking  of  the  greenhouse  with  tohacco.  one  day  in  my  ah- 
sence.  the  gardener  having  forgotten  to  remove  my  ])ots.  From  this  catastniphc 
emerged  idiout  a  score  ui' Ci/hf/i'.  half  a  dozen  A/i/iroi/iff.  and  fewer  Di'iiin.  Tlu' 
growth  of  all  was  slow,  and  it  was  the  twfiity-se\-enth  of  January  hefori-  the  first 
moult  of  Ci/hclr  took  place,  ami  individuals  of  this  spe<'ies  were  passing  this 
moult  irregularly  fur  a  fortnight  .al'terwards  The  otln'r  two  pas.sed  their  first 
moult  aliout  the  midille  of  Keliruaiy.  Kach  species  moidled  five  timi's  licloro 
maturing,  and  the  intervals  lielween  the  several  corresponding  moults  varieil 
unich  ill  individuals,  no  donltt  owing  lo  the  state  of  the  weather.  On  siuuiv 
(lays  all  were  i  'tive.  hut  when  the  sky  was  clouiled  or  weather  cold  they  neither 
fed  n(U"  mf)vcd. 

V\>  to  the  fifth  moult  the  three  species  retaiiUMl  a  close  resemhiance.  Ct/litle 
and  i)i((iiii  heing  of  eipial  si/.e,  Aphrodlfe  smaller  and  slenderer.  .\t  the  filth. 
DidiKi  parted  from  the  other  two,  increased  ra|)idly  in  size,  and  the  spine-  wcrr 
longer  in  proportion,  and  radiated  from  a  central  axis  like  spokes  from  liie  luili 
of  a  wheel.  The  four  spines  of  si'cond  segunnit  wen;  projected  horizontally  for- 
ward over  llic  head,  and  the  two  miildle  ones  of  these  were  longer  than  any  others 
on  the  hody.  in  these  respects  Di/iiKi  difli'red  from  the  other  species.  A  lliov 
approached  maturity  the  uumhcriif  larve  was  retluced  to  four  Cifhelt;  two  Aplira- 
difv,  and  one  Viand,  and  how  to  preserve  thorn  to  the  end  was  a  matter  of  itnuh 


AIUiYNNIS   Vir. 


anxii'tv.  I  iirraiiged  u  keg  witli  a  {^aiize  l)af^  liigli  ovor  the  top,  wliioli  was  ron- 
liiird  l(\'  the  iippiT  lio()|)  ol"  tlie  keg,  and  plaiitcd  IVfsli  violfls,  wliicli  liad  to  l)o 
iviirwcil  almost  (lailj,  (lovrriiig  the  eartli  partially  with  f^toiies,  and  setting  slicks 
whiili  might  serve  as  resting  places  Iwr  the  larvie.  This  appeared  to  answer  the 
niii  |i(ist'  wtdl.  'I'he  hirviu  were  I'ond  of  resting  on  the  sticks,  liead  downward,  or 
iiiiHii  tilt'  sides  of  the  l)ag,  coming  down  to  feed  when  impelled  iiy  lumgcr.  After 
Kiii.mrmg  motionless  for  lioiu's,  they  would  suddenly  arouse  and  start  olf  in 
cxnt'iiie  haste,  running  all  ahout  the  inelosin-e,  and  on  reaching  the  leaves  wonlil 
fcdl  ravenously,  and  liien  return  to  their  resting  place.  Not  unfretpiently  they 
well'  extenih'd  on  the  stones  or  the  (hinip  earth  as  il'  for  coolness,  the  weather 
al  this  time  having  heconu-  warm. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  hirvio  of  hutlertlies  see  distinctly,  or  at  all.  al- 
tliiiiii;li  they  are  I'urnished  witli  what  are  calleil  ocelli,  there  heing  live  of  these 
iii;:aiis  on  either  side  of  the  iiead.  On  one  occasion  I  happened  to  la;  at  hand 
ulnn  an  Aphi'ndlfr  sud(K'nly  started  down  the  side  of  the  hag,  to  (hsa|)pear  helow, 
;mi<I  |iii'.sently  emerge  oil  one  of  tiie  upright  sticks.  This  it  ran  uver  and  alioiit, 
aiKJ  from  ii  point  on  the  si<le  of  it  towards  the  plant  made  great  ell()rts  to  reach 
one  of  the  stems,  which  was  at  some'tliing  more  than  an  inch  distant  from  the 
stii'k.  Severid  limes  the  caterpillar  stretched  itselt"  out  till  it  was  nearly  twice 
its  natural  length,  holding  to  tiie  stick  hy  its  anal  anil  last  pair  of  ventral  clasp- 
crs.  aivl  moving  its  head  and  hody  from  side  to  side  to  feel  for  the  plant.  Hut 
the  attempts  were  in  vain.  Then  it  remounted  the  stick,  iind  reacheil  out  in 
a  similar  nnmner  l'ron\  the  top  in  directions  where  were  no  h'aves.  till  at  last 
it  tiu'neil  right  again,  and  hy  an  cdlltrl  more  violent  thai<  usual,  seized  a  stem  hy 
its  jaws  and  lirst  pair  of  legs,  ami  liolding  hy  them,  dro|)pe(l  its  hody  from  the 
stick  and  cliiidu'il  to  the  leai.  There  was  evidently  a  sense  ot'  direction  in  the 
lirst  instniu'e,  from  the  descent  of  the  htig  to  the  reaching  the  stick,  though  not 
111"  sii;lit.  as  the  sti<'k  was  fixed  at  the  'lase  of  the  plant,  and  the  latter  was  as 
easily  readied  as  the  former.  .\iid  when  on  the  stick,  there  was  a  .sense  that  the 
leiurs  were  near,  without  a  ci-rtainty  o"  the  precise  locality. 

(hily  three  Cifhi'le  readied  dirysaiis  and  one  A/ifinxlHi'.  They  s|)uii  luittonsof 
wliiif  silk  and  hung  suspeiiiled,  nearly  straight,  the  anterior  segments  i)iit  little 
liiiii.  and  so  coutinue(l  lor  ahoiii  two  days  and  nights  in  the  case  of  Ci/hi/t'. 
tliiii\-si.\  hours  in  AphradUc.  This  last  <lieil  in  chrysalis;  the  others  yieliled  the 
iiii  !;/'•  in  twenty-two    to  twenty-four  days.     'l"he   D'uinn  suspended  in  a  .similar 

I iiier  last  of  all,  on  .seventeenth  of  Ma_\ .  and   the  change  to  chrysalis  occurred 

"i:  the  iii!ieteenth  the  interval  having  heeii  fifty-four  hours.  It  was  so  pro- 
lan.:. ,1  that  I  feared  I'A  the  larva  had  not  vitality  siillicient  to  euahle  it  to 
I'liaiiv'e.  and  when  on  risiiiif  in  the  middle  of  the  last  ni;jlit  to  see  wliiit  the  fate 


ARGYNNIS   VII. 


might  l)e,  1  found  tlie  change  passed,  and  the  beautiful  chrysalis  formed,  the 
sense  of  ri-iief  was  great.  It  was  the  single  outcome  from  at  least  three  hunthcd 
eggs,  and  1  had  watched  over  it  in  one  stage  or  other  almost  daily  for  thirty- 
eight  weeks. 

From  this  chrysalis  a  female  emerged  twenty-four  days  later,  nearly  forty-one 
weeks  from  the  laying  of  the  egg.  As  the  seveiiil  stages  f  these  larva?  were 
remlii'd,  they  were  forwarded  to  Miss  Peart,  in  P.iiladelphia,  for  their  portrnits. 
whicli  in  every  instance;  are  drawn  from  life,  and  fortunately  none  were  lost  or 
injured  on  their  travels. 

In  the  fall  of  1874,  I  again  obtained  eggs  ol' Ci/helc,  and  profiting  by  experi- 
ence, confined  the  young  larvio  within  cylinders  of  fine  wire  set  over  the  plants 
and  deep  enough  in  tiie  eartii  to  prevent  escapes.  And  1  found  no  dilliculty, 
after  tiie  larvio  began  to  feed,  in  rearing  them,  bringing  seven  to  the  imago. 
Fresii  air  and  moisture  is  what  tlie.-<e  larva)  of  yl?v////)«/s  require,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  now  that  1  can  suctiessfuliy  raise  any  sj)ecies  of  this  genus. 

Thri-e  years  ago,  I  received  Iroin  .Mr.  Vv'm.  Saunders,  a  few  half-grown  Jnrvu' 
of  Cyhele,  taken  near  liondon,  Canada.  Tiiey  were  found  by  him  in  the  Spring. 
in  swain])V  ground,  hiding  J>y  day  in  lioles  made  by  the  feet  of  cattle,  and  were 
concealed  also  by  dead  Icavi-s  which  more  or  less  filled  the  holes.  These  larvao 
matured  in  my  pos.session.  Mr.  Savmders  also  found  chrjsalids  of  the  .^mne 
species  suspended  on  the  imder  side  of  pieces  of  bark  near  this  swampy  gronnd, 
and  by  scattering  bark  about,  and  freciucntly  examining  it,  he  obtained  .'^cviT.il 
clirysalids.  In  the  .same  .sort  of  hiding  place,  Mr.  Mead  found  the  chrysali.s  of  A. 
Atlantis,  at  Hunter,  N.  Y.,  in  spring  of  1873. 


I  I  WUtf«U««i 


I,  the 
tulrcil 
liiitv- 

y-one 
I  wore 
triiit.s. 
Dst  or 

xperi- 
plants 
iculty, 
iiiiagd. 
live  III) 


larva' 
Jpriiif,'. 
[|  were 
'  larvic 
'  same 
;ri»iiiul. 
several 
IS  of  A. 


jLiG-E^ULin^^A^. 


•••W^Wf!^ 


i-tiAK'    '; 


^  -  ■> 


■f  'f 

'  I'fllM.i     „l    /„/./> 

t' ' 

l.an^i    it    i"'  tfuHtil  tfift-iuttti'f 

/. 

h.iiij                    iitthlittht'tl 

1 

m 

. 

)"iutii  l.tirva 

4 

>* 

,/ 

/.■tr\,i  .//  I"m,ii/l 

k 

'  'hrs  i'tiljk 

f 

.    J" 

» 

t'tnuirtr.i    n^i 

M'Jvi''     :» 


■-?.''    , 

I.     .1      ,1      .1     ,-v.     ,    i 

•1).    •>».    e.     (,      ...       , 


'[^ »)   >  ..„ 


•J         ■■    1   /■ 


) 


^ 


Wl-* 


"**(r*:* 


melit7i:a  I. 


MI:MT/KA    I'lIAHTOX.   1-4. 

,U»'."»fi  I'hnfton,  Dniry,  Kxcit.  Iim.  I.  pi.  i\.  177(1.      CiainiT,  I'ap.  Kxdt.  pi.  \K\,  I7«2.      Fiiliriciii.'",  Svst.  Kiit. 


IHl, 


Km.    Svst.  III.  p.   Iti,  \-'r,\.     \Su\f.   and   l,ir.,   p.  |ii7,   pi.   17,  l»;ta.      Ilairl»,  Iim.  .Mu 


Vl,;.i,,„lr,i.  (;(Hlart.  Kill'.  Mctli.,  IX.  p.  2«H,  pi.  DH,  1HI9. 

M  \i.K.  —  K-xpiiiids  2.2  inclu>!4. 

rplHT  .si<K-  black,  spottfd  witli  fulvous  aiitl  pale  ycllciw  ;  botli  wind's  have  a 
aiaijrinal  scric-i  ol"  I'lilvoii.s  .spot.s,  fliosn  of  secondaries  lai-jre  arid  l.iiirlil  colored,  of 
|iiiiiiaries  dull,  often  small,  in  wiiieli  case  tliey  are  rather  suh-niarj^inal ;  preceding 
tli.-e  are  two  conunon  transver.se  rows  of  small  yidlow  spots,  the  first  mostly 
narrow  Innnles.  sometimes  partly  wanting  on  priniarie.s,  or  blended  more  or  le.s.s 
Willi  those  of  the  second  row,  which  are  rounded;  on  primaries  there  is  a  third 
mw.  and  a  fourth  which  consists  of  three  or  four  spots  only  against  the  <'\lremity 
lit  the  c(dl ;  within  the  arc  of  cell  a  geminate  tulvous  .spot,  and  another  halfway 
to  l.aM-;  between  these  are  two  small  round  yellow  spots,  one  Iieiiig  next  either 


iiirvure;   near  ba.se  a  patch  of  yellow  .scab 
tinrtnes.sand  arc  often  more  or  less  ob.solett 


idl 


10  cellular  spots  vaiy  in  di.s- 


.^'•condaries  have  a  fulvoas  patch  on  costal  margin,  and  two  within  the  cell, 
tli-c  la.xt  often  indistinct  or  wanting;  fringes  black,  yellow  in  the  middle  of  the 
iiitiispaces. 

I  nder  side  black,  or  brownish-black,  the  .spots  repeated  and  much  enlarged  ; 
ail  the  marginal  spots  large,  etpial  on  either  wing,  mostly  crenat 


e.-iili  !.• 


I'  or  serrate,  and 
rmounted  by  a  yellow  bmule.  which  correspcmds  with  a  spot  of  the  first 


larj^e,  each  pan'  con 


lanes. 


y.liuw  row  of  the  upper  side  ;   the  fulvous  spots  in  the  cell  I...^.,  

til'  lit,  and  the  two  .sometimes  united  liy  a  liganu-nt  of  same  color.     Second 

III   iddition  to  the  outer  row  of  yellow  lunules,  have  three  rows  of  yellow  spot.s, 

riiMiided  ,„•  irregular,  and  nearly  eijual ;   uiion  the  ba.sal  area  six  fulvous  patches, 

I"' "ifn  which  are  several  small  yellow  spot.s  on  the  black  ground;  a  fulvous 

strii 


along  the  abdominal  margin  next  above  the  angli 


mkijt^<:a  I. 


Tlodv  iilinvc  lilmk,  tlic  aliilomi'ii  with  ii  finiMiil  mid  latoral  row  of  yt'llow  |iiii 


111- 


I) 


iiciilli,  llic  llii>ni.\  liliirk  ;  tlif  iilxloiiicn  h 


tliick. 


with  vrlluw  lit  the  jiiiictioii  of  tin. 


.xcgiiiciits.  and  with  a  fulvous  stiii><'  on  t'itlicr  sidt' ;  the  cxtrt'inity  aUo  fulvous ; 
U'jfs  and  |ial|ii  fulvous;  aiit(>nn!i>  hlack.  slij^litk  riiijr«'d  with  yclhiw  on  tliu  ii|i|)(r 
t<i(h' ;  chih  hlark.  lipped  cither  with  fulvous  or  with  l)hick  and  fulvous. 

Kkmai.i:.  —  Kxpaiids  li.li  inches. 

I'riniarii's  less  prodm-cd  and  Itroutler  than  in  the  male;  paler  eolor('<l,  mMiiliuly 
marked. 

I'](i(i.  —  ()i)-(ivate,  truncated,  rouiuleil  at  iiase.llat  (U'  .slij^htly  depressed  at  suiii- 
niit.  smooth  ;  the  upper  third  marked  hy  from  twelve  to  eighteen  vertical  rid;;is 
which  .spriiii;  from  the  surface,  increase   in  elevatimi   as   they  proceed,  and   icr- 


nilnat(>    at    th<>    ed}r(>    of    the    llatteiied    summit  ;     color   leiuoii-\  ellow    w 


hen 


Inxt 


deposited.  clian,u:iii]i;  in  a  few  ilays  to  dull  criuison,  and  shortly  hefore  the  dis- 
closure ol  the  larva  to  Mack.  Duration  of  this  stage  nineteen  or  twonty  day.s. 
(Fig.  h.  egg  magnilied.) 

YofNi;    liAKv.v. —  [ientrlh.    .OS    inch;    cvlimlrical.   translucent,   luteons.   cncli 


Hegnient  .showing  a 


transverse   row  of  Itrowii   tulierch 


s.  which  indicate  the  |i<i«i- 


tion  of  the  future  sjjiiies,  each   giving  a   pencil  of  light   haii's  ;   legs  hrowii,  pr»- 
li'gs  luteous  ;   head    Itroader   than    the   liody,  ohovate.   hilohed.   hrown.      Time   to 


first  moult 


six  (liivs. 


(  I'  IL'.  V. 


larva  nia'>'ni 


lied.) 


After  liisl    moult:   length,  .lli;  slia|ie  as  hefon' ;  color  dull   luteons.  the  c\- 


treinitit's  diiskv  ;  from    eat 


h    till 


lercie    arise 


short    hlack    fleshy  spine,  which 


bristles  with  liuht   hairs;  head   lilackish-hrown.     To  second   moult  six  or  .■<e\f 


(lavs. 


( l"'iK- 


,1. 


niMLnii 


lied.) 


After  second  moult  :  length.  .•'!  inch  ;  the  spines  longer,  the  hristli-s  larger 
and  hlack  ;  coitu' eitlier  ochiiiceoiis  or  hrown.  the  se<rments  at  either  exfreinitv 
black;  head  black,  much  covered  with  short  black  hairs.  Dnrntion  of  this  stage 
nine    o  ten  days,     (Figure  omitted  a<'ciilenlally.) 


ihick.  .shining,  each  spr 


IlL' 


After  tliiril  moult:  length..!");  tho  spine.s  longe 
ing  from  a  glo.ssy  black  tuiiercle.  the  bristles  railiating  and  interlacing;  the 
extrt'iue  segments  black,  the  others  daik  yellow-fulvous,  with  blai-k  strijics; 
head  iilack.  Imiiicdiati'ly  after  Ibis  moult  is  coinplete(|.  the  larva'  cease  It'cdiiig 
and  bei'ome  lethargic,  in  which  state  they  remain  till  the  following  .spring. 
(Fig.  f.  larva  natural  si/e  ;   >•-,  magnilied.) 

The  fourth  moult  takes  place  a  few  days  after  animation  is  restoreil ;  leiiirtli. 
.(')  inch  ;  scarcely  changed  in  appearance  from  last  .stage;  color  dull  yellow  t'lil- 
voiis.     Time  to  next  moult  atioiit  ten  days.     (Fig. _/",  natural  sizo.) 

After  lifth  moult  :  length,  .S  inch.  The  growth  is  now  rapid,  and  in  n  f'W 
days  the  larva  reaches  maturity.     (Fig.  ij.) 


MKI,IT/KA    I. 

M  vTi'ui:  fjAiiVA.  —  Fjfii^jtli,  I'lDiii  I.I  til  l..'i  inch  ;  cvliiuliifal.  tin' cxtrt'iiu;  scm- 
iii<  iii»  siiiiillcst.  llu>  (itlicrs  ciiiial ;  tli**  (lor^iiin  mid  Midcs  iiniiril  witji  st'V(>ii  rowM 
III  Imij.',  tii|i»'niijj.  lU'sliy,  black  Mpiiics.  cacli  nl'  wliirli  spriiijrs  IVdih  h  luiiiiii.  -Iiin- 
ili^;.  Iillli'-liliirk  tulii'i'rlc.  Ilic  tlllicl'cli's  ill'  riirll  sr^iiirllt  lli-illiy  Illi'i'tilljr  ;  I'lirll 
s|ii;t<'  luistlin^  with  stunt  liliuk  hairs  ;  there  is  al.Mi  aniitiier  riiw  nl'  similar, 
liitt  iiinch  sinal!(>r  sjiiiies,  helow  the  s|iiracle:'< ;  in  this  row  the  fitiirth  seirnieiit  has 
iiii  >|iine.  the  lil'tli  to  tenth   two  each,   in   line,   tiie  eleventh    one.  (he    twell'th 


till 


Tcle  witliont  spine  ;  on  the  innler  side  of  tlie   Imdy.  on   liriii   and  sixth   se 


iiii'iil'>.  ill  line  with  the  le;^s,  is  a  single  small  tnlieicle.  with  a  slinrl.  Inanchin^ 
>|inic.  Mild  lietween  the  pairs  ol'  le;rs  on  the  same  sej^nients  are  several  minute 
liilicrcles,  with  tnl'ts  of  hair  from  eai*li ;  the  s«>coiid,  third,  and  part  of  fourth,  ami 
till'  last  two  or  three  sc^^nients  liiiick  ;    the  others  deep  red-fiihons.  striped    tra 


ns- 


•l\   with  lilack,  one  stripe  rnnniiiir  with  tls 


<pines,  one  cnverinj^'  tlie  iiiiiclinn 


it'  ilie  segments,  and   another  anterior  to  this  last  ;   nndcr  >ide  ori.nire.  with  ii 
Mdk   ventral  stripe  ;    lejjs  iilack.   pio-Ie^s  Miioky-lirown  ;    head   lilack,   liilolicd. 


The    I 


iiilii'i'cniateil  and  covered  with  short  Mack  hair 

wilf  of  their  own  constrnetion,  until  the  hyliernatiiij^  period  is  over. 


arva'   live  in  i  olonies.  in 


<'iii;vs.\r,is. 


Tji'iijrth.    S  inch 


liiidi 


ical.  with   a    I'liinulcd  dors.'il  cxcavatii 


III 


\nl<\\  the  mcsonofiim  ;  head  case  narrow,  trinicaled.  compressed  transversely  ; 
iii>'~iiiiiitiiin  rounded,  slightly  proniiiient  at  sinnmit  ;  alidniiicn  and  thorax  fnr- 
iiisiicd  with  several  rows  of  tnhercle.",  those  of  the  mi'diu-dnrsal  and  first  lateral 
mw-  pi'iimiiicnt.  pointed,  the  rest  scarcely  raisi'd  aliove  the  surface  ;   culnr  vaiv- 


iiiL'  Imm    pearl    to    pure   white,   marked    and   spoiled    w 


itli    'now  ni^li-lilack  ;    the 


liiliriclcs  oranyje,  each   marked  anteiiorlv   li\-   a    Mack   ^•\^^ 


■nl 


inail 


ilack 


li.iiid  passes  aloiiji  the  lower  side  from  one  extremity  to  the  other,  liifnrcatin^ 
III  tup  (if  head  ;  all  irreirnlar  hand  more  or  less  edj^ed  with  oraiiL-'e  crosses  the 
will;.'  cases,  and  the  hind  niarjrin^  of  the  wiiij;^  discover  Inown  serrations; 
iili'ii;;  the  (lorsnni.  at  lln.'  poslcrinr  |iart  of  each  scj.nneiit.  are  four  aMireviated 
'il:ii  L  marks,  sel  oMiipiely  as  radialiiiir  I'roin  a  common  centre;  lietween  tin- 
Miiilio-ddrsal  and  lirst  lateral   tiiliercles.  and   lietween   these   lust   and   the  second 


l.itci  il<  lire  two  lilack   dots,  placed  verti 


l\   on  each   setrnient.  and  llicre  is  also 


an  <>lj|ii|ii(>  mark  liehind  each  of  the  lirst  laterals;   other  diits  and    marks  on   tlie 
I 


icici  cases. 


( !•  IL 


linens  al 


i  lure  is  innch  variation  in  the  extent  of  tin'  black  bands;  some  spec 
li:i\'  ilic  abdomen  lar^^ely  Hnn'nscd  with  oniii','e.     Duration  of  this  stage  from  fonr- 
ii    •    ■.  eighteen  days. 

1^ '■   beautiful   s])ecies  is   found   as    far  northward  as   the    Lake  of  the  Woods. 
•I'i'l      '    the    States,   from    Maine  to    Wisconsin  ;  also  in  Virginia,  and  the  States 


^\M 


^ 


<'..  ^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


*, 


V  «?^ 


& 

^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


-    6" 


1^  1^    12.2 
m   ^    is 

1.4    il.6 


% 


<^ 


^a 


n 


7*  ^ 


7, 


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Photogi-aphic 

Sciences 

CorpomtiGn 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREBT 

WEBSTER, NY.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


^^ 


(p 


\ 


;V 


M^ 


LIMEMTIS   II. 


LIMENITIS   EROS.     1-4. 

IJinciutis  Eros,  Edwards,  Can.  Ent.,  XII.,  p.  240,  1880. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.6  to  3  inclies. 

Upper  side  dark  red-brown,  mahogany-color;  hind  margins  bordorcd  Ijroadly 
with  black,  costal  margins  narrowly;  inner  margin  of  primaries  black  to  the  .sub- 
median  nervure ;  all  nervures  and  branches  black,  and  narrow!  -  edged  with  same 
color ;  against  the  end  of  cell,  on  primaries,  a  long  subtriangu  .u-  bhick  patch,  its 
short  side  resting  on  costa,  its  apex  prolonged  into  a  stripe  which  reaches  the 
Imrder  of  hind  margin  below  second  branch  of  median  ;  beyond  the  disk,  on 
secondaries,  a  tran8vcrse,  curved,  narrow,  black  stripe  from  margin  to  marinn  ; 
within  the  borders,  and  near  their  inner  edges,  a  common  series  of  white  spots, 
wliich,  on  secondaries,  are  .small  and  more  or  less  ob.solete ;  on  the  black  triangle, 
three  white  spots  in  line,  the  two  nearest  costa  large,  the  third  minute  ;  a  white 
s|)ot  at  the  origin  of  upper  subcostal  interspace,  and  a  white  streak  on  outer  side 
ol'  costal  nervure,  opposite  the  triangle,  and  a  little  way  toward  base;  fringes 
I'lack,  white  in  the  niiddle  ot  each  interspace. 

Under  side  red-brown,  nearly  as  dark  as  above,  and  of  a  uniform  .shade  over 
hoth  wings  ;  primaries  have  the  spots  on  border  repeated,  enlarged  and  crescent- 
shaped,  white,  with  purple  scales  about  the  edges,  and  half  way  to  margin  is 
imother  series  of  small  purplish  spots,  one  to  each  interspace  ;  at  apex  these  are 
round,  the  rest  abbreviated  streaks ;  the  spots  in  the  triangle  repeated,  as  well 
as  the  markings  next  and  on  costa,  all  these  pure  white ;  in  middle  of  cell,  next 
subcostal,  a  subtriangular  wdiite  spot  on  black  ground,  and  a  white  mark  along 
same  nervure  nearer  base. 

Secondaries  have  the  marginal  spots  repeated,  much  enlarged,  crescent,  and  an 
ibsolcscent  row  of  purplish  crescents  on  middle  of  the  border ;  the  Idack  trans- 


(I 


erse  stripe  repeated  and  on  the  inner  side  of  same  a  crescent  in  each  intersjiace, 
■  iiite,  delicately  tinted  blue  or  purple  ;  these  vary  in  individuals,  and  sometimes 
re  obisolete,  or  are  represented  by  a  few  white  scales. 


\- 
win 

a 


LLMENITIS   II. 

Borly  black,  tlio  abflomiiial  segments  benoiitli  odged  with  white,  and  a  while 
stripe  along  the  side  ot"  nbdonien  ;  on  thorax  beneath  are  two  oblique  rows  of 
three  white  spots  each ;  legs  brown-black,  the  two  lower  joints  of  the  front,  or 
aborted,  pair  white  ;  palpi  black,  Avhite  in  front ;  antenna)  bhick,  the  tips  forruiii- 
noiis.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  3.2  to  BA  inches. 

Same  color  as  male  and  similarly  marked  ;  the  black  triangle  often  shows  a 
fourth  spot ;  in  some  examples,  the  black  cross  stripe,  on  upper  side  of  seooml- 
aries,  has  white  crescents  on  inner  side,  in  the  interspaces  of  anterior  iialf  the 
wing  ;  there  is  also  often  a  small  white  .spot  in  cell  of  primaries  next  sul)Postal. 

Under  side  like  the  male,  the  marginal  spots  greatly  enlarged  ;  the  white 
crescents  inside  the  stripe  almost  always  conspicuous  and  sometimes  very  large. 
exceeding  indeed  those  of  the  border.     (Fig.s.  3,  4.) 


Vaii.  Obsolet\,  Edwards,  Papilio,  Vol.  II.,  22,  1882. 

Color  faded  ;  very  like  Daiiais  Sirif/osa,  Bates  ;  with  the  characteristic  white 
spots  of  Eros,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  discal  band  of  secondaries,  iind  on  lioili 
surfaces.  Taken,  in  both  .sexes,  by  Mr.  Jacob  Doll,  in  South  Arizona,  Octul)er, 
1881. 

Egg.  —  Shape  as  in  Ai'(hemis,  hut  a  little  higher  in  proportion;  the  surface 
covered  by  reticulations  which  are  mostly  hexagonal,  but  .some  are  5,  others  7- 
sided,  especially  on  the  upper  third  ;  tho.se  form  cells  which  are  roundly  l)ut 
shallowly  excavated,  and  iioni  each  angle  rises  a  short,  tapering,  lilamentoiis 
sjiine  ;  the  top  a  little  depressed,  and  about  the  micropyle  a  rosette  of  four  con- 
centric rows  of  4  and  5-sided  irregular  spaces  ;  color  gray-green  (Figs,  a,  a",  eg;;- 
and  micropyle  magnified).     Duration  of  this  stage  4  and  5  days. 

YouxG  Lauva.  —  Length  .1  inch;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  segments  3  and  4. 
tapering  slightly  to  13  ;  color  light  yellow-brown  ;  covered  with  fine,  but  irreg- 
idar,  concolored  tubercles,  each  giving  out  a  short,  white,  clubbed  hair ;  on  3, 
4,  G,  11,  and  12,  is  one  pointed,  conical,  dark-brown  tubercle  on  either  side  of 
dorsum,  that  on  3  lai'gest,  on  6  next  in  size,  the  others  about  equal ;  the  seg- 
ments from  4  to  10  have,  in  same  rows,  similar,  but  much  smtiller  tubercles ; 
these  all  stand  on  the  ends  of  transverse  ridges  ;  under  side,  feet,  and  pro-logs 
yellow-brown ;  head  sub-globose,  n  .rrowing  towards  top,  bilobed  ;  color  glossy 
brown;  a  few  scattered  hairs  over  the  surface.  (Fig.  b,  6^  magnified).  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  3  and  4  days. 

After  first  moidt:  length  .2  inch;  similar  in  shape  and  armature  to  Ar/hanis; 
cylindrical,  thickest  at  3  to  5  ;  the  dorsum  yed-l)rown,  the  sides  and  under  parts 


LIMEXITIS   II. 


black  ;  on  9  is  a  patch  across  florsuin  and  down  the  sides,  encroacliinj;  dorsidly 
also  somewhat  on  8  and  10;  this  is  at  first  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the 
irencral  hue,  but  a  few  hours  after  the  moult,  it  becomes  lighter,  or  red-bufl';  a 
lloshy  ridge  along  the  base,  over  legs,  broadest  on  the  last  segments  ;  on  segments 
after  2  is  on(!  broad  dorsal  transverse  ridge,  followed  by  one  and  two  narrow  and 
lower  ridges,  and  these  are  thiekl}'  set  with  small,  irregular,  conical  tubercles, 
each  with  short  hair;  on  dorsum,  from  5  to  12,  are  two  rows  of  ])rocesses,  jilaced 
at  the  ends  of  the  bi'oail  ridges,  each  with  a  crest  of  little  ilesliy  knobs,  or  grains; 
on  0  and  12,  these  are  larger  than  elsewhere,  more  elongated  and  acute,  on  11 
next  in  size,  the  rest  smaller ;  on  the  fronts  of  these  segments,  and  on  4,  are  two 
simple  tubercles  in  advance  of  and  between  the  dorsal  processes ;  on  5,  7,  8,  9  tlie 
|i,  ,'esscs  are  yellow;  on  the  other  segments,  red-brown  ;  on  3  the  broad  ridge  is 
considerably  elevated  and  at  each  end  is  a  prominent  appendage,  .03  inch  long, 
stoiit  at  base,  tcapering  to  top,  black,  be.set  on  sides  with  tawny  spurs  ;  between 
the  bases  of  these  are  two  small,  yellow-crested  tubercles;  on  4  is  a  slight  eleva- 
tion, on  which  stand  four  equal  j'ellow-crested  tubercles ;  along  the  basal  ridge 
are  others,  similar ;  head  obovate,  narrowing  towards  top,  bilobed,  the  vt'rtices 
high,  rather  conical,  each  bearing  a  short  black  knob,  the  snnnnit  of  whidi  is 
rounded,  -with  a  little  cone  in  the  middle,  and  a  circlet  of  six  others  about  it, 
springing  from  near  the  base,  each  with  short  bristle;  color  of  face  blackish  red- 
lnown;  the  surface  rough,  and  on  it  many  low,  rounded  and  pointed  tubercles, 
those  at  and  near  the  top  largest,  and  either  red-brown,  lighter  than  the  face,  or 
yellowish,  —  the  rest  black  ;  along  the  back  of  the  head,  both  at  top  and  sides, 
a  row  of  forked  or  branching  spurs,  one  of  which,  stamling  back  of  each  ver- 
tex, rises  above  the  knob  (tas  shown  in  Fig./'').  The  head  and  its  appendages 
scarcely  vary  from  first  moult  to  maturity,  except  in  color.  (Figs,  c,  c"  magni- 
fied.) 

As  the  stage  progresses,  the  dorsal  patch  becomes  distinct,  whitish ;  and  the 
general  body-color  changes  from  red-brown  and  yellow  to  sordid  gray. 

Duration  of  this  stage  3  and  4  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .26  inch;  .shape  much  as  before;  the  appendages 
on  3  longer,  reaching  .03  inch,  short  at  ba.se,  irregularly  tapering,  black,  with 
irregular  tawny  knobs  on  sides  ;  color  of  body  red-brown  on  dorsum,  the  piocesses 
and  tubercles  except  those  on  12  and  13  (which  are  black),  and  those  on  the 
l)atcli  (which  are  concolored  with  it),  red-brown;  so  are  the  tubercles  on  the 
liasal  ridge  ;  sides  black  ;  the  patch  cither  yellow-buff  or  red-bnif ;  3  and  the 
Itroad  I'idge  of  4  are  red-buft' ;  head  as  before,  the  face  nearly  all  black,  the  edges 
at  the  sutures  reddish  (Fig.  d,  iV'  magnified).     To  nex'  moult  4  days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  .4  inch ;  general  color,  red  ;  the  anterior  segments 


LIMENITIS   II. 


rc'd-bulY,  2  spocki'il  (lor.><ally  with  hlack  ;  tlie  patch  rcd-biiff;  so  also  tho  ba.sal 
ridgo;  tho  si-giiu'iits  troiii  4  to  11,  except  S  and  9,  much  covered  with  round, 
glassy,  bead-lil<e  processes,  deep  red  in  color  ;  these  are  arranged  just  as  in  Aiilu- 
viis;  the  appen<lages  of  3  are  now  very  long,  measuring  from  .11  to  .16  inch, 
slender,  tapering  to  the  end,  bent  forward  at  about  foiu*  (iftlis  the  distance  from 
base  to  top ;  color  black  ;  beset  from  base  up  with  separated  sharp  spurs,  large 
and  small,  black,  with  tawny  tips  ;  head  as  before ;  color  red,  across  the  lower 
front  black-red.     (Fig.  c,  nat.  size,  e^  mag.) 

At  one  day  from  third  moult :  length  .45  inch  ;  the  beads  now  between  red  and 
blue;  the  patch  yellow-buff,  the  basal  stripe  still  more  yellow. 

At  two  ilays  from  the  moult :  length  .55  inch  ;  the  beads  now  deep  blue,  the 
body  lighter  colored,  but  still  red.  Finally,  as  the  fourth  moult  approaches,  the 
dark  portions  change  to  olive-green.     Duration  of  this  stage  4  to  5  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  six  houns  after  the  moult  .7  inch  ;  segments  2,  8, 
4,  clear  reil-l)uiT,  very  little  specked  with  black  at  tho  junctions;  5,  0,  7,  11,  12, 
13,  red-ferniginous,  with  little  or  no  black;  the  patch  on  'J,  and  partly  covering 
8  and  10,  on  dorsum,  red-bull',  but  a  shade  lighter  than  the  anterior  segments; 
the  l)asal  ridge  still  lighter;  the  appendages  on  3  vary  from  .2  to  .3  mch  in 
length,  slender  and  tapering  as  before,  also  bent  as  before,  and  from  base  beset 
with  ii  regular  and  .separated  sharp  spurs,  the  tips  of  which  are  tawny,  but  all  else, 
as  well  as  the  stems,  shining  black  ;  between  these  appendages  are  two  line 
crested  tubercles,  color  of  the  ground  ;  on  4  are  two  large  crested  tubercles  at 
the  ends  of  the  ridge,  and  two  suudl  ones  between  them  ;  there  are  also  deep 
red,  glassy  beads  on  the  ridge.s,  as  described  at  last  previous  stage  ;  5  has  two 
small  tubercles  and  three  rows  of  beads ;  G  has  an  elevated  ridge,  with  a  mamil- 
loid  process  at  each  end,  the  top  bearing  a  cluster  of  little  Hoshy  grains  (Fig.  /<), 
with  no  supporting  tubercle ;  the  succeeding  segments  have  but  two  dorsal 
crested  tubercles  each,  and  to  11  they  are  small,  those  on  the  patch  eoncolorcd 
with  it;  7  is  beaded  like  5,  and  11  and  12  are  thickly  beaded;  12  has  taper- 
ing processes,  with  crests  of  grains  (Fig.  i);  13  has  two  prominent  pairs,  one 
quite  at  the  extremity,  turned  back,  the  others  springing  from  bases  of  the  lirst, 
at  right  angles  to  the  dorsum ;  all  crests  are  made  up  of  little  tleshy  knobs,  or 
grains,  conical,  forked,  or  elongated  and  acute,  and  all  are  red  ;  crested  tuber- 
cles in  row  on  middle  of  side,  small,  and  along  basal  ridge,  larger;  feet  and  pio- 
legs  red  ;  head  obovoid,  narrowing  towards  top,  bilobed,  the  vertices  high,  ratlui- 
conical,  each  bearing  a  short  black  knob,  the  summit  rounded,  a  little  cone  iu 
the  mid<lle  thereof,  and  a  circlet  of  six  others  about  it,  springing  from  near  the 
ba.se,  each  with  short  bristle  (Fig. /^);  color  wholly  red,  except  across  lower 
front,  where  it  is  reddish-black  ;    the  surface  granulated  and  dotte-.!  with  low 


LIMKNITIS   ir. 


rounded  or  pointed  tuberclos  (Fiji's,  y-,  y^),  tliose  at  and  lu-ar  the  top  lai'gcst, 
nearly  all  red,  but  a  few  hlaek  Imtli  on  front  and  side  face;  around  the  top 
of  head  and  down  the  sides  at  hack,  a  row  of  sharp  spurs,  some  simple,  some 
hranching  or  forked  (Fig.  (/),  and  one  of  these  rises  behind  the  process  on  ver- 
tex, and  overtops  it  (Fig. /'■');  color  of  the  spurs  red.     (Figs.  /"./',/'.) 

At  one  day  after  fourth  moult:  length  .sT,  inoh;  all  the  dark  jjarts  paler,  the 
red  changing  to  brown,  and  more  or  less  mottled  dark  green  ;  the  basal  stripe  and 
the  tubercles  on  it  pure  white;  the  patch  lighter,  with  a  yellow  tint;  the  beads 
changed  from  red  to  blue. 

At  two  days  from  fourth  moult :  length  1  inch  ;  the  red  parts  now  olive-lirown. 
The  larvtu  reach  maturity  at  about  three  days  from  fourth  moult. 

Matukk  L.viiVA.  — Fx-ngth  at  rest  1.2  inch,  greatest  breadth,  .20  inch;  lengtli 
in  motion  1.5  inch.  As  described  under  fourth  moult,  but  the  dark  parts  arc 
now  olive-green,  the  beads  blue;  the  dorsal  patch  either  reddish-brown,  or  pink- 
white  ;  the  anterior  segments  pale  red-brown  ;  the  stripe  along  the  basal  ridge 
broad,  white,  with  a  green  tint ;  the  head  pale  red.     (Fig.  /"-.) 

At  from  4  to  5  days  from  fourth  moult,  pupation  takes  place. 

CnuYSAUs.  —  Length  1.1  inch;  head  ca.se  sub-pyramidal;  the  vertices  have 
each  a  low  elevation,  triangular;  mesonotum  higii,  rounded,  with  a  thin  low 
carina  which  rises  to  a  blunt  apex,  sloping  either  way  aljout  equally  ;  wing  cases 
nuich  elevated  above  the  surface  on  the  dorsal  and  posterior  sides,  the  middle 
being  incurved ;  on  middle  of  dorsum  rises  a  process,  broad  at  base  but  rapidly 
narrowing  to  a  sharp  edge,  rounded  at  top,  not  quite  circular,  the  anterior  part 
having  a  more  rapid  curve  than  the  other;  the  space  between  the  base  of  this 
and  the  wing  cases  corrugated  ;  abdomen  sub-cylindrical,  a  little  compressed  lat- 
erally, rising  to  a  low  medio-dor.sal  ridge ;  color  of  anterior  parts,  head  and  me- 
sonotum brown  ;  the  donsal  side  of  head  case  imperfectly  silvered ;  wing  cases 
deeper  brown,  the  raised  ridges  blackish  ;  the  dorsal  process  same  color  as  the 
wings;  at  base  on  either  side  is  an  oblique  black  bar  which  crosses  three  seg- 
ments, and  the  space  between  those  and  the  \\ing  cases  is  silvered  on  a  whitish 
,i;-round  ;  abdomen  buff,  mottled  with  gray-green  or  olive-green,  on  ventral  side 
(juite  uniformly,  but  on  the  rest  the  dark  shades  are  faint  and  do  not  much  dis- 
color the  light;  the  last  segments  dark,  like  he;ul.  (Fig.  A-.)  Duration  of  this 
stage  8  days. 

Tiie  only  examples  which  I  have  .seen  of  this  fine  butterfly  have  l)ccn  sent  me 
Iiy  Dr.  William  Wiitfeld,  who  has  taken  it  in  considerable  numl)ers,  at  Indian 
River,  Florida,  ^  'ring  1880  and  subsequent  years.  But  I  learn  from  Mr.  T.  L. 
Mead,  now  of  Lake  Kustis,  Orange  Co.,  Florida,  that  he  has  seen  EroA  both  there 
and  in  North  Florida.     At  Indian  River,  it  is  the  only  red  Limenitis  Hying.     Dr. 


LIMENITIS   II. 


WilttVld  has  (iikcii  it  us  early  as  2oth  March;  also  from  11th  to  17th  May,  iVoiii 
5th  to  30th  June,  on  8th  July,  and  at  several  dates  during  tlie  fall.  lie  ob- 
served a  female  ovipositing  in  the  earl}'  part  of  November,  1882.  In  0(.'tolier 
preeeding,  he  had  picked  seveiid  eggs  oil"  willow,  and  from  tliese,  between  1  Itli 
and  20tli  Novendjer,  obtained  eight  hybernacula,  constructed  after  .second  moult, 
while  four  of  the  caterpillars  went  on  to  chrysalis.  On  December  11th,  a  l)utter- 
fl}'  emerged,  another  IDth,  and  two  others  later  in  the  month.  On  18th  January, 
188.">,  one  of  these  Iiyhernating  larvic  came  from  its'  ca.se,  and  passed  a  moult  on 
the  19lh.  Its  period  of  hybernation,  therefore,  was  about  sixty  days,  The  winter 
in  that  region  is  biief  and  mild,  and  probably  the  late  butterflies  live  through  it,  as 
Dr.  Wittfeld  has  taken  young  caterpillars  of  IJron,  not  yet  at  their  second  stage, 
in  January.  The.se  must  have  come  from  eggs  laid  in  that  month.  Limenitis  Cr- 
siila  larvio  bred  by  Mr.  Uhlrich,  of  Tiffin,  Ohio,  discovered  a  habit  similar  to 
this ;  some  late  larva)  making  cases,  while  part  went  on  to  chrysalLs  and  butter- 
fly. Hut,  in  Ohio,  these  late  butterllies  certainly  would  not  survive  the  winter. 
On  the  other  hand,  I  have  never  known  late  larvte  of  Disljjpus  to  go  on  to 
chrysalis.  Dr.  Wittfeld  is  of  the  opinion  that  there  are  at  least  four  broods  of 
IJros  larvae  during  the  year ;  and  I  can  well  believe  this  to  be  so,  as  Dmpjnia  has 
three  annual  broods  here,  at  Coalburgh,  and  that  between  June  and  November. 

In  three  instances,  eggs  obtained  by  confining  the  fenudes  in  bags  over  willow 
were  sent  me  Ij}'  mail ;  tl)e  first  arriving  in  1880,  20th  July.  They  were  nine 
days  on  the  road,  in  tin  box,  but  at  six  days,  the  box  was  opened  at  Macon, 
Georgia,  by  Prof.  Jno.  E.  Willet,  and  fre.sli  leaves  supplied.  The  larvte  had 
emerged  from  the  eggs  before  Professor  Wiilet  examined  them,  and  when  they 
reached  me,  the  largest  had  pa.ssed  second  moult.  In  1881,  24th  June,  I  received 
.several  larvte  from  Dr.  Wittfeld,  this  time  by  way  of  Candjridge,  Mass.,  where 
Mr.  Scudder  had  had  consideration  for  them  and  fed  them.  Some  of  these  were 
just  past  first  moult,  others  in  stage  following,  —  ten  in  all.  Finally,  on  4tli  Au- 
gust, 1881,  foiu-  larva;  came  direct  to  me,  in  five  days  from  Indian  River,  and  of 
these,  two  were  lately  out  of  egg.  So  that  I  have  been  able  to  examine  every 
larval  stage,  and  Mrs.  Peart  has  made  drawings  of  all. 

In  habits  the.se  larviw  are  precisely  like  both  Arlhonls  and  Dlslppus,  as  related 
in  this  ^'olnme  (under  Arthemis).  They  make  at  once,  after  leaving  the  egg, 
IDcrches  of  the  midribs  of  the  leaves  they  feed  on  (Fig.  h),  lengthen  and  stiifen 
the  perches  by  binding  on  with  silk  monsels  of  chewed  leaf,  so  that  their  .slender 
resting-places  do  not  curl  up,  or  bend  ;  on  these  they  live,  except  when  they  go 
to  the  near  edges  of  the  leaves  to  feed ;  they  make  little  packets  of  bits  of  leal', 
which  are  held  together,  and  fixed  to  the  perch  near  its  ba.se  by  silk,  and  pu.'^Ii 
and  drag  these  packets  back  as  the  substance  of  the  leaf  is  eaten.     (The  object 


LIMENITIS   II. 


of  the  mysterious  packets  much  and  patient  watcliing  has  failed  to  discover,  but 
their  presence  and  the  building  up  of  the  perches  are  very  curious  features  in 
tlie  history  of  these  species.)  Finally,  part  of  the  latest  brood  of  the  year  make 
themselves  cases  in  which  to  sleep  away  the  short  winter,  while  part  go  on  to 
ciirysalis  and  butterfly,  as  related  above.  So  far  as  Dr.  Wittfeld  has  observed, 
these  cases  are  made  after  the  second  moult.  The  larvte  of  Dh'qjjms  make  cases 
both  after  second  and  third  moults. 

The  egg  and  chrysalis  of  Eros  are  precisely  like  those  of  Dislpjmn  ;  the  egg 
is  like  that  of  Arthemis  also,  and  the  chrysalis  scarcely  differs  from  that  of  the 
last-named  species,  except  in  coloration.  The  caterpillars  also  at  all  stages  are 
of  same  general  form  and  armature  as  those  of  Disippus  and  Arthemis,  but 
after  the  first  stage  they  differ  from  both  these  in  some  very  important  points. 
The  coloring  is  essentially  different  at  all  stages  after  first  moult,  from  that  of 
Disippus,  until  maturity  is  reached  ;  that  is,  to  the  middle  of  the  stage  succeed- 
ing the  fourth,  and  last,  moult;  and  then,  the  two  approach  each  other  again, 
lx)th  changing  color  and  becoming  green.  On  the  other  hand,  Eros  is  very  like 
Arthemis,  and  still  more,  I  apprehend,  like  Ursula,  in  coloration,  and  these  species 
also  change  to  green  at  maturity.  But  Eros  differs  remarkably  from  the  two 
ilrst-named  species  {Ursula  I  have  never  bred),  in  the  length,  shape,  and  color 
and  armature  of  the  appendages  on  third  segment. 

Mrs.  Peart,  who  was  making  drawings  of  the  larval  stages  of  Eros  and  Disip' 
pits  at  same  time,  and  had  occasion  to  remark  all  the  minor  points,  informs  me 
thiit  the  grains  on  the  dorsal  tubercles  and  processes  of  Eros  are  both  larger  and 
in  greater  number  than  in  Disij^ms. 

I  compare  the  differences  between  the  larva)  in  color :  thus,  — 


Ems,  after  first  moult. 

Color  red-brown  ;  the  appendages  on  3  are  .03 
inch  long,  tapering  to  top,  black. 


After  second  moult. 

Color  red-brown  ;  the  appendages  .05  inch  long ; 
tapering,  black,  with  separated  spurs  on  sides. 


After  third  moult. 

Color  deep  red,  or  ferruginous,  the  anterior 
i-L'gments  and  dorsal  patch  red-bufT;  the  appendages 
from  .11  to  .16  inch  long,  black,  slender,  taper- 
ing from  base  to  top,  bent  forward  near  top,  with 
scattered  spurs  over  sides,  which  spurs  are  black, 
ilio  tips  tawny. 


Disippus,  after  first  moult. 

Color  mottled  tawny  and  dark  (not  red)  brown  ; 
the  appendages  on  3  are  .01  inch  long,  merely 
tubercles,  with  cluster  of  grains  (as  in  Arthemis 
Plate,  Fig.c'),  some  of  these  white,  some  black. 

After  second  moult. 

Color  more  black,  less  tawny  ;  the  appendages 
.03  inch  long,  thick,  club-shaped,  covered  closely 
with  grains,  mostly  tawny,  a  few  black  (as  in  Ar- 
themis, Plate,  fig.  d.). 

After  third  summer  moult. 

Color  black,  the  tops  of  all  tubercles  tawny  ; 
the  appendages  .06  to  .08  inch  long,  clubbed,  as 
before,  tawny. 


LIMIiNITlS   II. 


After  fourth  moult.  After  fourth  (the  lost)  summer  moult. 

Color  red-ferruginous,  the  anterior  segmonts  Color  viiriahle,  cither  (lurk  reil-lirowii  (not  fcr- 
and  (loraiil  patch  red-butl',  tlie  nppendiiges  f I'oni  . I .'t  rugiiious),  the  anterior  segraouts  hiown-Wntt.  tln^ 
to  .3  inch  long  (almost  always  over  .21  inch),  \n\tv\i  light-luff,  pink-tinted,  or,  dark  yellow- 
glossy  black,  slender,  tapering  to  top  and  bent  for-  brown,  the  anterior  segments  yellow-white,  llic 
ward  near  top,  at  an  angle  (even  tlie  shortest  arc  patch  yellow,  with  buff  tint;  the  appendages  .12 
bent),  top  thinly  clothed  with  sharp  spurs,  which  to  .22  inch  long  (almost  always  under  AH  inrli), 
are  black,  tlie  tips  tawny  ;  color  of  head  red,  the  either  clubbed  and  closely  covered  tliroiiglidiit 
lower  part  of  face  rod-black.  with  tawny  grains,  sometimes  mixed  with  bluck  ; 

or  tapering  for  three  quarters  thoir  length,  I  lien 
fhibbol,  tlip  club  thiekly  covered  wilh  gniin^ ; 
(the  shorter  processes  are  clubbed,  the  liiiii;cr 
tapering,  but  clubbed  at  top);  head  andier  cnior. 
in  some  cases  yellow-brown,  the  top  and  kicles 
pinkish. 

In  general,  at  all  stages  after  the  first,  the  larva?  of  Eros  are  red ;  those  of 
Disippns  tawny  and  black.  The  remarkable  prolongation  of  tlie  appentlajres  on 
third  segment  in  Eros,  strikes  the  observer  at  first  acquaintance  forcil)ly,  it' 
familiar  with  the  short  clubbed  ones  of  Dlsippus.  Of  8  larvre  of  Eros  at  third 
moult,  the  lengths  of  these  in  hundredths  inch  were  11,  11,  12, 12,  14,  14^  14,  ICi ; 
averaging  .13  inch.  Of  B'mp)piis  at  same  stage,  G,  6,  7,  V,  7,  8,  9,  10 :  averngin<; 
.76  inch.  At  fourth  moult  in  Eros,  13,  14,  22,  24,  24,  26,  26,  2G,  28,  30 ;  aver- 
aging .233  inch.     Of  Dmppus,  12,  14,  15,  18,  22,  averaging  .102  inch. 

In  the  absence  of  a  Plate  of  Dlsippus,  this  contrast  in  the  appendages  is  well 
shown  by  comparing  Fig./^  of  Eros,  Plate,  with  Figs  (?  and  /^  of  Arthtmls,  as 
well  aa  the  figures  of  the  larviB  in  their  several  stages. 


LIMENITIS  IT. 


EXPLANATION   OF  TFIE    PLATE. 


EROS.     Fios.  1,2,  <r.  ;3,  4i>. 


a.  Eoo;  a",  micropyle  of  snmei  nmgnifled. 

6.  YouNO  Larva  ;  i",  head  of  same  ;  mngnified. 

c.  Larva  after  first  moult ;  f',  licnd;  magnified. 

</.  Larva  after  seeond  moult;  </»,  liead  ;  magnified. 

e.  Larva  after  third  moult,  natural  size ;  e",  same ;  magnified. 

/.  Larva  after  fourth  moult,  natural  size. 

/'.  Matdbb  Larva,  natural  size. 

/'.  Face  at  fourth  moult,  showing  third  segment,  and  appendages. 

/*.  Face  at  fourth  moult,  side  view. 

/».  Knob  at  vertex. 

g,  (f,  5".  Tubercles  on  head,  differing  in  shape. 

/i.  Process  on  sixth  segment,  and  crest. 

1.  Process  on  twelfth  segment,  and  crest. 

k.  Chrysalis. 

/.  Perch  of  larva  in  first  stage. 


yr 


.  iv  M-\"7   ^,1 


C  E  LT  i  S  . 


6,  3.4  9.S.5  Var. 

a.  C/iixtrr  of  Ki/i/x. 

r    h     /.tirvfi .  f/ir  rtiili/  slih/r.s  iiuii/iiiliii^ 
I    ('/i/if^iilis. 


,EM.IA,  e    7  i 


A  1-'  A 


Al'X 


Mil'     v'lJU  !>.     S  .!/}'■ 


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IMU  i'' 


U".» 


tu* 


.  /'•(     "!.<*!     !M--'i  '  l<ii 


ui. 


;>''(-«  i     -J,-!'rt 


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£' 


APATURA  1. 


APATURA  CELTIS,  1-5. 

Apafurn  Cc/^i>,  Boisduval,  Bois.  ami  Lee,  p.  210.  pi.  57,  1833. 
Lijcurm,  Rilov,  Trans.  St.  fiOiiis  .\ea(l.  Sei.,  III.,  p.  la."),  1K73. 
Ihiil.,  fith  Agr.  Rep.  Missouri,  p.  137,  1874. 

M.u.E.  —  Expands  1.8  inch. 

Upper  .side  of  primaries  next  base  and  of  jsecondaries  throughout  eithcn-  olive- 
gray  or  olive-brown,  the  remainder  of  primurie.s  being  dark  fu.scous  ;  hind  margin 
of  name  Aving  edged  by  a  series  of  broad  conlluent  lunule.s,  sometimes  not  clonrly 
ilellned,  but  often  paler  than  the  ground  and  distinct ;  these  spots  are  bisected 
hy  a  black  line  which  runs  parallel  With  the  margin;  on  the  extra-discal  area 
two  rows  of  white  spots,  the  outer  consisting  of  three,  one  of  \\\vi\\  is  near 
losta,  the  .second  on  the  di.scoidal  interspace,  and  the  third  on  uppei  median; 
tliere  is  also  a  minute  spot  or  point  outside  the  line,  next  the  margin  on  tlie 
lower  sub-costal  interspace ;  the  second  row  cro.sses  the  wing  in  a  double  curve, 
and  consists  of  seven  spots,  the  first  two  nearly  equal  and  smaller  than  the  fifth, 
the  third  and  fourth  minute,  the  sixth  and  .seventh  aliout  the  size  of  the  first ; 
all  these  are  sometimes  clear  white,  or  the  inner  row  is  more  or  less  tinted  with 
ochraceous ;  in  the  cell  three  black  spots,  two  of  them  small,  either  sub-ovate 
or  renate.  one  resting  on  the  sub-costal  nervure.  the  other  on  median  oppo- 
site; a  larger  spot  posterior  to  these,  reaching  across  the  cell,  and  in  form  a 
bent  bar ;  on  the  second  median  interspace,  in  the  outer  line  of  spots,  a  l)lack 
rounded  ocellus  with  narrow  brown  iris  and  without  pupil ;  in  .some  cases  there 
is  a  second  ocellus  on  the  upper  median  interspace,  inclosing  the  lowest  of  the 
white  spots,  and  rarely  may  be  seen  a  third  upon  the  di.scoidal  interspace,  also 
inclosing  a  white  spot. 

Secondaries  sometimes  fuscous  for  a  narrow  space  along  hind  margin  and 
:it  outer  angle,  .sometimes  of  a  uniform  .shade  of  color  from  base  to  margin  ; 
a  ^■iib-in''"^inal  black  line  as  on  primaries,  preceded  by  a  second  line  whicli 
.egularly  serrated,  or  sometimes  wavy;  upon  the  disk  a  series  of  six 
small  blind  ocelli  crosses  the  wing,  the  second  from  costa  being  Ity  its  own 
breadth  posterior  to  the  general  line  ;  these  are  nearly  equal  in  si/e,  excepting 


APATURA  I. 


the  liist,  which  is  niiiuite  and  sometimes  wanting;  occasionally  an  ailditioiiiil 
ocellus,  less  distinct  than  the  rest,  may  be  discovered  on  costal  margin ;  on  the; 
middle  of  this  margin  a  large  sordid  white  spot,  and  five  minute  spots  of  siinilar 
color,  form  a  band  which  passes  around  the  extremity  of  cell;  these  last  art' 
not  often  distinct  and  frequently  are  in  part  or  altogether  obsolete,  or  are  rep- 
resented by  a  slightly  paler  shade  of  the  ground  color ;  in  the  cell  are  tliree 
faint  spots,  disposed  Tuuch  like  the  spots  in  cell  of  primaries ;  fringes  white  in 
the  eniarginations,  fuscous    at  tips  of  nervules. 

Undei'  side  of  primaries  either  clear  brown  or  grayish-brown,  the  outer  limb 
pale  fuscous ;  the  marginal  spots  repeated,  distinct ;  the  white  spots  diifusc  ;  in 
the  discoidal  interspace  an  ocellus  inclosing  the  white  sjjot ;  in  the  cases  where 
there  is  more  than  one  ocellus  on  the  upper  side  there  is  a  corresponding  one 
below,  and  all  but  the  lowest  inclose  white  spots ;  next  before  the  inner  row  of 
spots  a  sinuous  fuscous  stripe. 

Secondaries  either  clear  brown  or  grayish-brown,  often  with  a  pink  tint;  tlie 
ocelli  repeated,  seven  in  all,  the  one  on  costal  margin  l)eing  present,  the  seventh 
often  duplex,  each  with  blue  or  as  often  lilaceous  pupil  and  yellowish  iris,  out- 
side of  which  is  a  narrow  black  ring  ;  on  the  sub-median  interspace  is  anotiuT 
ocellus,  either  rounded  or  long  oval  and  without  pupil ;  a  pale  fuscous  band 
crosses  the  wing  obliquely  next  anterior  to  the  ocelli,  and  is  preceded  l)y  an  ir- 
regularly scalloped  fusccis  line,  the  space  between  the  band  and  line  being 
occupied  by  a  row  of  small  spots  of  the  ground  color,  which  extend  quite  across 
the  wing  and  in  part  correspond  to  the  discal  row  on  upper  side ;  the  spots  in 
the  cell  repeated  ;  another  aljove  cell  on  the  costal  interspace,  against  the  up- 
pei'most  of  the  cellular  spots  and  somctunes  seeming  to  be  a  continuation  of  it, 
l)ut  most  often  separated  ;  e.ach  of  these  pale  brown  within  and  edged  l)y  fus- 
cous ;  there  is  also  sometimes  a  small  spot  at  base  of  upper  branch  of  sulj-costal 
nervure,  making  on  this  area  four  or  five  spots  ;  the  sub-marginal  lines  repeated, 
distinct,  brown  or  dull  red  ;  the  inner  margin  also  bordered  by  a  line. 

Body  above  olive-brown,  beneath  gray  with  an  ochraceous  tint  on  abdomen  ; 
legs  light  bulT  or  cream  color  ;  palpi  white,  with  brown  hairs  above  and  at  tip ; 
antenna?  fuscous,  finely  ringed  on  upper  side  with  white,  the  under  side  iieiiig 
yellowish ;  club  brown  at  base,  clear  white  on  upper  half  and  at  tip  :  some- 
times the  club  is  pale  green. 

Female.  —  Expands  2  inches.  Similar  in  color,  and  varying  as  in  the  male  ; 
the  markings  similar. 

The  foregoing  descri;)tion  is  taken  from  the  summer  type  of  this  species.  The 
earliest  brood,  from  larvoo  which  have  hybernated,  are  in  general  much  paler 
colored,  the  gray  shades  predominating,  and  the  fuscous  portions  being  pale. 


APATUUA  I. 


(Fig.  5') ;  occanionally,  however,  some  of  this  brood  are  as  dark  colored  as  any 
of  the  later  ones. 

Kgg. —  Color  pale  green;  in  shape  nearly  spherical,  flattened  at  base,  and 
liMving  eighteen  slightly  prominent  vertical  ribs  and  many  fine,  horizontal,  equi- 
distant strioB. 

The  larva  emerges  from  the  egg  in  three  days.  Length  .08  inch ;  whitish- 
iiTcen  ;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  second  segment,  tapering  gradually  to  the  last, 
wliich  is  slightly  forked  ;  surface  covered  with  minute  tubercles  from  each  of 
wiiich  springs  a  short  hair  ;  head  round,  bilobed,  twice  the  diameter  of  the  sec- 
ond segment,  black,  covered  with  tubercles.     (Fig.  c.) 

The  first  moult  takes  place  in  three  days  from  the  egg.  Length  .2  inch ; 
\clli)W-green,  the  dorsum  covered  by  a  band  composed  of  yellow  tubercles  ar- 
i;m"-ed  in  two  longitudinal  rows,  with  cross  rows  upon  the  anterior  part  of  each 
.segment,  the  remaining  space  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  segment  green  ; 
along  the  side  a  crenated  line,  and  below  the  spiracles  a  straight  line,  each 
I'ormed  of  yellow  tubercles ;  scattered  tubercles  over  the  whole  upper  surliice  ; 
head  either  black,  or  purple,  or  green,  the  mandibles  and  ocelli  brown  in  case 
green  prevails  ;  at  the  vertices  large  green  stag-horn  processes,  with  three  fleshy 
prongs  at  top,  smaller  prongs  below  and  at  base,  and  three  along  the  side  of 
the  head  below  the  horns,  the  tips  usually  purple  or  black  ;  tail  forked  and 
roughly  tuberculated.     (Figs,  d,  cP,  larva  and  head  magnified.) 

The  .second  moult  occurs  in  from  three  to  four  days.  Length  .25  inch  ;  yel- 
low-green above,  blue-green  at  sides  and  beneath  ;  the  bands  and  lines  as 
before ;  the  tubercles  much  enlarged,  prominent,  irregular ;  tail  more  deeply 
forked  ;  head  brown,  mottled  in  front  with  pale  green,  the  horns  enlarged. 
(Fig.  e.) 

The  third  moult  follows  in  four  days.  Length  .35  inch  ;  not  essentially  dif- 
ferent.    (Figs./,/^) 

The  fourth  and  last  moult  in  four  days.  Length  .66  inch  ;  the  body  stouter 
on  the  anterior  segments,  the  horns  reduced  in  size,  the  prongs  less  prom- 
inent. 

Before  the  fourth  moult  the  larva  covers  the  surface  of  the  leaf  about  its 
resting  place  with  silk,  and  after  the  moult  remains  quiet  for  nearly  two  days, 
when  it  becomes  active  and  feeds  ravenously  ;  the  body  now  grows  rapidly, 
lengthening  about  one  tenth  inch  daily,  till  it  reaches  maturity  five  days  after 
the  fourth  moult. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.2  to  1.3  inch ;  shape  sub-cylindrical,  being 
somewhat  flattened  dorsally,  very  thick  in  middle,  tapering  regularly  either  way, 
the  second  segment  being  of  about  the  same  width  as  the  last ;  the  tail  deeply 


APATURA  I. 


forked  ;  color  jellow-green  dorsally,  Ijlue-green  on  the  sides ;  the  whole  surlhco 
gramiliited,  owing  to  minute  tubercles  on  the  nides  and  larger  and  irregular 
ones  on  the  hack  ;  these  Inst  arranged  in  transverse  rows,  separated  by  dci'i 
creases,  there  being  four  rows  to  each  segment ;  on  either  side  of  the  dorsum 
a  clear  yellow  line  from  head  to  end  of  tail,  and  between  these  a  less  distinct 
pale  stripe,  on  which  is  set  an  oval  yellow  spot  on  the  anterior  end  of  each  sej;- 
nient;  often  this  stripe  is  wanting,  and  the  yellow  spots  only  appear;  on  the 
side  a  pale  yellow  wavy  line  and  an  infra-stigmatal  straight  line  ;  under  side 
and  legs  bhie-green  ;  head  sub-quadrate,  longer  than  broad,  punctate,  covered 
with  minute  tubercles,  green,  with  four  pale  vertical  stripes  upon  the  front ; 
mandibles  and  ocelli  brown  ;  horns  small,  yellow-green,  each  furnished  with  two 
short  terminal  prongs,  which  are  tipped  with  brown ;  other  small  prongs  about 
the  middle  of  the  horns  and  at  base,  and  along  the  top  of  the  head,  and  tlircc 
at  sides  of  head.     (Figs,  r/,  cf.)     Duration  of  the  larval  stage  about  twenty  days. 

The  hybernating  larvae  at  maturity  differ  from  those  described  above  princi- 
pally in  that  the  3  ellow  spots  of  the  dorsum  have  disappeared,  and  given  place 
to  a  longitudinal  yellow  line,  making  three  similar  lines  on  a  dark  green  ground, 
the  inner  edges  of  the  two  exterior  lines  being  whitish;  the  color  of  the  whole 
body  is  greenish-yellow.     (Fig. A.) 

CuitYSALis.  —  Length  .85  inch;  compressed  laterally;  the  outline  of  the 
under  side  convex,  regular ;  the  abdomen  prominent  dorsally,  much  arched, 
sharply  carinated,  the  anterior  edge  of  each  segment  on  the  keel  produced  fuul 
clubbed  (Fig.  j)  and  marked  on  either  side  by  a  shining  black  dot ;  the  last 
segment  terminating  in  a  long  bifurcated  pad  of  booklets  (Fig.  A;.) ;  the  thoracic 
segments  depressed  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees  from  the  end  of  the  keel, 
the  sides  excavated  in  the  direction  of  base  of  wing ;  mesonotum  angular, 
rounded  somewhat  at  summit;  the  head  case  produced,  sub-conic,  the  palpi  cases 
prominent,  pointed;  color  either  delicate  yellow-green  or  blue-green,  finely 
specked  with  pale  yellow  over  the  whole  surface  ;  the  neuration  of  the  wings 
distinct ;  a  yellow  line  passes  along  the  keel  and  to  the  mesonotum,  at  which  it 
forks  to  the  palpi  cases ;  another  pas.ses  along  the  posterior  edge  of  the  wing 
case,  and  is  joined  by  an  undulating  line  upon  the  side  of  the  abdomen.  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage,  from  seven  to  eight  days.  Total  from  egg  to  imago  about 
thirty-one  days. 

Several  of  the  larvae  of  the  first  summer  brood  raised  by  me,  in  1873,  stopped 
feeding  after  the  second  moult,  and  commenced  their  hybernation.  Some  com- 
posed themselves  on  the  leaves  in  the  glass  in  which  they  were  kept,  others  di- 
rectly on  the  sand  at  the  bottom  of  the  glass,  in  either  case  upon  a  coating  ct 
silk.     The  color  of  these  larvae  soon  changed  to  brown',  in  which  was  to  be  seen, 


APATURA  I. 

under  the  microscope,  a  motUing  of  vinous  and  green.  (Fig.  e^  e^,)  The  last 
lliU  brood  all  assume  this  color,  and  hybernate  also  after  the  second  moult.  And 
I  he  earlier  broods  .sometimes  all  hybernate,  as  I  observed  last  season  (1874), 

Cdtls  is  common  in  certain  localities  in  West  Virginia,  usually,  if  not  always, 
near  streams,  along  the  banks  of  which  the  food-plant  of  its  larva  grows.  This 
is  the  Hackberry,  Celtis  occidentalis,  a  small  tree  much  resembling  the  Elm  in 
tlie  shape  and  style  of  its  leaves  and  the  roughness  of  its  l)ark ;  found,  accord- 
ing to  Gray,  from  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  Probably  the 
i'linge  of  the  butterfly  is  nearly  coextensive  with  that  of  the  tree,  though  the 
former  must  be  rare  in  New  England  and  eastern  New  York.  Prof  II.  W.  Parker 
states  that  it  is  found  in  Massachusetts,  ahnig  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut 
|{iver,  but  is  not  common.  Throughout  the  Mississippi  valley  it  is  abundant, 
iiud  I  haA'e  received  many  specimens  from  Texas.  It  has  not  been  taken,  so 
far  as  I  know,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  nor  in  New  Mexico  or  Arizona,  although 
I  Alia  inh.abits  the  latter  State.  Celtis  is  exceedingly  alert,  restless,  and  inquisi- 
tive, active  on  the  wing,  biit  without  sustained  Hight,  and  darts  from  one  object 
to  another  so  swiftly  that  the  eye  can  scarcely  follow  it,  alighting  but  for  an  in- 
stant on  tree  trunk  or  leaf,  the  dress  of  one  passing,  or  the  traveller's  iior.se. 
.More  than  once  it  has  sprung  upon  the  net  which  I  was  carrying.  Its  usual 
attitude  is  expressive  of  its  disposition,  the  wings  erect,  the  head  and  antenna^ 
raised,  suspicious  of  surprises.  But  it  will  haunt  a  favorite  spot  for  days,  and  the 
collector  has  only  to  wait  patiently  a  while  and  it  may  be  captured.  It  is  readily 
attracted  also  by  a  sugared  bait,  and  a  string  of  dried  apples,  saturated  with 
syrup  and  suspended  among  the  branches  of  the  tree  which  it  frequents,  may  be 
employed  to  advantage.  Occasionally,  I  have  seen  it  upon  flowers,  but  a  rotten 
apple  or  fallen  grape  is  much  more  to  its  taste,  and  especially,  if  there  is  any 
ilocaying  or  fetid  animal  matter  in  the  vicinity,  it  will  greedily  settle  upon  it, 
and  then  loses  all  sense  of  danger  and  may  be  covered  by  the  net  without  even 
attempting  to  rise. 

Very  early  in  the  season  a  few  faded  and  broken  females  of  Celtis  are  to  be 
seen,  the  survivors  of  the  last  year's  broods.  The  caterpillars  also  hybernate,  prob- 
ably hidden  among  the  corky  ridges  of  the  bark  of  the  tree,  which  in  hue 
their  winter  coating  closely  resembles.  It  has  been  conjectured  that  they  fall 
with  the  leaf,  and  attached  by  a  web  to  its  under  surface,  so  pass  the  winter  on 
the  ground,  and  in  the  Northern  States,  under  the  snow,  ready  to  discover  the 
tree  and  ascend  it  on  the  first  coming  of  spring.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  many  of 
the  hybernating  caterpillars  do  fall  with  the  leaves,  which  are  detached  by  the 
lirst  frosts,  and  carry  with  them  also  the  newly  hatched  larvae,  or  those  of  the 


APATURA  I. 


first  moult  nnd  which  not  having  reached  the  hyl)erniitiMg  stage  certainly  perisli. 
IJiit  I  (loiil)t  if  the  species  is  perpetuated  l)y  the  others.  The  leaves  are  blown 
far  and  \vi<U',  and  in  the  district  in  which  I  live,  the  greater  part  of  them  lind 
their  way  into  the  river.  If  any  caterpillar  should  survive  the  winter  in  such 
cn-cumstances,  the  chances  would  seem  to  be  almost  infinite  against  its  reachin"' 
the  food-plant.    (See  note.) 

The  first  butterflies  from  these  hyberuiiting  Inrva^  appear  about  the  end  of 
May,  at  Coall)urgh,  and  l)y  uuddle  of  ,Julu^  those  whiidi  have  come  froiii  the 
eggs  laid  by  hybernating  females.  Thenceforward,  until  October,  an  irregular 
succession  of  the  butterflies  are  on  the  wing,  and  (he  larva;  are  to  be  found  at 
every  stage  of  growth.  It  would  appear  by  breeding  from  the  egg,  that  ot'cii- 
sionally  part  of  a  summer  brood  stop  feeding  after  the  second  moult,  and  com- 
mence hybernating,  but  this  is  not  always  the  case. 

1  had  known  nothing  of  the  preparatory  stages  of  fk'lt'iH  till  5th  September, 
1872,  when  a  female  was  taken  in  my  garden.  I  had  planted  there  the  previous 
.spring  several  small  trees  of  the  Hackberry,  in  the  hope  of  alluring  this  butter- 
fly, and  on  one  of  the  I)ranches  T  tied  the  captive  in  a  musliu  l)ag.  On  the  Vtii. 
it  had  laid  a  number  of  eggs,  in  clusters  of  six  or  more,  up(3n  the  .'uder  sides  of 
the  leaves.  One  cluster  of  seventeen  was  arranged  in  dose  rows  of  five  with  iiu 
incomplete  row  of  two,  the  eggs  touching  each  other.  (Pig.  a.)  On  the  12th,  the 
larv''  began  to  en.erge,  eating  away  the  shell  below  the  crown  vnitil  this  was 
ready  to  break  off  and  permit  egre.ss.  I  brought  the  limb  to  the  house  luui 
placed  it  in  a  bottle  of  water.  The  little  creatures  seemed  disinclined  to  feed. 
and  ran  about  the  leaves,  one  after  another  drojiping  by  the  thread  which  it  spun. 
till  it  became  certain  that  all  would  escape.  This  led  me  to  break  off  the  leaves 
and  inclose  with  the  larva)  in  a  glass,  and  thereafter  I  had  no  trouble.  Sul)se- 
quent  experience  has  .satisfied  me  that  this  is  one  of  the  easiest  .species  to  rear, 
and  I  have  rarely  lost  one  of  a  brood.  On  the  26th,  they  were  passing  the 
second  moult,  and  the  stag-horn  proce,s.ses  on  the  head  were  well  developed.  It  is 
the  custom  of  these  larvie  from  this  stage  to  re.t  with  the  head  bent  fbrwanl 
and  downward,  so  that  the  face  is  flat  on  the  leaf  and  the  horns  project  in  tlic 
same  plane,  the  back  of  the  body  being  arched.  (Fig./".)  They  are  disinclined 
to  move,  and  will  remain  many  hours  in  the  .same  position  or  pl.ace.  Their  man- 
dibles are  strong,  and  the  thickest  leaves  seem  to  be  preferred  in  feeding.  This 
is  contrary  to  the  habit  of  Llbythea,  which  feeds  on  the  same  tree,  but  seeks  the 
tender  terminal  leaves.  Early  in  October,  all  these  larva;  had  changed  color 
from  green  to  brown,  and  sought  the  sides  of  the  heavy  midribs  or  depressions  iu 
the  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  renuvining  motionless.  But  then  and  at  any  time 
during  their  hybernation,  it  was  not  difficult  to  rouse  one  from  its  lethargy, 


APATUHA  I. 


when  it  would  slowly  raise  its  head  and  perhaps  m()V(!  along  a  little,  or  would 
throw  the  head  haek  drowHilj  as  if  to  intimidate  an  enemy,  an  attitude  which  the 
liuvie  when  active  would  assume  to  drive  away  an  iehiieuinon  fly.  Thesi'  larva- 
wi'ie  alive  on  the  14th  of  March  following,  but  shortly  after  were  destrinoil  hy 
an  accident. 

On  28th  June,  1873,  I  again  secured  a  feinala,  and  in  same  way  as  before 
obtained  many  eggs,  about  seventy,  laid  singly  and  also  in  clusters.  Two  clusters 
were  three  layers  deep.  From  the.se  eggs  I  succeeded  in  raising  about  twenty 
Imtterflies  before  the  end  of  July.  All  the  larvie  which  then  nuitured  retained 
their  green  color  to  the  last,  but  the  others,  fully  one  half  of  the  brood,  after  the 
-ccond  moult,  stopped  feeding  and  changed  color.  This  change  is  not  attendant 
upon  a  change  of  skin,  but  usually  begins  soon  after  the  moult,  and  takes  place 
;;iiiilually.  In  some  ca.ses  it  was  complete  within  two  or  three  days,  but  in 
iithers  several  weeks  intervened.  In  the  same  way  the  reverse  change  occurs  in 
the  spring  before  the  third  moult,  but  the  process  is  then  rapid. 

Suljsequently,  September  7th,  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  at  Coalburgli,  confined  a  dozen 
I'l'iiiales  in  one  large  bag,  and  from  these  were  obtained  nearly  or  quite  1000 
I'ligs,  as  we  computed.  More  than  150  were  laid  on  one  leaf,  and  half  of  these 
in  one  great  cluster.  The  caterpillars  from  these  eggs  were  left  on  the  tree  under 
lonfinement,  and  so  remained  till  the  cool  nights  made  it  advisalde  to  give  them 
piotection.  A  few  were  then  found  to  be  still  feeding,  but  nu)st  had  changed 
color  and  Avere  at  rest.  Of  this  large  number  that  w  ut  into  hybernation,  about 
lifty  only  emerged  alive.  I  had  placed  them  in  the  cellar,  where  they  were  left 
till  April,  then  removing  to  a  moderately  warm  room,  about  the  time  the  buds 
nil  the  Hackberry  were  beginning  to  burst  into  leaf  Perhaps  the  result  would 
Imve  been  more  favorable  had  the  larvue  been  exposed  to  light  and  air  during 
the  winter.  On  26th  April,  a  few  were  observed  in  motion,  and  buds  were  intro- 
duced on  which  they  readily  began  to  feed.  By  2d  May,  they  A«'ere  beginning 
to  lose  their  brown  coats,  changing  to  pale  green.  After  the  third  moult,  which 
occurred  on  the  oth  and  succeeding  days,  they  appeared  in  the  beautiful  emerald 
green  that  is  natural  to  the  summer  brood.  By  the  21st  May,  the  first  change 
to  chry.salis  was  made,  and  the  butterflies  began  to  appear  on  oOtli  of  same 
month. 

The  larvfe  o^the  spring  differ  from  those  of  the  summer  and  fall  so  strikingly 
tliat  had  I  met  them  at  large  I  might  well  have  supposed  them  to  be  of  another 
species.  Instead  of  the  tessellated  back,  the  ornamentation  was  restricted  to 
longitudinal  stripes.  They  were  also  imusually  large.  The  differences  may  be 
seen  by  reference  to  the  Plate.    (Fig.  h.) 

The  young  larvaa  of  Celtis  are  not  so  intensely  gregarious  as  those  of  Clyton, 


APATURA  T. 


but  tlicy  remtiiii  upon  the  siune  loaf,  scattered  in  hituiU  hodieH  over  the  Hurfacc, 
neiii"  together  without  being  in  close  contact,  aa  is  the  habit  of  Cli/ton.  It  is  not 
iisuiil  to  find  more  than  one  on  a  leaf  in  the  natm-al  state  after  they  have  botonie 
half  grown,  and  tiiev  j)robal)ly  disperse  at  tiie  third  moult,  that  is,  the  few  that 
survive  the  attacks  of  tiieir  many  enemies. 

Wlicn  ready  to  change  to  chrysalis,  the  caterpillar  covers  the  side  of  tiie  Iciif 
next  about  it  with  silk,  and  remains  motionless  for  several  hours.  Its  color  now 
becomes  of  a  uniform  green,  the  yellow  markings  disappearing.  The  body 
shortens  and  contracts  at  either  extremity,  while  retaining  its  full  thickness  in 
tiie  middle  segments.  During  this  period,  it  does  not  hang  suspended  l)y  its 
anal  legs,  as  do  the  Gniptas,  but  rests  u|)on  the  leaf  as  usual,  the  tail  more 
appressed  to  the  leaf  and  the  head  bent  under.  Gradually  the  anterior  segments 
contract,  the  .seventh  and  next  succeeding  becoming  at  the  same  time  compressed 
laterally  and  elevated,  and  the  dorsal  outline  assumes  the  carinated  .shape  of  the 
chry.salis.  At  length  it  lo.ses  its  foothold  and  hangs  by  the  anal  legs,  the  skin 
divides  at  back  of  the  head  and  is  speedily  sluillled  toward  the  tail,  the  pad  of 
booklets  at  the  end  is  fastened  into  the  silk  by  the  same  process  as  in  Grapta. 
^see  notes  on  Comma,  Vol.  1.),  and  with  rajjid  whirls  it  divests  itself  of  the  ca,st 
off  skin  and  the  change  is  complete.  The  pad  spoken  of  is  filled  with  booklets 
.seemingly  to  the  number  of  a  hundred  or  more.     (Fig.  k.) 

Although  so  many  eggs  are  deposited  by  Celtis,  few  of  its  caterpillars  can 
reach  maturity,  and  prol)abIy  few  emerge  from  the  egg,  not  so  nuich  because  of 
the  ordinary  parasites  that  destroy  most  species,  but  of  the  spiders  which  infest 
the  Hackberry  to  an  unusual  degree,  so  that  it  has  seemed  to  me  almost  impos- 
sible that  a  solitary  egg  (;ould  esca])e  them,  much  more  clusters  of  eggs.  I  have 
not  noticed  any  losses  by  ichneumon  Hies  in  this  species,  and  Mr.  Riley  has  had  a 
similar  experience.  This  author  has  admirably  described  the  life  history  of 
Celtis  in  the  paper  cited,  and  has  elaborately  and  beautifully  illustrated  its  phases 
by  his  pencil. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  other  food-plant  for  this  species  than  the  Hackberry. 

Celtis  is  considered  by  some  authors  to  be  identical  with  Lycaon,  Fab.,  and 
Alicia  as  only  a  variety  of  the  same  species.  My  reasons  for  differing  from 
these  conclusions  are  as  follows  :  — 

The  description  of  Lycaon,  Ent.  Syst.  III.,  p.  228,  No.  714,  reads  thus:  "  P. 
S.  alis  dentatis  anticis  fuscis  flavo  alboque  maculatis,  posticis  ferrugineis :  ocellis 
sex  coecis,  subtus  variegatis  :  ocellis  octo." 

Papilio  Lycaon.     Jon.  fig.  pict.  4,  tab.  17,  fig.  1. 

Habitat. Mus.  Dom.  Drury. 

''  Corpus  medium,  fuscum  abdom.inis  lateribus  fulvis.     AIsb  anticae  supra  fusca;, 


APATURA  I. 


ni'i 
uil 


lliivo  alboqiu'  mnculata)  ocelloque  cccco,  ntro  iride  ruCa,  Hiibtus  haHi  Havii\  fiiwco 
iiiiKUilatir,  a})ii't'  fiiwcun  niaoulis  trihiis  alliis  ()('i'll!s(iiu'  diudms  atris  irido  tiava, 
iiiilei'iori  pupilla  alba,  posteriori  vxvvn.  Striga  iiiarifiiialiH  llava.  Posticiu  basi 
iilisciira;  .-itriga  o  inaculi.s  (niin(|iu'  liavis,  apice  riilis,  nmciiiis  hox  ()('cllaril)iis.  atrin. 
SiibtiiH  Havo  tiiMcoqut;  variogatiD  ocolliH  octo  atriH  iritlo  flava  piipillaquo  roTiilca." 

■■  Fore  wlnijs  fuscniis,  spotted  witb  yellow  and  wliite  ;  hind  /rlii;/K  fcrri'i/iiioiix 
witli  six  blind  ocelli  ;  under  side  variegated,  witb  eigbf  ocelli.  Pdjiillo  /.i/cHoti, 
III'  Jones's  drawings,  plate  17,  fig.  1.  Iliihltut  unknown.  Collection  of  Mr. 
Driny.  Body  of  medium  length,  fuscous,  the  sidcn  of  the  ahdonnii  fii/rons. 
Fare  winiji*  nhove  fitucous,  spotted  with  yellow  and  wliite,  and  with  a  blind 
Ills,  which  is  black  with  a  reddish  iris;  under  side  yellow  nl  hitse,  )*\M{Wi\ 
1  fuHcou.s,  the  apex  fuscoua,  with  three  white  spots  and  two  black  ocelli  with 
vcilow  irides,  the  anterior  one  pupilled  with  wliite,  the  other  blind  ;  the  nxir- 
ijijial  stripe  yellow.  Hind  wings  obscure  at  base,  with  a  stripe  and  live  yel- 
low spots,  rufous  at  apex,  with  six  black  ocelli.  Under  side  vnrier/ufed  with 
i/i'llow  and  fuscous,  with  eight  black  ocelli  which  have  yellow  irides  and  l)liie 
[iiipils. 

This  description  cannot  apply  to  Celtis,  for  in  that  species  the  uj)per  side  of 
/lie  hind  loiny  is  not  ferruginous,  nor  is  the  apex  rifous,  and  there  is  no  yelloio 
marginal  stripe  on  either  wing ;  the  fore  wing  is  also  described  as  fuscous, 
wiiicli  implies  that  it  is  wholly  fuscous,  whereas  in  Celtis  the  basal  third  is  of 
ijuite  anotiier  color'.  On  the  under  side  there  is  no  yellow  marginal  stripe  on 
the  fore  wing,  nor  is  the  base  yellow,  and  the  hind  wing  is  not  variegated  with 
i/cllow  and  fuscous  ;  nor  are  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  fulvous.  All  the  spots 
<poken  of  are  characteristic  of  the  entire  group,  and,  color  excepted,  which  is 
in  every  particular  inapplicable  to  Celtis,  there  is  not  one  specific  character 
given.  For  the  extra-discal  rows  of  spots  and  the  ocelli  on  the  fore  wings,  and 
tiie  discal  spots  and  ocelli  of  the  hind  wings,  are  found  in  Celtis,  Alicia,  and 
Leilia,  and  with  the  single  exception  of  the  ocellus  on  the  fore  wings,  are  found 
ill  Chjton  also,  a  species  belonging  to  another  group  ;  and  most  of  these  mark- 
ings, especially  the  ocelli  of  the  hind  wings  and  the  apical  spots  of  primaries 
are  found  in  Idyja,  Iliib.,  and  its  allies,  which  form  still  another  group. 

Fabricius  is  supposed  to  have  made  up  his  descriptions  from  the  colored 
ligures  by  Jones,  but  he  refers  to  the  insect  as  being  in  Drury's  collection,  and 
he  must  have  seen  it  there,  for  that  collection  was  one  of  the  best  known  in 
Kniope.  These  figures  are  still  preserved  at  Oxford,  and  have  been  inspected 
liy  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler.  He  is  of  the  opinion  that  they  were  meant  to  represent 
Alicia,  and  says,  in  a  letter  to  me,  "It  is  certainly  not  Celtis,  which  I  know 
Will."      Mr.  Riley  has  received  from  Professor  Westwood  uncolored  tracings, 


APATURA  T. 


i'(i|ii(-i  of  HoiiH-  formerly  nimk'  from  .Toium's  drawinj^M,  niul  Iuim  pormittiMl  me  lo 
see  tlit'iu.  In  the  nhNenoe  of  coloring;,  these  tracingH  may  piiwH  for  Celfh.  or 
Aflrin,  or  Lc'ilid.  They  merely  exiiihit  tlie  group  chiiriieterM,  anil  are  iiMeless  in 
(leterininiiig  tiie  specific.  Kahriciiis  gave  no  hnl)itat  for  Lijcmm,  and  the  cliiit' 
reason  urged  for  applying  his  description  to  any  American  species  whatever, 
when  it  plainly  fits  none,  is  that  no  other  is  known  to  exist  to  which  it  would 
apply  lietter,  —  truly  a  very  insufficient  reiison.  It  is  by  no  nieann  impossililc  llmt 
a  fourth  or  a  fifth  species  belonging  to  this  same  group  may  yet  be  fbrthcoiiiiiig, 
and  it  would  be  difficult  to  show  that  the  Fabrician  description,  or  Jones's  ligures, 
were  not  intended  for  one  of  these.  And  for  aught  that  iippears,  the  figures  may 
hnve  l)een  taken  from  an  Asiatic  species.  The  same  reason  has  been  alleged  for 
applying  to  C/i/foii  Bois.  the  des(rription  of  Ilcrsc  Fab.,  founded  also  upon  Jones's 
drawings.  But  after  seeing  tracings  of  the.se,  1  entertain  not  a  doubt  that  they 
were  meant  to  represent  either  I(/;/jn,  or  a  species  allied  to  that,  and  could  not 
possibly  have  been  meant  for  Cli/I(»i.  HoLsduval's  names  should  be  retained  for 
both  these  species.  They  were  figured  and  described  by  him  now  more  tliiui 
forty  years  ago,  and  as  Celtis  and  C'/i/fon  have  been  known  during  all  this  period. 

The  difTereiiees  between  CeJtl.s  and  AUcia  may  be  seen  by  comparing  the 
figures  on  our  Plates.  {Afield,  Vol.  1.  pi.  45.)  They  consist  principally  in  size 
and  color,  the  preparatory  stages  of  Alicia  not  being  known.  It  is  a  sinu'lnr 
case  to  that  of  Turnus  and  J'Jiirijmedon,  or  Eurylheme  and  Philodice,  wiiich 
diflcr  in  color  only,  and  with  many  species  of  many  genera  which  might  be 
mentioned.  The  desca-iption  of  Li/vaofi  applies  lo  Alicia,  apart  from  the  group 
characters,  but  in  a  single  particular,  the  upper  side  of  secondaries  being  fer- 
ruginous, and  fails  in  every  other  point  mentioned. 

1  have  bred  large  numbers  of  Celfis  from  the  egg,  expressly  to  see  if  any 
vai'iety  like  Alicia  would  result.  But  there  has  appeared  nothing  of  the  kind. 
Mr.  Riley,  nearly  a  thousand  miles  west  of  me,  in  Missouri,  has  had  a  like  ex- 
perience. And  from  Texas,  as  far  south  of  Missouri,  come  numerous  examples 
agreeing  with  those  bred  in  West  Virginia.  The  pair  of  Alicia  from  which  the 
descriptions  were  drawn,  were  taken  in  Louisiana,  but  others  have  been  received 
from  Georgia,  and  the  species  may  be  common  in  the  Gulf  States.  If  it  were 
a  mere  climatic  variety  of  Celtis  then  it  should  take  the  place  of  that  species  in 
Texas,  on  the  same  parallel. 

Note.  —  After  the  foregoing  lines  wore  in  print,  —  9lli  May,  1875,  —  upon  a  lialf-opencd  leaf  bud  of 
Hackberry,  on  one  of  the  upper  branehes  of  the  tree,  six  feet  from  the  ground,  I  found  a  caterpillar  of  Cellis, 
just  out  of  hybernation,  feeding.  The  ground  had  been  swept  by  the  winds  all  winter,  and  three  weeks  before 
the  date  mentioned  had  been  ploughed.    I  must  believe  that  the  caterpillar  had  hybernated  on  the  tree. 


APATUUA  1. 


APATURA   T.EILIA,  7,  8. 


Apatura  Leilia,  Edwanla,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soi.'.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  103,  1874. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.8  mch. 

Upper  Hide  of  primaries  next  ha,se  and  partly  in  the  median  interspaces, 
1111(1  of  secondaries  thron^'hoiit,  ferruirinous ;  the  remainder  of  priiiiarius,  which 
comprises  the  apical  area  to  median  nervure  and  to  (!ell,  and  the  disiial  portion 
of  the  median  interspaces,  fuscous  ;  hind  margins  hordered  narrowly  by  fus- 
cous; both  wings  have  a  sub-marginal  black  stripe,  and  a  little  anterior  to  this, 
a  second,  which,  on  secondaries,  is  either  very  slightly  crenated.  or  is  crenated 
next  outer  angle  and  serrated  posteriorly  ;  primaries  have  a  transverse!  row  of 
seven  spots,  either  all  white,  or  the  upper  three  or  four  white  and  remainder 
yellow,  arrange<l  in  a  double  curve,  the  first  two  and  fifth  nearly  equal,  the 
third  and  fourth  minute,  the  sixth  and  seventh,  near  inner  margin,  equal,  rather 
smaller  than  the  fifth  and  .sometimes  conlhient ;  midway  between  this  row  and 
the  margin  is  a  second  row  of  white  spots  and  ocelli  ;  the  spots,  two  in  number, 
being  placed  on  the  upper  sub-costal  and  the  discoidal  interspaces ;  the  three 
ocelli,  on  the  lower  sub-costal  and  the  median  interspaces,  are  black,  rounded, 
the  upper  one  small,  with  an  indistinct  pale  iris,  the  others  large,  i/o.nrly  equal, 
each  with  a  few  blue  scales  forming  a  minute  eccentric  spot  and  each  sur- 
rounded by  a  pale  brown  nimbus ;  in  the  cell  two  transverse  bars,  the  one  at 
the  outer  extremity  sub-reniform,  the  other  near  the  middle  straight,  both  ob- 
scure brown  centrally,  black  at  the  edges,  and  separated  by  a  space  that  is  white 
irrorated  with  brown. 

Secondaries  have  the  costal  margin  fn.scous  ;  upon  the  extra-discal  area  a 
series  of  six  black  ocelli,  arranged  as  in  Ceffis  and  Clylnn,  the  second  from  costa  ■ 
inrgest  and  back  of  the  line,  the  sixth  minute,  the  others  nearly  equal  and  rather 
more  than  half  the  size  of  the  second  ;  each  surrounded  by  a  shade  slightly 
paler  than  the  ground  color  of  the  wing,  and  several  containing  small  eccentric 
dusters  of  blue  scales ;  on  the  middle  of  co.stal  margin  a  white  patch,  in 
line  with  which  five  small  white  spots  pass  round  the  extremity  of  the  cell ; 


APATURA  I. 


two  faint  fuscons  spots  in  the  cell ;  fringes  white  in  the  emarginationa,  fuscous 
iit  tlio  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  chestnut-red  nt  base  below  the  cell  ;  also  within  tlif 
cell  next  base,  but  partly  obscured  by  gray,  '.specially  along  the  sub-costiil 
nervure ;  the  remainder  of  the  wing  pearl-gray,  showing  a  brown  sub-color  im 
the  disk  and  in  the  middle  of  each  interspace  on  the  apical  area,  and  at  iiim-r 
angle,  the  gray  becoming  suffused  with  pale  blue  iis  it  approaches  the  hind  mar- 
gin ;  this  margin  narrowly  edged  with  yellow-brown  ;  the  sub-miirginal  lines 
repeated,  distinct,  blackish-brown  ;  the  white  spots  repeated,  enlarged,  and  in 
addition,  a  white  patch  in  the  line  with  the  outer  series,  on  the  costal  margin  ; 
the  lower  spot  of  this  row,  on  the  discoidal  interspace,  nearly  covers  a  small 
ocellus,  a  narrow  black  ring  only  l)eing  discernible  on  the  anterior  side ;  but 
the  yellow  iris  is  nearly  complete  ;  the  other  three  ocelli  reappear,  enlarged. 
each  with  its  cluster  of  blue  scales  and  a  well-defined  yellow  iris;  the  celluliir 
spots  as  on  upper  side,  the  intervening  space  being  clear  white. 

Secondaries  pearl-gray,  tinted  with  blue  near  hind  margin  ;  the  gray  shade 
least  dense  on  the  disk  next  before  the  cell,  allowing  a  brown  sub-color  to  ap- 
P'jar ;  the  inner  margin  also  l)ordered  by  a  brown  line  ;  the  white  discal  patdi 
uTid  spots  re])eated,  and  the  line  of  spots  extended  across  the  wing  to  innor 
margin,  following  the  course  of  a  dark  wavy  line  ;  the  spots  in  the  cell  distinct, 
being  two  transverse  l)ars.  each  prolonged  into  the  next  upper  interspace  ;  the 
ocelli  repeated,  each  containing  a  large  blue  patch  and  edged  by  a  narrow  yellow 
I'ing,  which  itself  is  edged  indistinctly  by  fuscous;  an  additional  ocellus  is  found 
on  the  inner  margin,  small,  oval,  and  also  with  a  blue  spot. 

Body  above  yellow-brown,  bene.itli  gray  on  thorax,  yellowish  on  abdomen ; 
legs  ochraceous,  the  tUnx  gray;  palpi  clear  white,  brown  above  and  at  tip; 
antennai  uniform  ferruginous  throughout,  very  imperfectly  annulated  with  white 
next  the  base ;  club  fu.scous  at  hme,  yellow  at  tip. 

Larva  unknown. 

The  figures  given  represent  one  of  three  males,  taken  by  Mr.  Henshaw.  (it 
Lieutenant  Wheeler's  expedition,  at  Camp  Lowell,  and  in  Sonoto  V.alley,  ArizouM, 
August,  LS74.  Nothing  is  reported  of  the  habits  of  the  butterfly,  or  of  the  laivii 
and  its  food-plant.  But  as  Celtis  reticulata,  Torrey,  is  mentioned  in  the  Bt)tiiu- 
ical  Report  upon  the  plants  of  Arizona,  Washington,  1874,  it  may  be  presiuned 
that  the  larva;  of  Leilia  feed  upon  its  leaves. 

In  the  shape  of  the  wings,  this  species  is  nearer  Clyton  than  Celtis,  the  hind 
margins  of  primaries  being  more  excavated,  and  of  .secondaries  more  sinuous. 
and  the  anal  angle  more  produced  than  in  Celtis.  The  three  examples  agree  in 
shape,  color,  and  markings. 


APATURA  I. 

Leilia  differs  from  the  other  menibors  of  its  group,  in  that  the  black  marks  in 
the  cell  of  primaries,  which  in  Celtis  and  Alicia  are  three  in  number,  two  of 
tliem  being  in  the  middle  of  the  cell,  on  the  sub-costal  and  median  nervures 
respectively,  and  placed  obliquely  to  the  nervures  and  parallel  to  each  other, 
lire  here  reduced  to  two,  owing  to  the  central  marks  being  united  in  one  straight 
l>ar,  perpendicular  to  the  njrvures.  These  bars  are  also  separated  by  a  white 
spiice,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the  allied  species.  A  similar  arrangement  of  the 
burs  is  sc^n  in  Glyton,  except  that  in  this  the  inner  bar  is  usually  sinuous  in- 
stead of  straight,  caused  by  the  joining  of  the  two  oblique  marks  at  tlieir  ex- 
tieinities.  There  are  three  ocelli  on  primaries  of  Leilia,  as  sometimes  happens 
with  Celtis,  but  in  the  ibrmer  they  contain  eccentric  patches  of  blue  scales,  as 
do  also  several  of  the  ocelli  on  secondaries,  a  peculiarity  observed  in  neither 
('eliis  nor  Alicia.  On  the  under  side  the  two  lower  ocelli  on  primaries  contain 
similar  blue  patches,  and  the  uppermost  one  a  patch  which  is  partly  blue,  partly 
white.  The  spots  on  the  disk  on  upper  side  are  white  and  distinct.  The  color 
of  this  side  is  nearly  that  of  Alicia,  of  the  under  side  different  from  either  that 
or  Celtis,  the  basal  part  of  primaries  being  castaneous,  instead  of  light  gray- 
brown,  and  the  remainder  of  both  wings  chiefly  of  a  pearl-gray,  suffused  toward 
tlie  hind  margins  with  pale  blue.  In  Celtis  tne  prevailing  hue  is  gray-brown, 
sometimes  wholly  pink-tinted,  and  of  Alicia  gray-white,  tinted  with  purple.  The 
imtenno3  also  are  ferruginous  above  and  below,  with  the  slightest  indications  of 
iinnulation  near  the  base  ;  these  organs  in  Celtis  are  fuscous  above,  yellow 
beneath,  and  the  fuscous  portion  is  distinctly  annulated  with  white  from  base 
to  club. 

I  regret  having  to  figure  this  species  without  being  able  to  give  both  sexes, 
lis  I  aim  to  do  in  every  case,  but  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  the  butterflies  of 
Arizona  is  so  extreme  that  years  might  elapse  before  I  should  receive  another 
example 


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Gi;/TON   Var.    0CE:LLATA  ,  LR  6. 3  4  9  .  Vai"  PROJEF^PINA,  5  6, 6  ? 

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APATURA  II. 


APATURA   CLYTON,   1-6. 

Apalura  Cli/lon,  Boisduval,  Bois.  and  Lee,  p.  208,  pi.  56,  1833. 
Heme,  Riley,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  IIL  p.  198,  1873. 
7iiVi.  6th  Agric.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  140,  1874. 

Var.  OCELLATA. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.1  inches. 

Upper  side  of  primaries  next  base  ferruginous,  the  remainder  bkekish-brown, 
tlie  nervules  sometimes  faintly  marked  by  ferruginous;  secowlaries  blackish- 
Itrown,  clothed  at  base  and  along  the  abdominal  margin  with  long  greenish-brown 
liairs ;  both  wings  have  a  black  line,  forming  the  inner  part  of  the  marginal  bor- 
der, preceded  by  a  series  of  small,  pale  ferruginous  spots,  wanting  next  the  apex 
of  primaries ;  on  secondaries  these  spots  are  lunular  and  often  concolored,  but 
the  anterior  side  of  each  is  edged  with  fuscoas  or  brown,  and  together  forms  a 
distinct  crenated  line  which  crosses  the  entire  wing;  on  the  disk  of  primaries  a 
transverse  sinuous  row  of  seven  rounded  yellow  or  yellow-ferruginous  spots,  the 
sixth  and  seventh  being  in  the  sub-median  interspace ;  beyond  these  a  second 
row  of  five  spots  of  same  color  as  the  others,  occupying  the  median,  discoidal 
and  two  lower  subcostal  interspaces,  four  of  them  arranged  in  a  curve  parallel 
to  the  incised  edge  of  the  wing,  and  the  fifth,  on  costal  margin,  forming  a  right 
angle  with  the  two  next  succeeding ;  in  the  cell  two  black,  transverse,  sinuous 
l)ars  sometimes  joined  on  the  sub-costal  nervure.  Secondaries  have  an  extra-dis- 
cal  series  of  six  large,  rounded  black  spots,  disposed  as  in  Celtis,  each  spot  sur- 
rounded by  a  narrow  fulvous  ring,  which  is  sometimes  expanded  on  the  basal  side 
into  a  large  fulvous  patch,  especially  in  the  sub-costal  interspaces ;  on  the  middle 
of  the  costal  margin  a  pale,  sordid-fulvous  patch ;  fringes  of  both  wings  white  in 
the  emarginations,  fuscous  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  brown  in  several  shades,  grayish  in  the  cell,  with  a 
yellow  tint  over  the  outer  half  of  same,  and  grayish  over  the  basal  part  of  the 
sub-costal  interspaces;  somewhat  red-tinted  below  the  cell  and  in  the  median 


APATURA   II. 

interspaccH ;  and  clear  brown  with  a  faint  purpio  tint  along  the  hind  niaririii; 
the  discal  .spots  repeated,  luteoiw ;  the  cellular  bar.s  repeated;  next  bejond  tlit! 
cell,  a  transverse,  sinuous  black  .stripe  ;  the  sub-niarginal  line  distinct  and  pre- 
ceded by  a  complete  .series  of  blacki.sh  spots,  which  are  lanceolate  towards  apex, 
elsewhere  lunular. 

Secon<laries  either  lij^ht  or  dark  brown  next  base,  this  area  limited  on  the  disk 
by  a  dark  wavy  line  which  begins  on  the  middle  of  the  costa  and  ends  on  tlio 
inner  margin,  at  one-third  the  distance  from  ba.se,  alter  curving  I'ar  down  towards 
the  angle,  on  the  sub-median  nervure ;  beyond  this  line  there  is  a  narrow  space 
across  the  entire  wing  of  gray-white  with  a  pink  tint,  followed  by  a  brown  cloud 
on  which  are  the  ocelli;  the  nuirgin  as  on  primaries,  purplish-brown  ;  besides 
the  sub-nuirgiual  line  is  a  second  composed  of  nearly  confluent  narrow  lunulcs; 
in  the  will  a  transver.se  fuscous  spot,  and  another  at  the  extremity  ;  the  ocelli 
seven  in  number,  and  the  one  next  inner  angle  du])lex  ;  each  ocellus  black, 
pupilled  with  an  abbreviated  stripe  of  bright  blue,  and  surrounded  Ity  a  (inc 
ferruginous  ring.  Individuals  vary  much  in  the  .shades  of  under  side,  and  when 
these  are  light  the  purple  tint  is  less  perceptible. 

Body  above  greenish-brown,  beneath  pale  vinous-brown ;  legs  ochraceous,  the 
front  (or  aborted)  pair,  yellow-white;  palpi  yellow-white,  fuscous  above  and  iit 
tip ;  anteiui.T  fuscous  above,  light  brown  beneath,  imperfectly  annulated  with 
gray  ;  cIuIj  l)lack,  the  tip  greenish-yellow. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2.5  to  3  inches. 

Upper  side  bright  ferruginous  nearly  to  the  hind  margin  ;  in  .some  cases  the 
fuscous  portion  is  confined  to  the  middle  of  the  interspaces  near  the  apex,  in 
others  the  interspaces  on  the  disk  are  also  fuscous ;  the  spots  more  diffused  and 
more  yellowi.sh  than  in  the  male ;  secondaries  essentially  as  in  the  male.  On 
the  under  side  the  colors  are  lighter  than  in  the  male,  and  often  the  marking.s 
on  outer  half  of  the  wing  are  much  obscured. 


Var.  PROSERPINA, 

Scudder,  Trans.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Cliicago,  I.,  p.  332,  1869. 

This  form  differs  from  Ocellata  in  that  secondaries  are  black  throughout,  the 
ocellar  spots  either  wanting  or  scarcely  perceptible ;  in  .some  cases  the  sub-niiu- 
ginal  ferruginous  spots  are  faintly  indicated  ;  on  the  under  side  the  difference  is 
less  marked,  the  ocelli  reappearing.  The  female  differs  from  Ocellata  in  same 
way,  but  on  the  under  side  there  is  a  greater  obscurity  of  color,  the  whole  of  sec- 
ondaries and  the  apical  area  of  primaries  being  of  an  uniform  .shade  of  brown. 
or  fuscous,  or  fuscous  with  a  purple  tint;  none  of  the  markings  distinct,  and  the 


Al'ATURA   II. 


ocelli  nearly  obsolete,  the  riu^^s  especially  being  absent,  and  the  blue  pupils  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  ;  and  these  last  are  often  changed  to  a  dull  whitish-green. 


Vau.  flora. 

I  am  uncertain  as  to  the  position  of  this  form,  whether  it  is  to  be  considered 
;is  a  variety  of  Clyton,  or  as  a  good  species.  After  tiie  Plate  of  Chiton  was 
(hiiwn,  I  observed  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  William  Stadlmair,  of  Brooklyn, 
several  males  and  a  single  female,  lately  (April,  1870)  sent  him  by  his  son,  who 
Iiad  taken  tiiem  at  Palatka,  Florida,  ail  of  which  differed  from  any  variety  of 
(Ijihm  hitherto  seen  by  me,  wiietiier  from  Georgia,  TiOuisiana,  Texas,  or  West 
\irginia.  The.xe  males  were,  moreover,  alike  in  shape,  color,  and  peculiarities  of 
innrking,  except  that  on  the  under  side  there  was  a  difference  in  the  lightness  or 
darkness  of  the  colors,  but  just  as  I  have  seen  in  the  .same  brood  of  Cli/ton  iw 
Wi'st  Virginia.  In  these  males  both  wings  are  more  exci.sed  than  is  usuid  in 
f'li/ton,  and  s(?condaries  are  more  prolonged  and  more  pointed  at  the  anal  angle. 
The  upper  surface  of  both  wings  is  of  an  uniform  bright  orange-ferruginous, 
except  the  extra-discal  area  of  primaries,  which  is  of  a  deep  shade  of  ferruginous, 
lilackened  in  the  middle  of  the  several  interspaces  ;  primaries  are  scarcely  at  all 
ob.scured  at  base,  and  the  two  rows  of  spots  are  bright  orange-ferruginous,  of 
same  shade  as  the  general  surface,  instead  of  being  lighter,  or  yellowish,  as  in  the 
usual  Chjfon.  Secondaries  have  the  base  and  inner  margin  but  .slightly  ol).scured, 
11  nd  a  broad  bright  field  extends  from  the  middle  of  the  wing  to  the  marginal 
hand.  The  ocelli  lie  on  this  field,  and  are  large.  The  marginal  biind  of  each 
wing  is  remarkably  broad,  .so  that  on  secondaries  it  nearly  reaches  the  ocelli ; 
and  except  in  the  two  interspaces  next  outer  angle  there  is  a  total  absence  of 
tlie  sub-marginal  crenated  line  always  seen  in  var.  OceJlahi.  Fm-thermore  there 
is  an  absence  of  the  light  patch  on  costal  margin.  The  peculiar  shape  of  the 
wings,  the  unilbrm  bright  shade  of  ferruginous,  extending  even  to  the  rows  of 
I'xtra-discal  spots,  the  large  ocelli,  the  broad  marginal  band,  and  the  absence  of 
tlie  crenated  line,  and  of  the  costal  patch,  strike  the  eye  at  once.  On  the  under 
side  the  pattern  is  as  in  var.  Ocellata,  but  the  colors  are  all  intense  ;  the  cell 
:in(l  nearly  all  the  spots  of  primaries  buff,  the  extra-discal  area  deep  ferruginous; 
tlie  basal  area  of  .secondaries  deep  gray-brown,  tinted  with  ferruginous  next  costa 
and  towards  anal  angle  ;  the  sinuous  discal  stripe  deep  ferruginous,  as  is  also 
the  field  on  which  are  the  ocelli,  and  between  this  stripe  and  field  the  space  is 
lilaceous ;  the  ocelli  intense  ferruginous,  with  obsolete  rings,  and  lilaceous  pupils. 
And  on  both  wings  the  broad  marginal  band  is  cut  by  a  conspicuous  blue-black 
stripe  from  anal  angle  to  the  second  sub-costal  nervule  on  primaries ;  this  stripe 


ATATUJIA   II. 


HO  cxpiindod  iioxt  inner  anglu  ol"  priiniuies  as  to  oi'cupy  full  lialftlu!  width  of  tin- 
band.  The  female  i.s  duller  colored,  but  a.s  little  ob.scured  aw  the  male.  I'limn- 
ries  are  crossed  by  n  broad,  sinuoun,  deep  black  distal  band,  which  in  the  usmd 
Cbjlon  is  brown  or  ferriij^inoui,  ami  the  bars  in  the  cell  are  black  and  heavy.  A 
broad,  sul)-mari:;inal  black  strijjc  completely  crosses  both  wings,  the  margin  out- 
side this  stripe  being  ferruginous  concolored  with  the  disk.  The  orenated  line 
i.s  ab.sent  from  secondaries,  even  at  the  outer  angle. 

1  give  this  form,  therefore,  as  a  possible  variety  of  Chflon,  i)ut  my  opinion  is 
that  it  will  be  found  to  breed  true  to  itself,  and,  if  .so,  it  i.^  a  good  species.  .Mr. 
Stadhnair  found  these  butterflies  in  one  locality,  resting  on  the  leaves  of  trees, 
and  evidently  just  out  of  chrysalis,  and  .saw  niunlx-rs  of  them,  as  he  says  in  n 
letter  to  his  father.  With  them  were  many  A.  A/iclu,  of  which  he  took  several, 
and  these  I  also  .saw. 

Egg.  —  Similar  to  that  of  Ccltis ;  nearly  .-iplierical,  flattened  at  base;  marked 
by  about  eighteen  .slightly  prominent  vertical  ribs,  and  by  many  fine  horizontal 
equi-distant  striau;  color  yellowish-green.  Duration  of  this  stage  eight  to  nine 
days. 

Young  Ix-vrv.v.  —  Length,  .06  inch;  cylindrical,  somewhat  tapering  posteriorly, 
slightly  pubescent;  color  pale  green,  tran.slucent ;  head  large,  twice  the  diam- 
eter of  the  following  .segments,  hemispherical,  bi-lobed,  brownish-yellow;  the 
mandibles  and  ocelli  brown.     (Fig.s.  c,  c",  larva  and  head  magnified.) 

The  first  moult  takes  place  in  seven  days.  Length,  .125  inch ;  body  tapering 
gradually  either  way  from  seventh  segment;  the  second  and  last  nearly  eqnid  in 
diameter,  the  latter  terminating  in  a  short,  forked  tail ;  the  whole  surface  cov- 
ered with  fine  whitLsh  tubercles,  from  each  of  which  springs  a  white  hair;  striped 
longitudinally  and  alternately  with  pale  and  dark  green,  the  tubercles  covering 
the  pale  stripes  densely  ;  in  all  there  are  six  pale  stripes,  two  broad,  dorsal,  one 
upper  and  one  lower  lateral,  both  narrow  ;  of  the  intermediate  dark  stripes  one 
is  a  narrow  medio-dorsal,  the  others  lateral ;  legs  and  pro-legs  pale  green,  fringeil 
at  base  with  short  white  bristles ;  head  large,  broader  than  the  second  .segment, 
rounded,  flattened,  glos.sy,  pale  green,  the  forehead  dusted  with  brown;  tiic 
ocelli  and  mandibles  brown  ;  at  the  vertices  fleshy  stag-horn  processes,  witii 
.short,  stout  prongs ;  other  prongs  below  at  the  sides  of  the  face ;  all  these,  and 
the  surface  of  the  face,  somewhat  pilo.se.     (Fig.  d.) 

To  the  second  moult  thirteen  days.  Length,  .2  inch ;  the  pale  stripes  now 
clhanged  to  yellow-green ;  the  surface  more  roughly  and  unevenly  tuberculated  ; 
the  dorsal  bands,  before  distinctly  separated,  now  meet,  but  there  are  traces  of  a 
green  medio-dorsal  lino ;  the  second  segment  projects  over  the  head  a  narrow 
sub-triangular  shield ;  the  tails  deeply  forked  ;  the  horns  shorter,  pinkish,  punc- 
tate ;  the  forehead  and  sutures  and  the  mandibles  brown. 


ArATfiUA  ir. 


Not  long  lifter  tlils  inoiiU,  Iiiivinjf  rciiclii-d  tlic  Iciij^th  of  .25  iiicli.  most  oftlii' 
liirviP  ('liaii}i;('  color,  tlio  Itody  j^riiiliiully  liccnmiiiH-  of  a  niixtMl  rcil  aiid  j^iiiv,  with 
(lark  green  dorsal  and  lateral  lines;  tlie  iieail  uiid  horns  also  elian;j;e  to  hrown. 
(  Kigs.  c,  e*.)  A  fe\»nm3'  however  proceed  to  their  third  inoidt,  after  whicih  they 
will  assnmc  a  winter  coat,  Imt  of  less  decided  color  than  that  of  the  others,  the 
(.qiM'n  heconiing  brownish  or  vinons. 

A  few  days  after  resiiniing  activity  in  tiie  spring,  tlie  third  nionlt  is  passed. 
Length  now  .4  inch  ;  tho  anterior  segments  have  become  mnch  the  largest,  the 
•-liicld  on  second  more  pointed,  tiie  heiid  larger  in  pro[)()rtion,  the  vertices  more 
jiroininent  than  at  last  stage,  and  tlie  horns  greatly  develoi)cd  ;  the  l)ody  green, 
sliiped  longitndinally  with  white  and  yellow;  color  of  head  light  green,  with 
two  pule  vertical  .stripes  in  front.     (Figs. /,/'*.) 

Ahont  ten  per  cent,  of  the  larvio  raised  by  me  varied  at  this  stage  in  the 
markings  of  the  face.  One  was  wiiolly  pule  black  exia'pt  for  four  murks,  two  at 
tlu!  sides,  and  two  in  front  above  the  mandil)les;  and  the  front  of  the  antlers  was 
lilack.     This  stage  endured  eight  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .S  inch.  (Fig.  rj,  nat.  size;  (f-ff  showing  varia- 
tions in  marking  of  head  ;  (f,  .sections  of  surface  on  dorsum  and  side.)  The  larviu 
now  grew  rapidly  and  in  from  five  to  ten  days  had  reached  maturity,  those  which 
lingered,  and  changed  to  chrysalis  the  latest,  invariably  producing  female  buiter- 
liics. 

M-\TURE  Larva. -*- Length  L4  in.  ''  (Fig.  /()  to  1.7  in.  '  (Fig.  i),  greatest  thick- 
ness of  the  latter,  .24  in.;  body  siilj-cylindrical,  somewhat  flattened  dorsally,  the 
sides  flattened,  sloping,  the  base  broad ;  thickest  at  sixth  to  eighth  segments,  ta- 
pering rather  evenly  either  way  ;  the  last  segment  ending  in  a  forked  tail;  the 
il(jrsum  covered  by  a  broad  yellow  or  bnfl"  band,  which  is  edged  on  either  side  by 
white,  and  is  bisected  by  an  indigo-blue  line  ;  the  sides  striped  with  dull  green 
above,  and  below  by  two  stripes  of  yellow,  another  of  green  being  between  them  ; 
the  tmder  side  and  legs  pale  green;  each  .segment  creased  live  times  so  as  to 
make  four  elevated  ridges,  the  posterior  two  being  l)roader  than  the  others;  the 
whole  upper  surface  covered  with  minute  tubercles,  white,  tran.slucent,  sub-conic, 
irregularly  placed  on  the  ridges,  some  in  each  row  being  two  or  three  times  as 
large  as  others ;  some  of  these  have  at  summit  single  short  ileshy  appendages, 
others  a  white  hair;  head  pyriforin,  truncated  at  top,  with  an  angular  depression, 
I  lie  vertices  sub-conic;  on  these  last  are  stout  many-pronged  antlers,  the  prongs 
llcsliy,  round,  and  .somewhat  curv  \  downward  ;  on  either  side  of  the  face  a  ver- 
tical row  of  simple  prongs;  color  of  head  pale  green,  the  face  marked  by  four 
vertical  whitish  stripes  ;  the  surface  both  of  head  and  antlers  dotted  with  punc- 
tures  which   disclose    a   darker   sub-color;    the    entire    antler   usually   yellow- 


APATUUA    IF. 


grcoii,  liiit  iiiiiny  cxuinplcH  liiivo  tlio  front  l»lack,  or  merely  a  bliiek  dot  at  tlu' 
bnse ;  ocelli  and  nmndiltli'H  Idaek.     (Fij^s.  li^,  U\  heads  of  mature  lurviu.) 

CiiitvsvMs.  —  (Mosely  reMcmljles  (hat  n[' CiU'ih  in  sha|)e  and  coioi' ;  the  kcj.'- 
monts  of  tiie  alidomen  'ue  broader  dorsujiy,  makinj^  the  keel  one  fonrtii  loii^rcp, 
and  the  thoraeie  «efrment8  nro  proportionately  whorter ;  the  depression  is  Ii-rs 
anjifiilar  and  the  mesonotnm  is  more  rounded,  while  the  iiead  ease  is  loss  pio- 
duced. 

Len^^th. ''  .0  inch  (Fij,'.  j).  '  1.1  inch  (Fig.  k);  eompres.sed  laterally;  the  outline 
of  the  imder  side  irregularly  couvox,  the  wing  cases  being  nearly  fiat ;  the  iiImIo- 
meii  prominent  dorsally.  cir<'ular,  sharply  carinati'd,  the  anterior  edge  of  cncli 
Kegiueiit  on  the  keel  produced  and  marked  on  either  side  by  a  shining  black  ilot; 
the  thoraci<^  segnu'Uts  di'pressed  I'rom  the  end  of  the  keel,  the  sides  excavated  to- 
wards the  bases  of  the  wings  ;  the  mesonotnm  roundetl ;  the  head  ease  moderatciv 
pnvluced,  sub-conic  ;  the  palpi  cases  sharp  and  |)rominent  ;  color  yellow-green, 
the  wing  cases  and  the  whole  under  side  pale  bluish-green,  mottled  and  inscrilied 
with  pale  yellow;  the  neuration  of  the  wings  distiiu-t;  a  yellow  line  passes  along 
tJie  dorsiun  ami  forks  to  the  palpi  eases ;  another  borders  the  posterior  edge  of 
the  wing  cases.     Duraticm  of  this  stage  niius  and  ten  ilays. 

Clijlou  inhabits  much  the  same  districts  as  Celth,  feeding  in  its  larval  state  on 
the  same  tree,  the  Ilaekbcrry,  Gell'iH  occidentdliH.  It  is  occMisional  in  New  York, 
and  no  douljt  in  New  England,  but  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  is  its  true  home. 
Some  years  ago  I  took  a  single  specimen.  iVesli  from  chrysalis,  in  a  thicket  near 
Newlturgh,  N.  Y.,  and  that  is  the  only  instance  in  which  1  have  seen  this  butter- 
fly on  the  wing,  not  having  met  with  it  even  in  West  Virginia.  I  was  nuicli 
surprised  therefore  at  finding  in  my  garden,  at  ("oalburgh,  4tli  July,  1874,  on  a 
low  Ilackliferry,  a  large  cluster  of  freshly  deposited  eggs  of  Clyton.  They  formed 
a  rounded  mass  one  quarter  inch  acro.ss,  were  closely  packed  and  five  or  six 
layers  deep  ;  in  al!  about  two  hundred  eggs.  (Fig.  n.)  Within  the  next  two  days 
1  found  two  similar  but  smaller  clusters;  in  all  these  cases  upon  the  underside 
of  the  leaf  On  12th  of  .July  the  larvii>  began  to  hatch,  and  in  course  of  a  few 
hours  had  left  the  shells  and  gothered  in  a  dense  grouj)  near  by.  They  are  in- 
tensely gregarious  in  habit,  and  up  to  the  time  they  separate,  that  is,  til!  :ifter 
the  third  moult,  they  lie  close  logether,  completely  conceding  the  leaf  beneath, 
and  it  is  one  of  their  peculiarities,  even  to  maturity,  that  they  do  not  often  lie 
straight,  but  take  a  sinuous  position,  and  when  in  cluster  as  one  curves  .so  do 
those  adjoining.  Moreover  they  do  not  rest  with  heads  all  turned  in  the  .«anie 
direction  and  bodies  in  line  or  parallel,  as  is  the  habit  of  numy  species  of  grega- 
rious larvtc,  but  they  Ibrm  an  irregular  mass,  the  heads  mostly  outside  and  front- 
ing in  every  direction.     This  feature  is  correctly  represented  in  the  cluster  of 


Al'ATlIUA    II. 


liirviB  on  the  Plato,  but  tho  group  in  natiirf  would  In*  coiiiimt't  as  I  lmv(!  Itffoic 
ftiited.  I  found  that  tliey  led  principally  a(  iiij,'lit,  tiic  leaf  in  tlit;  niorniiijf  hav- 
iiiff  l)(H'n  eaten  at  one  Mjiot  as  if  all  had  fed  at  the  same  time.  When  finall_y 
there  reniainetl  nothin;^  l)ut  the  patch  on  which  they  rested,  they  wi-re  forced  to 
shift  to  a  fresh  leaf  From  the  earliest  staj^e,  the  surface  of  the  leaf  altoiit  and 
lieneath  these  larviu  was  kept  thorouj^hly  dean,  hut  just  outside  the  j,'rou|)  was  u 
muss  of  excrement  in  a  pretty  regular  ridge  and  as  if  it  had  heen  voided  at  that 
plaee.  It  was  some  days  hefore  I  discovered  the  explanation  of  this,  hy  hap])en- 
ing  to  come  upon  the  larvm  one  morning  when  they  were  engaged  in  a  general 
cleansing.  The;  colony  was  comparatively  active,  many  of  its  meinhers  moving 
iihout,  some  crawling  over  the  hacks  of  th(!  rest.  When  a  hit  of  frass  was  encoun- 
tered hy  one  of  these  last,  who  seemed  especially  deputed  to  act  as  scavengers,  it 
was  seized  hy  the  mandihles,  and  if  very  snndl,  the  head  and  thoracic  segments 
were  jerked  hack,  and  hy  a  snap  the  frass  was  thrown  some  distance,  at  least 
two  lengths  of  the  caterpillar.  If  this  ha])pened  near  the  edge  of  the  colony  the 
iVass  ))rohahly  went  over;  if  not,  and  it  fell  .•fhort,  either  one  of  the  larva;  on 
which  it  struck  .seized  it,  or  it  was  met  by  one  of  the  scavengers,  and  was  again 
siiiipped  off,  initil  by  repeating  the  process  as  ot'ten  as  was  necessary,  the  obnox- 
ious thing  was  gotten  rid  of  When  a  considerable  mass  was  encountered,  it  was 
hroken  by  jaws  and  feet,  or  two  or  three  of  the  larvic  tugged  at  it  till  it  wa.^ 
hrought  near  the  edge  and  top])led  over.  In  some  cases,  as  one  of  the  larvae 
voided  its  frass,  it  turned  and  seized  it,  snapping  it  away.  Presently  the  colony 
was  cleansed  and  all  its  members  resumed  their  usual  attitude  of  rest.  This 
sanitary  work  could  only  have  been  necessary  when  the  larvne  were  in  confine- 
ment, as  in  nature  they  would  have  rested  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf 

Ik'fbro  the  first  moult  took  place,  the  larva  remained  immovable  for  about  two 
ihiys  ;  the  skin  on  the  second  segment  became  swollen  and  nearly  covered  the 
head.  When  the  change  occurred,  this  burst,  disclosing  the  new  head  and  ant- 
lers, and  the  skin  was  speedily  shuffled  of^'and  devoured.  This  process  of  moult- 
ing was  by  no  means  simultaneous  throughout  the  colony,  but  was  going  on  lor 
two  or  three  days  before  all  were  changed.  And  the  same  may  be  said  of  each 
successive  moult. 

Soon  after  the  second  moult,  which  occurred  1st  Angast-and  days  following, 
most  of  the  larvae  began  to  change  color,  first  to  pink,  then  to  brown.  In  other 
cases  the  change  was  very  gradual,  and  the  winter  coat  was  not  a.ssunied  before 
1st  September.  All  these  at  last  rested  on  a  common  bed  of  silk  web  which  cov- 
ered the  surface  of  the  leaf,  each  with  head  bent  under  so  that  the  face  was  in 
''inne  plane  with  the  lower  side  of  the  body,  the  back  arched,  and  the  last  seg- 
ments appres.sed.     But  three  of  the  larvae  behaved  diflferently,  and  after  having 


APATURA   II. 


ceased  to  feed  and  partly  cliangcd  color,  iigain  l)ogan  to  eat,  though  the  loaves 
in  tlifir  glass  were  thoroughly  dry,  and  some  time  towards  the  last  of  Septemlicr. 
passed  the  third  moult.  Not  anticipating  this  I  discovered  the  change  accident- 
ally, and  was  surprised  at  finding  them  active,  and  of  a  brilliant  green  color.  1 
liavc  since  learned  from  Mr.  Kiley's  paper,  before  cited,  that  he  had  watelied 
larva^  of  Cli/lon  when  this  third  autumnal  moult  was  taking  place,  though  liis 
experience  agrees  with  mine  that  such  instances  arc  exceptional.  These  larvic 
again  clianged  color,  but  to  nothing  like  the  degree  of  the  others,  bccouiing 
greenish-brown  or  vinous-brown,  and  no  shrinkage  of  the  body  was  perceptilde. 
And  at  intervals  through  the  winter,  a  few  moments  in  a  warm  room  would 
arouse  them.  Unfortunately  two  of  these  died  before  spring,  and  the  third  was 
accidentally  killed. 

On  9th  May  following,  the  shoots  of  the  Ilackberry  begitming  to  put  forth,  1 
brought  the  larva;  from  the  cellar.  Several  were  living  and  awaked  soon  after 
exposure.  Some  began  at  once  to  iiu)ve  and  eat,  and  of  these  part  turned 
green  within  the  next  twenty-four  hours.  Others  remained  quiet,  and  changed 
graduall}'  to  pale  vinous  and  then  to  green,  taking  three  or  four  days  to  make 
the  complete  change.     But  others  still  occupied  several  days  more. 

On  the  ir)th  tlio.-o  which  had  soonest  become  active  showed  the  second  sojr- 
ment  swollen,  and  (hat  day  and  the  next  they  pa-s.^ed  the  third  moult,  while  the 
most  tardy  did  not  reach  that  stage  till  the  first  h.nd  begun  to  pass  the  fourth  or 
last  moult,  which  took  place  on  23d  and  24th.  By  30th  Mny  these  were  in  ehrys- 
ali.s,  and  the  butterflies  iip])eared  on  the  ]Oth  June  and  days  following.  Meim- 
time  soine  of  the  larva'  continued  (o  grow  and  reached  a  size  which  seemed 
enormous  for  tl'i.s  species.  And  it  turned  out  that  all  these  large  larva;  produced 
female  butterflies,  and  no  female  appeared  until  nearly  all  the  males  had 
emerged.  1  have  not  noticed  this  pecidiarity,  nor  have  1  been  able  to  distin- 
guish tlie  sexes  by  the  size  of  the  caterpillar,  in  any  species  but  the  present  one. 

After  the  fourth  moult,  each  larva  makes  for  itself  a  web  on  the  surface  of  the 
leaf,  and  draws  the  sides  tog(;ther  until  a  sort  of  case  is  formed,  within  which  it 
lives.  From  this  it  emerges  to  feed  at  night,  as  was  evident  by  leaves  at  a  dis- 
tance being  constantly  fed  upon  during  the  night.  This  is  the  habit  in  captivity, 
and  is  ])roba))ly  but  a  modification  of  its  habit  when  free.  Mr.  Riley  states  that 
these  larviv;  .scatter  after  the  third  moult,  and  thereafter  hide  within  leaves  drawn 
around  them. 

When  preparing  for  the  change  to  chrysalis,  the  body  of  the  larva  becunes 
contracted;  broadened  and  roimded  in  the  middle,  the  head  is  bent  under  and 
the  last  segment  ])ressed  in  the  leaf;  the  color  of  the  .skin  changes  to  a  nearly 
uniform  green,  and  the  shape  of  tlie  chrysalis  gradii  vlly  becomes  apparent.     Tiie 


APATURA   II. 


liiml  change  's  effected  in  the  fiame  manner  as  in  Cellis,  ind  the  chrysalis  is  also 
siij)en(le(l  by  a  pad  of  booklets. 

Clyton  is  dimorphic  in  both  sexes,  but  not  seasonally-dimorphic,  as  might  be 
(he  case  were  there  two  broods  annually.  Of  twenty-one  butterflies  raised  by 
iric  from  the  egg,  eight  were  the  form  Ocellata,  namely:  4^,  4'  ;  of  Proserpina 
Miirteen,  8<^,  5*. 

In  the  fall  of  1878,  I  received  a  few  larv;T3  of  Clylon  from  Mr.  Riley,  in  leth- 
argic state.  Thesc'  began  to  move  2d  May,  1874,  but  every  stage  was  pro- 
longed, and  the  first  chrysalis  was  not  formed  till  7th  July,  thirty-eight  days  after 
the  corresponding  change  occurred  with  t)ie  larvic  found  at  Coalburgh.  As  all 
(he  attendant  circumstances  were  apparently  identical  in  the  two  cases,  I  can 
give  no  explanation  of  this  singular  phenomenon.  The  duration  .of  the  chrysalis 
stage  was  ^iame  in  both  cases,  about  ten  days. 

The  contrast  between  the  two  species  Celtis  and  Chjton  is  striking  as  relates  to 
their  preparatory  stages.  The  eggs  nnd  chrysalids  are  nearly  identical  in  form, 
and  the  caterpillars  have  a  general  resemblance.  But  the  eggs  of  Chjton  are 
laid  in  clusters  of  hundreds,  those  of  Celtis  either  singly  or  in  lots  of  from  five  to 
twenty.  The  larvas  of  Cdtis  are  gregarious,  but  are  satisfied  with  nearness  with- 
out contact ;  those  of  Cli/ton  require  act  .al  contact  an<l  assemble  in  groups  to 
which  all  scattered  ones  are  attracted.  I  have  frequently  separated  a  group,  but 
in  a  few  hours  all  its  members  were  together  again.  Celtis  completes  its  history 
in  one  summer  brood,  though  part  of  this  may  hybernate,  and  it  has  a  second, 
which  always  hybernates.  Cli/ton,  in  ^\'■est  Virginia  at  least,  has  no  second 
brood,  but  all  the  larva3  hybernate. 

Of  the  habits  o''  the  butterfly  1  am  unable  to  speak  from  my  own  knowledge, 
but  I  am  informed  by  correspondents  that  it  behaver;  much  like  Celtis.  The 
larvas  of  the  two  frequent  the  vsame  tree,  and  Mr.  Charles  Dury,  of  Avondale, 
Ohio,  tells  me  that  he  has  taken  as  many  as  sixty  larvJB  of  the  two  species  at 
.'^ame  time  from  a  small  Ilackberry.  He  writes  "I  have  often  taken  Cli/ton, 
sometimes  on  trees  from  which  there  was  an  exudation  of  sap,  and  sometimes  on 
rotten  apples.  But  in  most  cases  it  is  to  1  e  seen  in  the  woods.  Its  movements 
are  less  lively  than  those  of  Celtis." 

As  is  the  case  with  Celtis,  the  larva'  of  Chjton  feed  upon  the  thickest  leaves. 
When  winter  approaches,  they  probably,  to  some  extent,  seek  shelter  on  the 
rough,  corky  bark  of  the  Hackberry,  though  many  no  doubt  fall  with  the  leaves 
and  perish. 

I  know  of  no  other  food  plant  for  this  .species  thar.  the  Celtis  occidentalis.  Dr. 
Boisduval  gives  Prunus  as  one  of  them,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  verify  the 
statement,  even  when  the  larvae  have  been  made  to  fast  for  hours. 


APATURA  II. 

Just  as  Celtiti  has  been  supposed  to  have  been  covered  by  the  description  of 
Lycaon,  Fab.,  so  Herse  Fab.  has  within  the  last  two  or  three  years  been  appor- 
tioned to  Clyton,  altogether  wrongly.  The  description  of  Herse,  Fab.  Ent.  Sy^it., 
III.,  p.  229,"No.  718,  is  as  follows  :  — 

P.  S.  alis  dentatis  fusco  ferrugineis  :  anticis  albo  punctatis,  posticis  utrinquo 
ocellis  septeni  coecis. 

Papilio  Herse,  Jon.  fig.  pict.  4,  tab.  7,  fig.  2. 

Habitat Doin.  Drury. 

Corpus  fusco  forrugineum.  Ahc  antica3  obscure  ferruginesG,  pone  medium 
fascia  e  maculis  sex  punctisque  quatuor  apicis  albis,  subtus  pallidiores.  Postica) 
fusco  ferruginciie  ocellis  septcm  nigris  iride  ferruginea :  secundo  tertioque  pupilla 
ferruginea,  reliquis  coecis.  Subtus  pallidiores  ocellis  septem  coeruleis  iride  Havn  ; 
annulo  nigro. 

Wings  dentated,  marked  with  fusions  and  ferruginous  ;  the  fore  w'nqf>  f  ■  itfd 
with  ivhife,  the  hind  wings  also  with  seven  black  ocelli 

P.  Herse,  Jones'  Icones. 

Habitat  iinl-nown.  Collection  of  M.  Drury.  Body  fuscc  ferrugineous ;  fore, 
wimjfi  obscure  ferrnginons,  wlih  an  extra-median  band  of  six  sjmis  and  four  a/iieai 
spots,  tohite  ;  under  sidejxder.  Huid  wmgs  fnsco-ferriigi nous  ;  loith  seven  llurk 
ocelli  with  ferruginous  irides,  the  second  and  third  pnpillcd  with  ferruginous, 
the  rest  blind;  under  side  paler  loith  seven  blue  ocelli,  with  yellow  irides,  in 
black  rings. 

This  description  'lannot  apply  to  Clyton,  in  which  the  fore  wings  are  not 
obsaire-ferruginoits,  but  ferruginous  at  base  and  blackish-brown  towards  hind 
margin  ;  they  are  not  spotted  with  white,  but  with  yellow  or  yellow-ferruginous  ; 
the  median  band  is  composed  o(  seven  spots  and  the  outer  spots  are  five,  instead  of 
six  and  four,  as  in  Herse.  The  hind  wings  are  blackish-brown  in  Clyton,  not 
fusco-ferruginous ;  there  are  but  six  ocelli  and  all  are  blind,  loith  no  ferrugi- 
nous pupilu.  In  Ilerse  there  are  seven,  the  second  and  third  pupilled  with  ferru- 
ginous. In  Herse  the  under  side  of  both  wings  is  described  as  paler  than  tlic 
upper,  with  no  variety  of  color  or  shade  on  the  several  areas ;  that  is,  the  fore 
wings  must  be  ferruginous,  or  less  obscurely  ferruginous,  imd  the  hmd  wings  a 
pale  fusco-ferruginous.  In  Clyton  the  under  sides  are  brown,  gray,  purplish  with 
the  least  possible  fuscous  on  primaries  only,  and  in  vars.  Ocellata  and  Pro.'ierpina 
there  is  no  ferruginous  at  all  on  either  wing.  In  the  form  which  I  call  Flora 
there  is  ferruginous,  but  it  is  intense,  and  the  whole  surface  is  richly  diversified 
in  color.  \n  Herse  are  seven  blue  ocelli  in  black  rings,  with  yi  •  m  irides;  in 
Clyton  though  the  pupils  are  blue  the  Irides  are  ferruginous.  1.  ' ,  thereforo 
no  agreement  between  the  description  of  Herse  and  the  insect  Clyton  except  in 
the  most  general  way. 


APATURA   n. 


ifcd 


Thi«  description  of  Herse  is  also  supposed  to  liave  been  drawn  from  Jones' 
iigures,  though,  as  is  the  case  of  Lycaon,  the  insect  is  referred  to  as  in  Drury's 
.•()lIection,  and  undoubtedly  was  known  to  Fabricius,  the  chief  lepidopterist 
of  his  day.  I  do  not  know  on  what  authority  such  supposition  is  based,  and 
there  are  cortain  discrepancies,  to  be  hereafter  spoken  of,  between  Jones'  figures 
and  the  description,  which  would  seem  to  preclude  the  idea  of  the  latter  having 
been  drawn  up  from  the  figures.  By  tiie  kindness  of  Prof  J.  0.  Westwood, 
1  have  in  my  possession  a  colored  copy  made  by  him  of  both  Jones'  figures 
of  Herse,  representing  the  two  sides  of  the  female.  Also  a  pencil  tracing  of 
the  upper  side,  and  this  I  reproduce  in  order  to  show  more  clearly  the  differ- 
ences between  the  two  species.  But  if  it  were  practicable  to  give  the  colored 
figures,  there  would  be  no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  my  readers  that  they  relate  to 
quite  another  insect  from  Clyton.  In  the  figure  of  the  upper  side,  the  color  of 
the  basal  half  of  primaries  and  of  the  whole  of  secondaries  is  of  an  uniform 
shade  of  ferruginous,  .-nd  the  hind  margin  of  primaries  is  also  broadly  bordered 
by  ferruginous,  a  vliade  darker.  Between  these  two  areas  on  primaries  is  a 
nebulous,  extra-dlscal  fuscous  band  extending  quite  across  the  wing  ;  in  Clyton 
vars.  Ocellata  and  Proaerpina,  while  the  base  of  primaries  is  ferruginous,  the 
liind  margin  and  disk,  as  well  as  the  whole  of  secondaries,  is  blackish-brown  or 
fuscous.  In  the  figure  is  a  median  bund  of  six  Ion;/,  oml,  cqnal  sjmIs,  (here  being 
hut  one  in  the  sub-median  interspace,  arranged  in  a  simiile  curve,  convex  o  t- 
inirdJy ;  and  five  of  these  si)ots  only  are  fulvous,  the  sixth  on  the  costal  margin, 
lieing  piu-e  white.  Beyond  are  four  white  spots,  two  of  them  sub-apical,  and  two 
are  in  the  median  intersjMces,  these  last  very  close  to  the  band  r.nd  parallel  with 
if.  In  the  discoidal  interspace  is  no  spot.  In  the  insect  this  is  totally*  diflerent. 
The  band  is  composed  of  seven  spots,  all  of  them  rounded,  arranrjed  in  a  double 
curve  like  the  letter  8,  and  these  spots  are  all  yellow,  or  yellow  with  a  tint  of  red, 
«.s'  are  the  outer  sjiots  (vars.  Ocellata  and  Proserpina),  or  all  are  ferruijinous 
{car.  Flora.)  Of  the  outer  spots  there  are  five,  two  being  sub-apical,  the  other 
three,  ocmpying  the  discoidal  and  two  median  interspaces,  placed  at  some  distance 
from  the  band  and  Jiearly  parallel  with  fhe  hind  margin.  That  is,  incir  general 
course  is  exactly  opposite  that  of  the  band  in  Herse.  In  the  cell  on  the  drawing 
is  a  concolored  spot  with  a  black  outline,  and  tiiis  is  shaped  like  a  figure  8,  made 
of  two  opposite  double  curves.  In  the  insect,  instead  of  this  spot  are  two  nearly 
parallel  sinuous  bars.  On  die  hind  wings  in  the  drawing  are  six  spots,  five  of 
which  arc  distinctly  ocellafed,  having  both  inipils  and  irides,  the  spot  next  inner 
angle  only  being  without  pupil.  In  Clyton  all  the  spots  are  without  jmpils.  On 
the  under  side,  the  base  of  the  hind  wing,  and  all  that  part  of  primaries  which 
lies  back  of  the  cell  and  the  second  median  nervule,  is  pale  ferruginous ;  the  cell 


APATURA   II. 

and  remainder  of  primaries  and  the  outer  limb  of  secondaries,  except  a  l)ioii(] 
space  along  the  hind  margin,  is  pale  fuscous,  and  between  this  fuscous  area  and 
the  ferruginous  of  the  base,  on  secondaries,  is  a  whity-brown  discal  zone.  All 
this  is  quite  unlike  the  insect,  as  a  glance  at  our  Plate  will  show. 

If  Fabricius'  description  was  taken  from  Jones'  figures,  why  should  all  the 
spots  on  the  forewings  be  called  white,  or  why  should  the  ocelli  be  described  an 
blind,  with  the  exception  of  the  second  and  third  !  Or  why  should  the  descrip- 
tion call  for  seven  ocelli  when  the  figure  shows  but  six ! 

Now  it  happens  that  one  of  the  group.^  into  which  the  American  species  of  this 
genus  divide  themselves  is  characterized  by  just  such  a  simple  curved  discal 
band  on  pr  .'  'i-ies  as  appears  in  Jones'  figures,  made  up  of  six  oval  spots,  and 
outside  these  i>.  .-  white  spots,  two  of  which  are  sub-apical,  and  two  placed 

parallel  to  the  b.  just  as  in  these  figures  also.  Of  this  style  of  ornamentation 
are  certain  Central  American  species,  and  also  the  one  called  Ichjja,  Hubner,  lig- 
urcd  in  the  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.,  a  West  Indian  species  ;  and  that  the  resem- 
blance to  Herse  may  appear,  I  subjoin  a  cut  of  it  also,  copied  for  me  by  Mr. 
Scudder  from  Hiibner's  figure.  It  must  be  allowed  to  approach  Herse  remark- 
ably. 


Horse  9. 


Idyj.i  9. 


With  the  figures  of  Herse,  Professor  Westwood  also  sent  me  colored  figures 
of  Lycaon,  and  they  represent  quite  another  insect  than  Ccltis.  On  the  upper 
side,  primaries  are  fuscous  except  the  cell,  and  the  kmjer  part  of  this  from  the 
base  outward  is  yellow.  There  is  a  yellow  submarginal  stripe,  and  the  discal 
band  is  composed  of  fulvous  spots  The  secondaries  are  fuscous  over  the  basal 
area,  and  beyond  to  the  hind  margin  the  color  is  fidmus,  as  decided  as  in 
Argynnis  Cybele.  Upon  the  disk  are  five  elongated,  equal,  white  spots,  arranged 
in  a  regular  curve,  and  on  the  basal  side  of  these  is  a  conspicuous  yellow  stripe 
which  reaches  half  across  the  wing.  On  the  under  side,  the  basal  third  of  imma- 
ries  and  the  whole  of  the  hind  wing  is  yellow,  the  rest  of  primaries  being  fuscous, 


Al'ATURA   II. 


except  the  hind  margin,  which  is  yellow.  In  the  sub-median  intcrspiico  of  second- 
aries are  three  brown  strijics  radiatlny  from  a  common  point  near  the  base,  and 
nearer  the  disk  are  three  brown  spots  or  patches.  All  which  is  in  contrast  to 
Celtis.  In  Fabricius'  description  of  Li/caon  the  apex  of  the  hind  wings  is  called 
rufous  (apice  rufis),  and  the  outer  spots  on  the  forewing  are  placed  on  the 
••  apex."  By  modern  authors  the  apex  of  the  wing  is  the  u])per  outer  angle, 
Mild  not  being  aware  of  the  Fabrician  designation  when  I  wrote  my  notes  upon 
Celtis,  I  was  much  puzzled  at  the  statement  that  the  apex  of  the  hind  wing  was 
rufous.  I  have  since  learned  from  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  that  Fabricius  divided  the 
wing  into  three  sections,  basal,  disciil,  and  apical,  the  latter  division  comprising 
about  one  third  of  the  surface,  namely,  the  whole  extra-discal  and  marginal  area. 
And  so  explained  the  description  agrees  with  Jones'  figure,  the  area  spoken  of 
being  rufous  or  fulvous. 

In  the  text  of  Celtis,  I  stated  that  the  species  liad  been  taken  in  the  Valley  of 
the  Connecticut  River,  erroneously  quoting  from  a  letter  of  Professor  Parker. 
On  the  contrary  it  is  not  known  that  Celtis  has  been  taken  within  the  limits  of 
New  Enghmd.  Nevertheless  it  probably  dwells  there,  or  at  least  comes  as  an 
occasional  visitor. 

By  some  late  authors  these  American  species  of  Apatura  have  been  separated 
from  the  European,  and  placed  in  the  genus  Doxocopa,  which  is  attriliuted  to 
lliibner.  In  the  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.,  Hiibner  has  a  coitus  Doxocopa,  thus  de- 
iined,  "  The  wings  changeable  blue  on  a  dusky  ground,  marked  with  single 
ocellar  spots,"  and  under  it  the  European  species  Iris  and  Ilia  stand,  .as  i.s 
jiroper,  being  bhie.  But  to  place  brown  or  red  butterflies  in  Doxocopa,  which 
expressly  calls  for  blue,  is  to  do  violence  to  Hiibnor's  arrangement,  and  is  not  to 
be  thought  of.  For  myself  I  do  not  regard  the  coitus  as  genera  and  admit  no 
generic  names  whatever  based  upon  them. 


^.■^^?")rife,wis , 


'ii' 


.•  s^'%'^^ 

-'^■.m 


"<*ns' 


**)i2!iV'.'-- 


WHE'.F.LKRI     125.  3  4  9 


Vi;il-!|     l)i«      ), 


SATYRUS   1. 


SATYRUS    WHKELERI,    1—4. 


Sati/ruK  Wheeleri,  Edwards,  Trano.  Am.  Ktif.  .Sue,  IV.,  p.  :)t;l. 
v.,  p.  773,  pi.  39. 


Mi'iid,  Zodl.  Report  Wlipcler  Expedition, 


M.\LE.  —  Expands  2.1  to  2.3  iticlioH. 

ll])pi>r  sidt!  light  brown,  cIoikUmI  with  diirit  l)rown,  e.specially  on  thu  di.sks  of 
each  wing ;  the  hind  inr.iginM  edged  by  two  paniilei  iineM,  preceded  by  a  com- 
mon dark  stripe,  which  on  secondaries  is  somewhat  macidar  ;  primaries  have  a 
liglit  colored  extra-discal  area,  on  which  are  two  large  black  ocelli,  the  upper  one 
Hub-pyriCorin,  and  as  if  two  spots  of  unequal  size  had  been  compressed  into  one, 
and  incloses  two  white  pu])ils  ;  the  lower  ocellua  Is  larger,  rounded,  witii  white 
pupils ;  both  ocelli  inclosed  in  narrow  yellow  rings.  Secondaries  have  one 
ocellus,  of  medium  size,  in  the  lower  median  interspace. 

Under  side  light  yellow-bi-own,  covered  with  rather  coarse,  abbreviated,  brown 
sti'eaks,  which  are  most  dense  from  base  to  middle  of  disk  on  primaries,  but 
l)rotty  equally  distributed  over  tlie  whole  of  secondaries;  both  wings  crossed  by 
iui  irregular  brown  stj-ipe,  whi(;h  stops  at  the  sub-median  nervuro  of  secondaries 
iuid  connects  on  that  nerviire  with  a  similar  stripe,  nearly  straight,  which  crosses 
the  wing  abont  half  way  between  the  first  stripe  and  base  ;  in  some  examples 
tliis  basal  stripe  is  continued  faintly  across  primaries;  the  marginal  lines  iind  sub- 
marginal  stripe  repeated  ;  the  ocelli  of  primaries  also  repeated,  but  with  much 
broader  rings  ;  .secondaries  have  six  ocelli,  each  with  white  pupil  and  in  yellow 
ring ;  three  of  these  are  in  the  sub-costal  and  discoidal  interspaces,  the  two  outer 
ones  small  and  rounded,  the  middle  one  long  oval,  or  double-convex,  and  three 
on  the  post(!rior  interspaces,  all  of  them  roimdod,  and  the  middle  one  largest. 

Body  yellow-brown  ;  legs  same  ;  palpi  darker  bro^>'  ■  •  antennae  brown  with 
fine  whitish  annulations;  club  ferruginous. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2.1  to  2.7  inches. 

Upper  side  sometimes  similar  in  color  to  the  male,  often  lighter  ;  the  ilark 
ba.sal  area,  in  the  light  examples,  more  sharply  defined  on  middle  of  the  disk  ; 


SATYRUS  I. 


the  ocelli  siiiiiliir  to  main;  there  are  also  UHuall)'  two  black  points,  one  on  eitlii.M 
Hulv  of  till'  occlltiH  on  sccoiidtiriiiH,  iiiul  in  homio  exiinipluH  tli«'  anterior  one  is  cn- 
liirgcd  to  an  '.(■cllii-  with  wliitt;  jjnpil.  TIk'  markings  of  the  under  side  as  in  tlic 
inal)'. 

Several  e  ^amplest  of  both  wexeH  of  thin  fine  species  were  taken,  in  1871,  by  the 
naturalists  'onnecti-d  with  the  Wheeler  Expedition  in  Southern  California;  iimi 
later  by  iMr.  H.  W.  lliiisiiaw,  m,  Apache,  Arizona.  The  figures  given  in  tliD 
Zool.  Kep.  Wheeler  Expedition  were  copied  by  permission  from  my  Piute. 


itln'r 
»  I'li- 


^  the 

ami 

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■  -"^  /A  i^'vS^'^  D?  17)1'  .'^, 


Ti'ir 


tuwi,  Iv  W.«rv  P>i 


■ir  MAl-.lTIMA  "    '     Vu-    'I'M'/ ANA   '/ .'' 

„  /.yy  lli.t./iulc-'l 

I,      ,■         l.,iivfi    ■  vn^iri  I 

,.      /,  ,'  "  ii(:'i'l'     '■>  iii'iliirr 

I      k  I  hrvs.ihJs-       '   < 


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1      I  !•,  )'    -^''il      \  t 


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vi  viitiji  wl5i>A^  ^lofs  «wl^!.I  bv-  i- 


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',  V 


SATYRUvS  II.,  III. 


SATYRUS   ALOI'E. 


S,ili/nig  Ahtjte  (M'li-jw),  Knln-iciiis. 

A1,()1'K,  Fill..,  Kilt.  Sysl..  III.,  p.  ■2>'.'.  17:i:i.      II,,nis  Ins.  Mass.,  .'M  ,m1.,  ],.  .1(1.^,  18i;2. 

Var.  Tk.\ A.NA,  IMw.,  Ciiii.  Knt.,  XII.,  p.  21,  I8.S((. 

Var.  M.MiniM.v,  Kilw.,  I.  c,  p.  ■>;],  i.s.so. 
Nl'M'IIKI.K  (Xej,li'e-k),  Kiihy,  Kaiiiia  lior.  .Viiici-.,  p.  -Jll!!,  is:t7.     lliinis,  1.  c,  p.  .'iO,  1,S(I2. 

Var.  Oi.YMi'Us,  Kilw.,  1.  c,  p.  ;il,  IHSii. 

Var.  liool'is,  liuhr,  \'vm:  fill.  ,\(M(1.     N.  .Si.,  III.,  p.  ifil,  iMill. 

Form  ALOPE. 

Mai.k.  —  J^xpamls  2.25  inches. 

Upper  side  hiackisli-browii,  darkost.  over  hasal  areas  ;  hind  margins  bordered 
by  two  line  parallel  lines,  a  little  within  which  is  a  black  stripe;  primaries  have 
a  transverse  yellow  band  beyond  the  disk,  sometimes  a  little  ochraceous,  and 
olten  more  or  less  encroached  on  b\'  the  l)rown  ground  ;  on  this  are  two  ocelli, 
round,  black,  of  variable  size,  and  i  or  witliout  central  point,  which  is  white 
with  blue  scales;  behind  cell  a  blacki.-I    i.idi-tinct  svwvdl  dash. 

Secondaries  liave  a  small  ocellus  on  second  median  interspace,  in  vcllowring 
(often  wanting),  and  with  or  without  white  pomis  ;  fringes  eoncolored. 

Under  side  yellow-brown;  the  band  enlarged  uiid  of  i)aler  .olor;  the  ocelli 
repeated,  enlarged  ;  the  marginal  lines  distinct ;  the  brown  area  covered  with 
abbreviated  darker  streaks,  whicii  ove)'  base  and  disks  form  somewhat  concentric 
Itroken  rings,  limited  without  l)y  ii  conunon  dark  striju'  .  on  primaries  this 
stripe  borders  on  the  yellow  band;  on  secondaries  it  is  irn  .4ularlv  sinuous  from 
margin  to  nnirgin,  throwing  out  a  rounded  prominence  against  cell,  followed  by 
a  rounded  sinus  on  median  interspace;  across  middle  of  cell  an!  below  it  a 
dark  stripe;  the  extra-diseal  area  less  streaked  ;  the  ocelli  vary  t'om  nil  to  six, 
the  tidl  nundjer  being  most  often  present,  disposed  in  two  -  .ips  of  three,  the 
middle  one  of  each  group  largest ;  all  black,  rounded,  in  narrow  yellow  rings, 
and  with  white  dots  edg(Hl  by  blue  scales. 


SATYKl  S    II.,  III. 

Body  concolori'd  ;  legs  and  ])iili)i  dark  brown  ;  aiitomiiu  l)ro\vn,  finely  nnnii- 
latt'd  witli  wliitc;  did)  I'ciTML^inous.     (II.,  Fiji's.  1,  2.) 

Fkm.\m;. —  K.\pan<ls  'I.'l't  to  2.")  inciics. 

U|)]H>r  side  color  of  inali- ;  (ho  l):ind  l)roaili'r,  clearer,  and  in  most  cases  well 
delined  on  l)otli  ediies  ;  soinetinies,  however,  hazy  on  one  or  l)oth  ;  the  ocelli 
large,  vari:d)le  in  .size,  sometii.ies  e(|nal,  sometimes  the  upper  one  larger,  hut  niost 
often  the  reverse;  the  white  point  surrounded  hy  blue  scales;  the  ocellus  (in 
secondaries  sometimes  large  in  yellow  or  o(diracoons  ring,  with  white  dot,  some- 
times l)lin<1,  and  often  wanting  altogether;  occasionally  there  are  one  or  two 
.'idditioii.d  black  points,  corresjionding  with  the  ocelli  of  lower  side,  though  some- 
times tlK'V  are  present  when  the  octdli  are  wanting. 

Under  side  as  in  tiie  male,  yidlow-brown,  somctinu's  with  a  gray  tint ;  usually 
the  apex  of  primaries  is  grayish;  tiic'  ocelli  have  clusters  of  blue  scales;  on 
.secondaries  they  vary  in  nundier  as  in  the  nude,  from  nil  to  six,  but  a  larger 
per  cent,  than  in  tlu'  nmle  have  none.     (II.,  Figs.  3,  4.) 

V.\i!.  Tkxaxa. 

Of  large  size,  the  males  expnndir.c,  2.25,  the  females  nearly'  15  inches;  brown 
color,  the  baml  yellow  to  ochraceous  ;  all  examples  ob.served  have  a  complete 
ocellus  on  up])er  side  of  secondaries.  Under  side  nu)re  yellow  than  in  the  t^pe, 
with  a  gray  tint  ;  si.\  cons|ii(ui()Us  ocelli,  in  yellow  rings,  the  middle  one  of  upper 
group  almost  always  long  oval.     (Fig.  7.) 

Vau.  MARITISr.V. 

Of  small  .size,  dark  color,  the  band  reddish-yellow.  Cojnnu)n  on  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  NantiwUet.     (Fig.  H.) 


Foit.M  NEl'lIELK 

Mai.k.  —  Expands  1.75  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  blackish-brown,  the  inarginal  lines  and  stripe  as  in  Alope,  but  often 
obsolete  ;  primaries  have  two  snudl  I'lack  oi;elii.  placed  as  in  .i/ajic,  without  ring. 
but  in  some  examples  a  faiui  yellowish  shade  represents  the  ring;  sometimes  ii 
white  dot  in  each  ocellus,  but  usually  the  lower  one  is  l)lind  ;  secondaries  eitluT 
with  or  without  ocellus,  but  if  present,  it  is  blind  and  without  ring. 

Under  side  dark  yellow-brow'n,  iinely  streaked,  as  in  Ahipe,  l)ut  with  less  dis- 
tinctness, and  in  many  examples  the  discal  strijie  is  nearly  or  (juite  obsolete,  cs- 
jiecially  on  secoiularies  ;  the  occdii  of  primaries  enlarged,  the  rings  distinct  !)Mt 
not  clear  yellow,  being  dusky,  or  more  or  less  ol)seured  ;  secondaries  have  small 
ocelli  in  line  ru.s.set  rings,  with  central  white  dot  and  a  few  bluish  scales;  the 


SATYIUJS    II.,   III. 

iiiiiiiher  viirii's  Iroin  nil  to  si.K,  but  much  the  larj^cr  proportion  of  oxainplu.s  hiive 
six,  and  very  few  iiave  muler  tiiree.     (III.,  Fij^s.  1.  2.) 

Fem.\i,k.  —  Kxpand.s  from  2  to  2.5  inches. 

Upper  side  liglitcr,  more  brown  than  the  male,  and  the  area  ■wliicii  in  A/ope 
is  occupied  by  the  band,  is  of  a  .fli;i;htly  paler  .siiade  than  the  rest  of  the  wing  ; 
the  ocelli  large,  with  white  centres  and  blue  scales,  and  either  without  rings  or 
imperfectly  ringed  with  dusky  yellow,  the  hind  wing  either  with  or  without  an 
ocellus.  Under  side  ])aler,  the  area  of  the  band  a  little  ligiiter  than  elsewhere  ; 
the  rings  sometimes  (piite  bright,  but  ol'tener  dull  or  ()l)scure  yellow  ;  the  ocelli 
of  secondaries  rarely  six  in  number,  most  often  under  three,  and  many  examples 
have  none  at  all.     (III.,  Figs.  :J,  4.) 

V.\!(.  Olymi'Us. 

In  size  ecpials  the  ty]iical  form.  The  males  are  almost  Idack  ;  tlie  ocelli  very 
small  and  without  I'ings.  but  in  some  examples  there  is  a  faint  russet  or  yellowish 
tint  al-jut  them,  anil  perhajjs  on  the  space  between.  On  the  underside  the  rings 
are  russet  or  ochraceous  on  both  wings.  This  form  inhabits  In<liana  and  west- 
ward to  the  Rocky  Mountains.     (III.,  Figs,  "j,  0.) 


Efir..  —  Conoidal,  rounded  at  ))ase  and  .somewhat  tlattened,  truncated,  the 
sides  slightly  con\t'x  ;  marked  l)y  about  eighteen  jirominent  vertical  ridges  which 
spring  from  the  lower  ])art  of  side;  the  spaces  between  crossed  by  numerous  (ine 
low  ridsres ;  summit  rounded,  and  covereil  with  shallow  cells,  in  three  to  tour 
rows,  not  concentric,  but  irregularly  spiral  around  a  central  star  made  u])  of  six 
rhomboids;  color  lennm-yellow.  (Figs.  «,  a'-.)  Diu-ation  of  this  stage  fourteen 
to  twenty-eight  day.s,  according  to  the  temperature. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length.!  inch;  the  anterior  .segments  thickest ;  the  ])oste- 
rior  extremity  nearly  s(piare  or  sub-arcuate,  with  a  projecting  ])oint  at  either 
side;  on  each  side  of  the  body  are  three  rows  of  long  white  bristles,  one  sul)- 
dor.sal,  one  on  middle,  and  one  over  the  feet.  Ix'sides  a  demi-row  on  2,  ."!.  and  4, 
lietwee)-!  the  two  u])per  rows  ;  these  spring  from  ])rominent  ])apilla>.  and  the 
ell'ect  is  to  make  the  body  seem  many-sided  ;  the  dorsal  rows  have  one  bri.stle  on 
each  of  segments  2,  ri,  and  4,  and  these  are  bent  forward,  but  two  on  each  of 
the  others,  all  bent  back ;  the  demi-row  and  the  side  row  have  one  to  each  seg- 
ment, all  bent  forward  ;  the  lower  row  has  two  to  each,  and  all  are  tinned  back; 
color  carnation,  with  a  medio-dor.sil  crimson  line,  and  three  similar  lines  on  each 
side  ;  legs  and  pro-legs  ])inkish  ;  head  large,  one  half  broader  than  2,  broader 
than  high,  sub-globo.se,  nai'rowing  upwards,  the  top  a  little  depres.scd  ;  colnr  light 


SATYRUS    II.,    III. 

yollow-hi'own.  s[)fekoil  witli  brown,  .and  sparsi-ly  pilose  ;  in  some  examples  thcin; 
are  cloudy  brown  patches  over  upper  part  of  face  ;  ot  the  five  ocelli  in  are.  tlit' 
middle  one  is  large,  emerald-green,  in  a  black  ring,  the  next  one  above  is  brown, 
the  upper  one  and  the  sixth,  back  of  the  arc.  are  black,  and  the  other  two  arc 
yellow-brown.     (Figs.  i.  b'^  c,  (?.) 

The  larvie  become  lethargic  very  ,soon  after  leaving  the  egg,  and  so  hiber- 
nate. As  soon  as  they  feed  in  the  spring,  the  color  begins  to  change  from 
pink  to  pale  green,  the  crimson  lines  to  red ;  in  a  few  days  the  green  bi'- 
coines  deep  colored,  or  perhaps  Idne-green,  and  the  stripes  a  darker  green. 
(Figs,  d,  tP.) 

After  first  moult:  length  .If'i  inch;  cylindrical,  the  anterior  .segments  thickest, 
the  l)ack  arched  and  sloping  from  (i  or  7  to  13  ;  ending  in  two  conical  tails,  eacli 
much  tuberculated,  with  stitl^^  i)ristles,  and  one  long  bristle  at  the  apex;  each 
segment  several  times  crea.sed,  and  on  the  ridges  thus  caused  are  white  tuber- 
cular ])oints,  each  giving  a  short,  blunt,  ()rclui)bed  and  curved  white  hair;  color 
pale  green,  with  seven  longitudinal  dark  green  stripes,  one  medio-dorsal.  and 
three  on  each  side  ;  of  the.se  three,  two  are  close  together  in  middle,  the  other 
is  just  over  the  l)asal  ridge,  which  is  pale  yellow ;  tails  reddish  ;  legs  and  pro- 
legs  pale  green  ;  head  nearly  as  before,  light  green,  with  white  conical  tubercles 
in  vertical  rows,  each  tu))ercle  with  short  white  hair.  (Fig.  e.)  To  next  moult 
fourteen  to  twenty-i' ice  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .32  inch;  shape  as  before ;  whole  upper  surface 
one  shade  of  yellow-green,  except  a  dark  medio-dorsal  stripe  ;  the  basal  ridge 
yellow  ;  in  some  examples  there  is  seen  an  indistinct  green  line  on  middle  of 
side  ;  head  as  before.     (Fig./.)     To  next  moult  fourteen  to  twenty-four  days. 

After  third  moult:  length  .44  to  .54  inch;  color  yellow-greeu  ;  body  much 
covere(l  witli  white  hairs,  which  are  depres.sed,  making  (piite  a  downy  coat  (iiuli- 
viduals  dilTered  much  in  this  respect,  as  the  hairs  were  longer  or  shorter,  some 
being  almost  shaggy);  the  lateral  line  more  di.stinct,  green;  head  .somewhat 
higher  anil  narrower  than  before;  color  pale  yellow-green.  (Fig.  g.)  As  tliis 
stage  progressed,  some  of  the  larvtc  underwent  a  change  in  color ;  the  green  side 
line  became  faint  yellow,  and  the  niedio-dor.sal  band  was  on  either  edge  pale 
yellow.  whil(!  the  whole  dorsal  area  was  of  a  decided  yellow  tint  as  compared 
with  the  side  ;  but  n)ost  retained  the  green  line,  and  both  side  and  dorsum  were 
one  shade  of  color.     To  next  moult  fourteen  to  eighteen  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  i  .7,  9  .9  inch.  This  stage  continued  from  twenty- 
four  to  twenty-eight  days  to  chrysalis. 

jMatuue  L.vuva. —  Length  i  1.2o  inch,  greatest  brciidtli  .10;  9  1.6  iucli, 
breadth  .2;  cylindrical,  obese,  thickest  in  middle  segments,  the  dorsum  arched  and 


SATYUrS    II.,   III. 


sloping  towiirdH  either  extremity;  ending  in  two  .sliiirp,  conical,  divergent  tails; 
eiieh  segment  erea.sed  five  or  six  times,  tiie  intervening  ridges  covered  with  fine 
white  papilhe,  each  of  which  sends  fortii  a  white  iiair,  longer  or  shorter,  if  long, 
appressed  \o  the  snrface  ;  color  yi'llow-green,  l)nt  there  was  nuicii  variation,  some 
examjiles  being  nniform  on  hack  and  sides,  in  others  the  dorsum  was  more  yel- 
low ;  .HO  the  yellow-green  was  either  light  or  dull ;  on  middle  of  dorsum  a  dark 
green  stripe,  obsolescent  in  the  middle  scg-.Mcnts ;  .dong  basal  ridge  a  yellow 
stripe  ;  on  the  side  in  some  examples,  a  faint  yellow  line,  in  others  there  was  no 
line,  bnt  a  mere  discoloration ;  under  side,  legs  and  pro-legs  deep  green ;  spira- 
cles oval,  color  red-hufl' ;  head  sub-globose,  narrowing  upwards,  a  little  higher 
than  broad,  the  top  slightly  depressed  ;  covered  with  conical  white  papilho  in 
vertical  rows,  each  with  a  white  hair;  color  vivid-green;  the  third  ocellus  much 
the  largest,  emerald-green,  the  others  reddish.  (Fig.  h.  Ir.)  The  larva  suspends 
to  a  button  of  white  silk,  and  the  dorsum  is  then  convex,  the  anterior  .segments 
being  turned  at  a  right  angle,  bending  at  5.     (Fig.  /.) 

C'liitYs.vi.is.  —  Length,  tf  .")(')  to  .0  inch,  l)readth  .2  to  .22  incli;  9  length  .(S, 
breadth  .22  to  .24  inch ;  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  conical  ;  tlie  wing  cases 
slightly  raised  at  the  margins;  head  ca.xe  short,  roundly  excavated  at  the  sides, 
the  top  narrow,  sometimes  nearly  square  or  a  little  arched,  .sometimes  de- 
pressed ;  mesonotnm  slightly  prominent,  ronndly  carinated,  the  sides  nearly  Hat, 
or  a  little  convex  ;  whole  snrface  of  the  male  one  shade,  either  of  yellow-green 
or  deep  green,  covered  with  smooth  specks  and  patches  of  a  lighter  color,  but 
which  scarcely  affect  the  general  green  hue  ;  along  tlie  inner  margins  of  wing 
cases  a  cream-colored  line  ;  another  on  keel  of  mesonotum,  and  one  across  top  of 
head  ca.se.  (Fig.^'.)  In  the  female  there  are  three  longitudinal  yellowish  cloudy 
'oands,  one  on  middle  of  abdomen  to  mesonotnm,  the  others  sub-dor.sal,  extending 
from  end  to  end ;  the  wing  cases  cloudeil  with  darker  green  in  long  rays. 
(Figs.  k\  Jci)     Duration  of  this  stage  abou*.  fourteen  days. 

The  larvie  of  Olympus,  in  their  later  stages,  wore  distinguishable  from  those 
of  Alope  or  typical  Nephele.     Thus, 

After  third  monlt :  there  was  present  a  distinct  yellow  side  stripe,  narrower 
than  the  basal,  but  as  deep  colored  as  that ;  also,  the  medio-dor.sal  green  stripe 
iiad  a  narrow  edge  on  either  side  of  yellow. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  i  LoG  inch  ;  greatest  breadth,  .14  inch;  slender, 
yellow-green,  the  dorsum  brighter  than  the  sides ;  the  npper  stripe  either  deep 
yellow  or  pale  yellow,  distinct  always  ;  the  dorsal  band  edged  with  deep  or  pide 
yellow.     (III.,  Fig.  a.) 

Chrysalis.  —  Coior  blnish-green,  finely  mottled,  streaked  and  sjiecked  with 
whitish;  the  lines  along  the  wing  ca;^es,  me.sonotum.  and  head  white.     (IIL.  Fig, 


SATYllUS    II.,    III. 


Alope.  tlios  from  Nortli  Carolina  to  Now  York,  and  iiiider  the  form  Tcxdna^'m 
parts  of  Texas,  possibly  elsewhere  in  the  southwest ;  Nephele,  throMj^lioiit  (.'an- 
ada,  and  slij,ditly  modified  {0/>/)njtiiK)  from  Indiana  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  ami 
ajiain  niodilied  (lioiJ/tlfi)  to  the  Pacific.  In  New  York  and  New  England,  hotli 
A/()/)i'  and  Kcjtlu'lc.  Ily.  tojictlier  with  all  manner  of  intergrades.  tSouth  of  New 
York,  Xcphcle  does  not  appeal-  to  have  heen  taken,  unles.s  occasionally  in  the  ml- 
jacent  parts  of  New  .lersey  or  Pennsylvania  ;  certainly,  in  Virginia  it  is  utterly 
iinknown.  In  ("aniida,  Niphcle  appears  to  lie  iIk;  sole  form,  except  that  inter- 
grades are  sometimes  found  along  the  southern  border.  Mr.  ('auKield.  of  Mon- 
treal, writes:  '•  1  have  never  taken  a  specimen  of  Ncphcic  showing  any  tendency 
toward  Alope.  nor  have  I  seen  any  Canadian  exam])les  showing  it."  In  north- 
east Ohio,  Alope  is  rare,  but  Nej)}icle  is  al»undant  at  some  seasons.  At  Toledo, 
northwest  Oido.  Alope  is  re|)orted  unknown,  but  NepJicle  is  ])resent,  though  it  is 
rare.  In  the  middle  and  southwest  parts  of  (he  .same  State,  both  forms  are  either 
unknown  or  are  very  rarely  met  with.  In  Michigan,  1  cannot  learn  that  A/ojie 
Hies,  but  Xepltele  is  couunon,  anil  apparent  intergrades  are  sometimes  seen. 

Alope  was  described  by  Fabriciiis  as  I'uscous,  with  a  yellow  (ilava)  band,  with 
two  ocelli  on  fore  wing  ;  on  hind  wing,  one  ocellus  above,  six  i»eneath.  The  band 
is  broad  in  the  female,  usually  narrower  in  the  male,  pale  yellow  in  both  sexes. 
The  ocelli  on  lore  wings  are  round,  or  .-iometimes  oval,  are  either  large  or  small, 
often  equal,  but  sometimes  the  upper  one  is  larger,  at  other  times  the  lower  one. 
Now  and  then  a  third  pupilled  ocellus  appears  (II.,  Fig.  5),  and  individuals  have 
been  taken  with  but  one  ocellus,  and  this  is  alwiiys  the  ujiper  one.  Some  exam- 
ples have  a  black  ])oint  in  the  baud,  uhich  may  be  considered  as  a  rudimentary 
ocellus.  (III.,  Figs.  10,  11.)  On  the  u])j)er  side  of  hind  wing  is  often  a  complete 
ocellus,  hut  in  many  cases  there  is  a  black  point  only,  or  even  this  is  wanting. 
Sometimes  there  are  from  one  to  three  black  jjoints  (II.,  Figs.  1,  2),  and  very 
rarely,  a  second  complete  ocellus  (Fig.  5).  The  males  most  often  have  six  siuidl 
ocelli  on  under  side  of  hind  wings,  disposed  in  two  groups  of  three,  the  middle 
one  of  each  group  the  largest ;  the  females  vary  more  in  the  number  of  these 
ocelli,  and  most  often  have  a  smaller  niunber  than  six.  Of  24  i  examined,  02 
per  cent,  have  f5,  75  ])er  cent,  have  over  8,  8  per  cent,  have  0.  Of  25  9,  48  per 
cent,  have  6,  52  per  cent,  have  over  iJ,  16  per  cent,  have  0. 

To  the  northward.  Alope  is  blackish-brown,  but  at  the  extreme  .south  or  south- 
west, brown  prevails,  and  the  under  side  has  a  tint  of  yellow  more  or  less  decided 
over  whole  under  surface,  often  mixiMl  with  gray.  The  band  is  yellow,  some- 
times slightly  ochraceous.  This  dilfers  .«o  much  from  the  northern  type  that  I 
have  called  it  var.  Te.num.  (II.,  Fig.  7.)  All  examples  of  both  .sexes  which  I  have 
seen  have  a  complete  ocellus  on  hind  wing,  and  .six  ocelli  beneath,  of  large  size 
and  in  distinct  oclirev  rin'jrs. 


SATYRUS    II.,    III. 

At  Martlin's  Viiioyan],  distant  al)Oiit  si'vcn  inilcs  troin  tlio  inain-laiid.  ami  (in 
Nantnckot,  wliicli  is  somo  lil'tccn  niik's  fnrtlii'r  at  sea.  a  small  t'oiin  is  ionnd 
which  1  liavo  calU'd  var.  Marilhini.  (II..  Fi<^^  0.)  It  is  very  hlai'k.  and  lias  a 
ri'ddish-ytdlow  hand,  not  a  yidlow  one,  as  in  Alo/ic.  Whcthci'  it  is  I'cstricti'd  to 
the  island.s,  or  appt-ars  on  the  adjacent  coast,  I  have  not  hccn  able  to  ascertain. 

iV^f/>/i<7(;  was  dcsciihed  hy  Kirhy  as  follows:  '•  Win,us  hrown  ;  primaries,  lioth 
above  and  helow,  with  a  paler  siih-marginal  liroad  hand,  including  two  eyelets, 
the  njiper  ones  surroundeil  hy  a  paler  atmosphere,  with  a  hlack  iris  and  white 
pupil;  on  the  underside  the*  atmosphere  is  most  distinct  and  forms  a  kind  of 
<rlorv  round  the  evelets."  etc.     Anparentlv  this  is  a  (k'scri|)tion  of  a  feujale.     The 

^  t,  ■  lit  I 

wiii'i's  of  the  male  are  Idackish-brown,  the  ocelli  iire  small,  usually  without  rings, 
and  often  without  pupils.     (HI..  Figs.  1,  2  (?,  ;»,  4  9.  Canadian  examples). 

There  is  a  certain  belt  of  latitude  which  includes  most  of  the  State  of  New 
York  and  southern  New  England,  in  which  l)oth  Aloiic  and  Nvphcle  are  1'ound, 
together  with  every  possible  intergrade.  Towards  the  southern  l)order  of  this 
belt,  or  in  the  lowlands,  as  along  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  Kiver.  yl/o/«;  pure  ty)ii> 
prevails;  in  the  Cat.skill  Mountains,  and  to  the  northern  bonier,  pvn-e  Nephcle 
is  found,  but  with  Ncphvlc.'m  all  its  localities  within  the  belt,  are  intergrades. 
In  the  Catskills,  I  have  taken  Alope  as  conspicuously  banded  as  any  in  Virginia, 
but  such  examples  are  rare,  forming,  perhap.s,  two  or  thrci-  per  cent,  of  the  flight. 
These  intergrades  are  distinguishable  by  the  atmosphere  about  the  ocelli.  What 
Kirbv  calls  the  "  pale  "  atmosphere  appears  in  the  males  also,  and  in  both  sexes 
gradually  widens  and  becomes  less  ol)scure  till  it  culminates  in  a  clear  yellow 
band,  that  is,  in  ./l/o^jc.     (HI.,  Figs.  7-13.) 

Of  7  i  Ncphc/e  pure  type,  from  Canada,  all  have  d  ocelli  lieneath  iiind  wing; 
of  10  9.  20  per  cent,  have  6.  00  per  cent,  have  over  :!,  10  per  cent,  luive  0  ;  so 
that  there  is  an  excess  of  ocelli  in  both  sexes,  but  especially  in  the  male,  as  com- 
pared with  Alopc. 

The  form  which  abounds  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin.  Nebraska,  and  west  to  the 
mountains  diiVers  a  little  from  the  greater  niunlier  of  Ncjilidc.  as  .seen  in  Can- 
ada, though  individuals  are  foinid  tliere  which  are  not  distinguishable  from  it. 
But  a  series  of  examples  from  Canada  and  one  from  Illinois  will  show  a  percep- 
tible difference.  The  males  of  this  western  form  are  almost  l)lack,  the  ocelli  are 
very  small  and  without  rings ;  but  in  some  cases  there  is  a  faint  russet  or  yellow 
glow  about  the  ocelli,  and  perhaps  this  will  sulfuse  the  space  between  them.  On 
the  under  side  the  rings  are  russet  or  ochraceous  on  lioth  wings.  The  temales 
are  nearlv  alwavs  dark,  without  the  -paler  atmosphere"  mentioned  l)y  Kirby. 
This  is  what  I  have  cal'ed  var.  Ohjmpm.  (HI.,  Figs.  5,  (i.)  Hut  occasionally  an 
example  appears  with  a  pale  yellow  atmosphere  about  the  ocelli,  as  in  some  m- 


SATVHIS    II..    111. 


tiTf^nnlt's  () 


f  New   \' 


Of    IC)  I?  i'xiimiiu!(K  14    iiiivc  (') 


li.  1    1 


IMS    .). 


h:iH 
iiiil 


'2.     Of    I'.)  9.  1(1  per  ci'iil.  luivo  0,  ;")()  per  cent,  liave  oviT  o  ;  llic  iiialcs  a^ici 
\\illi  X< jiliile  i)f  Ciiiiiida. 

Bi>iij)is  was  (K'scrilicil  us  distitiguisluMl  i'lom  Xvj>ln'lc  liv  tlic  ahsciicc  of  ocelli 
on  iiniU-r  side  of  liin<l  winjfs.  Tlio  malt"  is  dark  l)ro\vn.  and  tin-  oci-Ui  on  under 
foro  vvinus  liavo  ni'arlv  always  vcllowisli   rin<js,  often  faint.     In  tlu;  fcniale,  the 


I'inus  are  enlaftr<'d.  and  som 


(■times  tlie  Held  is  \c]Iow-tint( 


I'll,  and  oeeasiona 


llv  III 


is  nearly  eli'ar  yidiow,  iiiakinii'  a  hroad,  lint  clouded,  hand.  'I'liis  aj^ain  resemliles 
sonii'  of  tlie  intorjjrudt's  lieforo  sjioken  of.  Of  5  c?,  4  liavt'  2  olisoleseent  ocelli 
buncatli  hind  winji;s,  1  lias  1.  Of  7  ?,  1  lias  .'{,  ">  liavo  2.  1  has  1  ;  so  that  there 
is  manifestly  a  decri'asc  in  the  nunilicr  of  ocelli,  as  was  pointed  out  iiy  Dr.  iJehr. 


Fiu.  C,  Plate  111. 


is  a 


;i()(id 


representation  of  Jioujils 


Some  uVcp/iele  females  are  undistinguishable  from   females  of  Jioo/)ii<,  hut  the 
dilVorence  hetween  tlii'  males  is  nu 


ire  marki'd,  the  fornu'r  showiny;  a  f 


III!  coinuie- 


nieiit  ol'  small  octdli  ill  most  cases,  and  hut  three  or  less  very  larely,  the  other 
never  exceedinjf  three,  so  far  as  1  have  observed.  lioHpls  Hies  from  Arizona  to 
IJrilJsii  Columbia. 


Th 


lese  Sal\ri(ls  live   in  ii;rassv 


field 


s,  or  111  oiieii  woods   in  w 


iiicli 


1   niucli  jjrass 


grows. 


Tl 


le  eu->is  are 


d  on  yrass  and  tiie  cateriiillars  make  that  their  food.     Ii 


man 


V  sections  of  the  country,  the  initterllies  swarm  in  their  .sea.son,  and  were 


are 


not  for  the  fact  that  grass  is  usually  cut  for  hay  at  the  time  the  witerpillan 
maturing',  wherebv   countless   numbers    must   be    destroyed,   they   would    swarm 


e\i'r\\vliere  in  their  localitic 


Ti 


lere  is  hut  one  annual  hrooi 


In  the  (Jat,- 


tlie  hulterllies  begin  to  appear  about  middle  of  July,  and  in  certain  jilaces  iiini- 
dreds  may  he  taken  during  a  summer's  day.  On  the  llowers  of  the  hardhack, 
Spirea  tomentosa.  which  lilooins  in  old  fields  in  July,  multitudes  gather.     80  011 


buckwheat  when  in  blossom.     The  llight  is  1 


ow.  \\\ 


th  t 


remuloiis  wing,  and  for  but 


a  short  distance.  About  the  end  of  July,  the  females  are  ready  to  deposit  their 
eggs,  which  hatch  during  luiddle  and  last  half  of  August.  The  caterpillars  go 
into  lethargy  at  once,  descending  to  the  base  of  the  plant,  and  must   revive  the 


next  .spring,  as 


.soon  as  the  fro.sts  are  over,  and  warm  rains  make  tlie  fields  green. 


Mr.  Scudder,  in  his  '•  Bntterfiies,"  speaks  of  the  multitudes  of  Alujie  {Mari- 
//y//'/)  to  he  seen  at  times  on  Nantucket, '•  a  continuous  stream."  I  s])ent  sfiiiic 
time  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  at  Oak  IJlutls,  in  July,  1<S77,  and  on  the  grassy  plains 


i>u 


ck  of  the  town   I  searched   daily  for  buforHies.      The  first  Alope-MnrU 


IIIHl 


seen  were  two  males  fresh  from  chrysalis,  2.')d  July.  On  2fitli,  the  first  female 
appeared,  ami  1  took  that  day  12  J,  1  9.  I  left  the  \'ineyard.  and  Mr.  T.  L 
Meail,  who  had  come  there  just  at  that  time,  undertook  to  get  iggs  for  inc.     On 


10th  August,  or  fifteen  ( 


after  the  first  female  had  boon  .seen,  lie  began  to 


# 


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A  L  O  P . 


t'orm  iiT- 


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.  ,  .  '■  J-  if''- '    -     •  'I'' 

t 
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^^ 


SATYRL'S  II.,   III. 


iiK^loso  foiuiiloH  in  haj^'s  over  grass,  and  heforo  IHtli,  had  got  125  eggs,  which  were 
sent  me.  I  in'.'iition  this,  because  it  fi.xes  the  time  at  whicii  tlie  females  lay 
their  eggs  after  they  have  left  their  chrysalids,  as  it  has  been  stated  that  ovipo- 
sition  does  not  take   place  till  five  or  si.x  weeks  after  that  cent,  which  is  erru- 

llOOUH. 

On  the  prairies  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  donI)tIess  I'arther  west  to  its 
iiiuit,  JVejfhek-OIi/injiiin  abonnds.  Dr.  J.  P.  Hoy,  of  Racine,  Wisconsin,  writes : 
'•  Nqihele  is  the  most  abnndant  biittertiy  on  the  prairies  fom- miles  west  of  Ka- 
cine,  the  most  connnon  species  in  inidsimnuer." 

Nothing,  however,  was  known  till  recently  of  the  ])reparatory  stages  o'i  Alope, 
or  jV(y>/(c/e,  except  what  was  stated  in  Harris,  3d  ed..  1S()2,  where  we  read  of 
Alope.  :  "The  caterpillar  is  pale  green  with  dark  green  stripe;  the  head  is 
round  and  the  tail  ends  in  a  sh(»rt  fork.  The  chrysalis  is  elongated,  ronndish  at 
the  sides,  witJi  the  head  notched."  In  1S7T,  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist, 
vol.  i.\.,  J).  141,  I  gave  the  full  history  of  NcpIttJe,  having  bred  one  butterfly 
from  a  lot  ofabont  fifty  eggs  laid  by  a  female  tidvcn  in  the  Catskills  the  previous 
year.  The  caterpillars  i'roin  the  .Martha's  N'iiicyMnl  eggs  of  1S77  all  died  during 
tlie  winter,  from  my  not  having  leai'ned  how  to  t;d\e  care  of  fhem.  liut  in  18TcS, 
1  determined  to  try  again,  and  applied  to  several  corresponilents  for  eggs  of 
Alope,  Neph'le,  and  the  Illinois  type,  and  sncceeiled  in  getting  many.  At  this 
time  Alojtc  and  Ktphilt  wi-re  regarded  by  onr  most  e.\perienced  lc|)id()pterists 
as  two  distinct  sj)ecies,  and  it  was  thought  that  the  intergrades  did  not  bridge 
over  the  chasm  which  separated  them.  I  was  anxious  to  determine  the  position 
of  these  intergrades,  and  had  begun  to  suspect,  from  what  1  had  seen  at  .Martha's 
Vineyard,  where  Xcplich  .seemed  to  run  into  Alope,  that  we  had  here  another 
case  of  dimorphism. 

Profe.ssor  Lintner  and  Dr.  James  A.  liailey  sent  eggs  of  Alope  from  Albany, 
New  York  ;  Hcv.  (ieorge  D.  Ilulst  sent  eggs  of  Alo])e  from  females  caught, 
at  iloboUeii.  New  Jersey;  eggs  of  Xeplieh-  \\{.\\x\  obtained  from  the  (Jatskills, 
and  Mr.  Charles  E.  Worthington  sent  many  of  .yejjhele-Oli/h'pim  from  Chicago. 
Besides  tiies".  I  was  al)le  to  seciu'e  AIo/k>  eggs  myself  at  Coalburgh,  West  Vir- 
ginia. In  every  case  the  eggs  were  laid  by  typical  fein.des,  not  intergrades,  con- 
fined over  growing  grass,  and  the  females  were  .sent  me,  that  1  might  note  the 
type.  These  live  localities  arc  separated  by  considera')le  distances:  Iloboken 
is  one  hinidred  and  fifty  miles  south  of  Albany  ;  the  Catskills,  at  the  point  from 
which  eftrs  were  sent,  are  thirtv-(ive  miles  southwest  of  All)anv.  but  have  two 
thousand  feet  trreater  elevation  ;  Coalburgh  is  eight  hundred  miles  southwest  of 
Albany  ,  and  Chicago  is  one  thou.sand  miles  west  «)f  Albany  and  eight  hundred 
northwest  of  Coidbmgh. 


SATYRUS    II.,   III. 

These  lots  of  oggs  were  kept  apart,  and  as  the  caterpillars  hatched  thoy  were 
placed  on  grass  in  separate  pots,  and  left  in  a  cool  room  for  the  winter.  Some 
of  the  Illinois  eggs,  however,  were  .sent  to  Mr.  C.  P.  Whitney,  of  Milfor',  New 
Hampshire,  to  be  placed  on  ice.  Apparently  they  hatched  in  transit,  and  in 
February,  I  received  the  caterpillars  in  good  condition  after  their  five  months" 
sleep.  Since  that  time,  I  have  subjected  several  species  of  caterpillars  to  pro- 
longed cold  when  in  their  lirst  stage,  and  the  result  has  constantly  been  that 
they  were  more  healthy  for  this  treatment,  and  there  has  been  very  little  loss 
by  disea.se  or  from  want  of  vitality  at  moulting  time  in  the  sub.seiiuent  .stages. 

On  2od  February,  one  of  the  Catskill  Ncphch  passed  its  (irst  moult,  and  be- 
fore 4th  March,  .several  of  that  lot  had  passed  that  moult.  One  Coalburgh  Alojie 
and  one  Iloboken  Alope  pa.'^sed  (ir.st  moult  7th  Marcii.  Two  from  Illinois  pa.ssed 
same  moult  8th  March.  To  du;  end  .some  of  the  Catskill  larva;  were  in  advance 
of  idl,  and  .some  of  the  lliiuois  lingered  beiiind  all.  The  stages  of  one  Coalburgh 
Alojye  and  one  Nvplivht-Oliitiipitu  were  as  follow.s  :  — 


Ist  moult.  Till  Maroli. 
2(1       "       -Jlst      •• 
;l(l       "       14lli  Ajn-il. 
4tli     "        2(1  :\Iuy. 
Clirysalis,  2(;tli      " 
Iiniii'o  out,  !)tli  .Fmic. 


OLV.Ml'US. 

1st  moult,  Htli   Mjircli. 
2.1       '•       2 1st        " 
;!(1      "      Dtli  April. 
4tli      "       2(ltli    " 
Clirysiilis,  17lli  May. 
Imago  (lilt,  ;i(llh  May. 


Here  (^)/i/)}ij»(S,  though  later  than  AIopo.  at  first  moidt  by  one  day,  passed  its 
stages  more  rapidly  uid  reached  imago  ten  days  sooner,  and  ])robably  this  was 
one  of  the  caterpilbi,  -  which  wintered  on  ice.  I  had  not  separated  these  at  tiit! 
time  from  the  rest  of  the  brood,  but  siib.soiiuent  e.\|)erimi'Uts  have  iuvarialily 
.shown  that  the  elfect  of  cold  applied  to  the  caterpillar  is  to  hasten  all  the 
stages. 

Tiie  caterpillars  of  these  several  broods  could  not  be  distinguished  from  each 
other  up  to  the  third  moult.  After  that,  they  were  in  general  alike,  but  the  Illi- 
nois e.vamples  showed  a  distinct  yellow  stripe  on  the  ni)per  part  of  the  sid(!,  jiiid 
on  either  edge  of  the  green  medio-dorsal  stripe  was  it  yellow  line.  The  Catskill 
jVcjihi'le  showed  faint  traces  of  the  yellow  stripe,  but  the  Ahipe,  at  this  stage, 
none  at  all. 

After  fourth  moult,  the  same  peculiarities  appeared,  there  being  a  distinct  yel- 
low stri[)e  on  the  Xc/i/H'li'-O/i/iiipiii^.  As  the  stage  ])rogressed,  some  of  the  Alo/n: 
as  well  as  some  Catskill  Nvplwli'.  developed  an  indistinct  stripe,  others  not.  From 
third  moult  to  maturity,  the  Alope  from  all  localities,  and  the  Catskill  JVcp/icIc, 


SATYRHS    II.,    III. 


varied  somewhat  in  the  shade  of  green,  being  more  or  less  yellow,  in  some,  yel- 
low prevailing  on  dorsum,  green  on  the  sides.  Tiiey  varied  also  in  the  clothing 
of  the  Hurfaee,  some  being  covered  with  short  down,  otliers  with  nitiier  long 
and  appressed  hairs.  There  Wiis  no  constant  character  l»y  wliich  iVV^v/if/r  could  be 
distinguished  from  ylZo/>e,  but  the  I^iphele-Oli/nipiix  dilfered  perceptibly  from  the 
others.  They  were  long  and  slender,  and  deep  yellow-green  with  distinct  side 
stripe. 

The  chrysalids  of  AJopv  and  Catskill  Nvphvlc  were  alike  in  color,  yellow-green. 
The  female  chrysalids  were  clouded  with  darker  green,  and  the  edges  of  head 
and  wing  (!ases  were  cream  color.  The  0/i/iiij)ks  chrysalids  were  Idue-green, 
lighter  or  darker,  and  the  edgings  were  white.  They  also  could  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished. 

One  chrysalis  of  Albnny  Alope  gave  a  male  butterfly  without  band,  l)ut  with 
a  narrow  yellow  niud)iis  al)oi't  t!i<'  ocelli,  —  an  intergrade.  One  chrysidisof  Cats- 
kill  Nvphi'h  gave  a  tvpi'.al  female  Alope,  with  broad  yellow  baud,  but  the  wings 
were  darker  than  in  southern  examples.  This  is  figured  in  Plate  II..  o,  4.  The 
Coalburgh  chrysalids  produced  typical  A/nj)e  l)uttertlies,  all  of  them.  Two  Olijm- 
;>)f.s  gave  males  of  their  own  t_ype.  In  1877,  a  female  butterlly  which  eiuerged 
from  the  Catskill  chrysalis  before  spoken,  of,  was  an  intergrade. 

Therefore,  south  of  the  belt  of  dimorphism,  Alope  produced  Alope,  but  inside 
the  belt,  Alope  produced  intergrade,  and  Nephelc  produced  Alope  nnd  also  an  in- 
tergrade. And  JVephele-Oli/iiijjiis,  again,  outside  the  belt,  produced  its  kind. 
That  Kej)/ule,  north  of  the  belt,  breeds  true  is  certain,  because  the  intergrades 
anil  Alope  are  not  found  there. 

I  believe  Alope  to  have  originated  in  the  southern  form  Pegala  Fab.,  which  is 
characterized  by  its  large  size,  its  broad  rufous  baud,  nnd  single  ocellus  on  fore 
wing,  and  by  six  ocelli  in  both  sexes  on  under  hind  wing  ;  iuid  I  regret  that  1 
am  not  able  to  properly  figvu'e  this  form  in  connection  with  Aloite.  I  cannot  do 
so,  because  I  know  nothing  of  the  preparatory  stages,  though  l»y  the  kindness  of 
the  late  Dr.  0.  C.  Sparrow  and  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Ashmead,  of  Jacksonville,  Florida, 
repeated  attempts  to  obtain  the  eggs  have  been  made,  but  all  without  success. 
So  far  the  females  have  refused  to  lay  when  conOiu'd  with  grass.  Perhaps  before 
this  Volume  closes  I  may  yet  succeed.  Peijala  is  restricted  to  the  vicinity  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  a  strip  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  at  least  as  far  to  the 
north  as  Charleston,  South  Carolina  ;  but  does  not  appear  at  Indian  River,  Florida, 
nor,  as  far  as  observed  by  Mr.  Mead  ami  others,  in  the  interior  of  that  State. 
It  seems  to  be  mainly  a  coast  species.  I  caimot  learn  that  Iviidla  and  Alope  fly 
in  the  same  localities  or  even  in  the  same  districts.  There  a])pears  to  be  a  belt 
in  the  cotton  States,  or  from  Georgia  to  Mississip])i  at  least,  in  which  Alope  is 


SATYUrs    II.,    III. 


unknown,  ami  liclow  tlic  noftluM'n  border  of  wliicli  it  ilocs  not  puss.  And 
Pcgctio  is  ('(inliMcd  to  tlic  district  south  of  this  htdt,  thoiij^h  prohaldy  it  ninv 
enter  it  iiere  iind  there.  Thi'  time  may  iiave  been  when  tlie  belt  was  ocenpied 
by  both  these  forms  and  inter^rades.  just  as  now  A/o/w  and  JVrp/u/c  occiipv 
tiie  northern  l)elt.  If  Alopc  ilonrished  in  its  lai'val  state  on  meadow  j^rasses, 
wiiieli  are  not  found  in  tlie  Cotton  States,  ratlier  tiian  coarse  saw  grass  or  sea- 
side grass,  then  its  tendency  wouhl  be  toward  the  country  which  produced  tlie 
former,  and  there  would  be  a  movement  toward  the  nortli  and  nortliwest. 
At  tlie  same  time  there  would  be  a  witiidrawing  of  the  parent  form  from  the 
borders  of  the  original  territory,  because  there  the  food  plant  was  not  in  perfec- 
tion, and  .so  a  belt  would  come  to  intervene  between  the  parent  and  the  variety. 
The  intergrades  which  had  arisen  would  follow  one  form  or  tlie  other,  and  tend 
to  revert  to  the  ])arent  or  to  become  merged  in  the  variety.  Favoralde  condi- 
tions might  reniler  one  or  moi'e  of  them  j)er:nanent.  as  wlili  A/i)jj('-Ti:riui(t, 
which  now  .veems  to  possess  a  territory  of  its  own  to  the  soutliwest.  Certainly 
the  parent  form  would  be  more  or  less  niodilied  l)y  the  ab.sorption  of  the  int.T- 
grades,  if  not  ])ermanently.  yet  .^^o  that  now  and  then  .sports  woidd  be  thrown 
out  in  the  direi.ion  of  A/ajw.  Hence  the  occasional  e.xamples  of  two-eyed 
P((jnl(t.  That,  on  the  other  hand,  the  intergrades  nearest  the  strong  variety 
would  tend  to  merge  in  it  also,  when  cross-breeding  had  ceased  by  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  parent  form,  we  may  infer  from  the  fact  that  when  AIojw  is  sup- 
pressed the  tendency  of  the  species  is  to  the  pure  typi!  Kcphele,  the  intergrades 
at  liist  totally  disappearing. 

Alnpe  enters  its  dimorphic  belt  from  the  .south  and  emerges  Nt'phcle  on  tbc 
nortiiern  side,  while  witliin  are  all  manner  of  intergrades.  If  in  this  belt  t!ie  cdii- 
ditions  were  to  become  unsuited  to  the  support  of  any  Satyriis,  ami  the  iu-nis 
which  now  occupy  it  were  to  become  extinct,  either  suddenly  or  gradually,  wt 
.should  have  to  the  south  Alope  and  to  the  north  Ncphvle,  two  good  species,  with 
nothing,  in  the  aiist'uce  of  intergrades.  to  show  how  one  of  the.xe  forms  coidd 
have  been  related  to  the  other.  The  conditions  would  be  similar  to  those  l)e- 
tween  P('(jala  and  A/opr  now. 

Peijuln  possesses  in  ])erfi'ction  many  points  which  are  found  in  one  or  other  of 
all  the  meml)ers  of  the  sid)-group.  It  is  consideral)ly  the  largest,  though  occa- 
sionally an  A/it/H:-T('.r'(ii'i  fully  eipials  it.  Its  ])eeuliar  brown  color  on  n])per  side 
and  gray-lirown  on  lower  side  passes  into  Alupc  which  gradually  changes  into 
tiie  darker  shade  ul  Neplicle.  The  rufous  becomes  yellow  in  Mope,  but  breaks 
out  in  that  Mpeeies  in  certain  localities,  as  seen  in  var.  MarilluKi.  After  the  band 
has  become  sup])ressed  in  Xcplirlc.  every  now  an<l  then  it  rea])pears  in  greater  or 
less  degri'e,  even  in  OhpnpiiH  and  liiiUpiK.     A  single  ocellus  is  now  a  prominent 


SATYUUS    II.,   MI. 


oIiiiriKiteri.stic  of  Pcyala,  but  tlicri'  lia.s  coino  to  bo  a  certaiii  modification,  so  that 
ill  .some  cases,  in  tlio  iVmalo,  there  are  two  complete  ocelli,  but  i»  many  more  of 
both  sexes  there  are  dots  and  small  spots  in  place  of  a  second  ocellus.  In  A/nj)e 
and  the  rest  there  are  two  ocelli,  not  always  complete  or  e(iual,  and  occasionally 
one  is  .suppressed.  When  this  happens  it  is  always  liio  lower  one.  which  is  want- 
ing in  P('<jul(t.  Tiiere  is  a  tendency  to  variation  in  the  number  of  these  ocelli,  a 
.second  one  ,soin<'t'".;es  ajjpearing  in  Pejjula,  but  a  Jiird  one  sometimes  in  AIdjjc, 
and  in  the  last  named  species  and  the  rest  of  its  sul)-group,  there  are  not  unfre- 
(|ucntly  one  or  two  small  spots  on  the  fore  wings,  as  of  incipient  ocelli.  The 
single  ocellus  invariably  seen  at  anal  angle  in  I'ct/al/t  is  often  wanting  or  incom- 
])lete  in  the  oHier  forms  ;  and  the  six  ocelli  of  under  hind  wing,  almost  invaria- 
bly present  (but 'sometimes  six  on  one  wing,  live  on  the  other  —  never  less,  so 
far  as  observed),  vary  from  six  to  nil  in  all  the  otiiers. 

It  is  to  be  noticed  that  the  belt  within  which  these  Sat,  rids  are  dimorphic  is 
nearly  coterminous  on  the  norlli  and  south  with  the  dimorphic  l)elt  of  FJinenitis 
Ar//n'))iis  anil  its  co-form  Proserjiiiiti.  Arthnnis  alone  occupies  the  northern 
|)art  of  tiie  continent,  but  in  a  section  of  territory  extending  from  Maine  to 
Wi.sconsin,  and  wliich  covers  much  of  New  York  and  New  England,  it  is  dimor- 
phic with  I'roxcrpimi,  as  shown  in  this  Volume.  Proxcrpind  alone  emerges 
from  this  belt  on  the  .south,  and  grades  imperceptibly  into  Ufsidu.  And  the 
'iiinoriihism  of  Papilio  Tiirmtx  originates  in  this  same  licit.  So  far  as  known, 
however,  there  is  no  western  limit  to  the  dimorphi.'^m  in  tlie.se  species,  and 
therein  they  dill'er  from  Alope.  It  is  diHicult  to  conjecture  what  inlluence  could 
have  brought  about  the  suppression  of  Alope  in  the  whole  west,  and  have  re- 
produced the  Canada  form,  and  allowed  it  to  llourish  so  luxuriantly.  One 
cannot  conceive  what  there  is  of  climate  or  else  in  conunon  between  Canada 
and  the  prairies  to  effect  this  result. 

After  tile  first  of  my  papers  on  these  Satyrids  appeared  in  the  Canadian  En- 
tomologist, I  received  several  letters  calling  my  attention  to  pulilished  lists  of 
butterflies  of  different  western  States,  in  wiiich  AIujh'  is  set  down  as  present, 
and  usu.illy  both  Alope  and  Nephch-.  1  wrote  to  the  authors  of  liie.se  lists,  and 
in  many  eases  exam[)ies  of  the  butterflies  called  .l/o/«'  were  sent  me.  in  every 
instance,  wliat  iiad  pa.ssed  l)y  that  name  was  either  what  I  should  call  ^\V/(//c/c,  or 
what  would  l)e  an  intergiade  if  taken  in  New  York.  In  tiie  west  tiiese  are  not 
intergrades,  because  there  is  no  AIojh'  in  that  region,  and  so  no  commingling  of 
tlie  two  forms.  1  limit  the  name  Alopv  to  lh(>  typical  form.  Tliese  apparent 
intergrades  are  never  foinid  where  A/ojir  Hies  alone,  befoiv  it  approaches  the 
dimorphic  I)eit,  but  they  appear  occasionally  to  tlie  westward  throughout  the 
Ncphele  territory,  and  should  lie  regarded  as  examples  of  reversion. 


1     li  -ACi. 


IDUHA  1:.   ' 
CVI'>-tAo  5  o   V 


iM6 


Pi 

of  p 

oxte 

Iiir. 
M 
U 

hind 

SL'CO 

iipej 
disk; 
.som( 
U'l'it 
shad 
oval 
intci 
piipi 
(..•oil 
blin( 
\;iri( 
and 
thro 
tiech 
spot 
with 
fuscc 
cons 
U 
ohlic 
with 


CHIONOBAS  I. 


CHIONOHAS    IDIINA,  1-4. 


NKW   Sl'EOIKS. 


Primaries  in  male  much  profUicerl,  costal  Tiiarj^iii  nearly  straight ;  hitnl  niar<rin 
(if  primaricH  in  both  sexes  sliglitly  rounder],  of  secondaries  deeply  sinuate  ;  the 
t'xterlor  outline  of  discal  band  on  under  side  of  secondaries  not  scolloped,  irregu- 
lar. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.5  inches. 

Upper  side  brown-orange,  bright  on  primaries,  less  intense  on  secondaries  ; 
hind  margins  edged  by  a  narrow  fuscou.s  border,  of  nearly  unil'orm  width  on 
secondaries,  but  narrow  on  primaries  at  inner  angle,  and  much  cxpjiutled  at 
iipex,  the  inner  side  entire;  costal  border  of  primaries  dark  brown;  upon  the 
disk,  from  the  lower  outer  angle  of  cell  to  sub-mc'1ian  nervure,  and  encroaching 
somewhat  on  the  cell  next  above  median,  an  obliijue,  dark  brown  band,  the  ex- 
terior side  convex,- the  interior  somewhat  undefined,  nearly  lost  in  the  brown 
shade  that  covers  the  basal  half  of  cell;  on  the  upper  discoidal  iiU'r.space  a  large, 
oval,  black  ocellus,  without  iris,  with  small  white  pupil ;  sometimes  in  the  next 
interspace  above  is  a  minute,  round,  black  ocellus,  either  wiih  or  without  white 
pupil,  and  a  similar  one,  but  blind,  in  the  .second  median  interspace  ;  this  last 
ocellus  however,  may  be  large  and  pupillated,  and  accompanied  by  a  small 
blind  ocellus  in  the  first  median  interspace  ;  the  number  of  ocelli  therefore 
varies  from  one  to  four,  and  when  four  are  present,  two  are  large  and  pu[iillated  ; 
and  whatever  the  number,  they  are  ,so  plat'cil  that  a  straight  line  would  pass 
through  the  centre  of  each  one  ;  secondaries  have  the  costal  margin  slightly 
Hecked  with  brown ;  at  outer  angle  sometimes  a  .small,  brown,  sub-triangular 
spot,  but  often  wanting ;  on  the  second  median  inteispace  a  small  ocellus,  either 
with  or  without  white  pupil;  often  this  ocellus  is  wanting;  fringes  of  primaries 
fuscous  cut  with  sordid  white  at  middle  of  each  interspace ;  of  secondaries  fu.s- 
cous,  largely  pure  white  in  the  interspaces. 

Under  .side  of  primaries  paler;  a  dusky  shade  over  cell  corresponding'  to  the 
oblique  band  ;  costal  edge  gray-brown,  irrorated  with  blackish-brown  next  base, 
with  white  beyond  ;  at  apex  gray  and  white  equally  mingled  ;  the  hind  margin 


rmoNoBAs  I. 


pall'  gniy-brown  ;  t'ell  Hliglitl^  flookotl  with  blown  next  Hubcoxtiil  norvuie ;  tlu' 
iliscoidul  ocellus  repoivtetl,  and  also  that  on  necond  median  interspace  when  present 
aliove. 

Secondaries  white  on  costal  margin,  the  remainder  of  wing  dead-leaf  brown 
upon  ii  white  ground,  the  sub-color  appearing  most  distinctly  next  beyond  cell, 
along  median  nervules  and  over  aitdominal  margin  ;  the  whole  surface  coveri'd 
by  fine,  alti)reviated,  brown  streaks,  least  densely  on  costal  margin,  most  next 
base  and  over  sub-median  interspace,  and  for  a  broad  space  along  hind  margiii; 
a  white  |)oint  next  the  margin  on  the  middle  of  each  interspacie  ;  the  ocellus, 
when  present  above,  repeated ;  and  in  a  line  with  thiH,  a  series  of  while  points, 
one  on  each  interspace  across  the  wing  to  costa — representing,  perhaps,  obsolete 
ocelli,  wiiich  might  sometimes  be  found  more  or  less  complete ;  the  disk  crossed 
from  margin  to  margin  by  a  broad,  irregular  band,  narrowly  edged  on  either 
side  by  a  l)lackisli-l)rown  bonier ;  the  space  within  the  band  not  differing  in 
shades  of  color  from  that  beyond  ;  the  exterior  liorder  commences  on  costa  just 
al)ove  outer  angle  in  a  wedge-shaped  spot  which  reaches  the  second  discoidul 
nervule,  then  continues  by  a  single  curve,  convex  outwardly,  to  upper  braiiili 
of  median,  at  which  point  it  curves  outward  again  to  the  middle  of  the  adjoiniug 
inters])ace.  and  continues  in  a  line  nearly  straight  almost  to  lower  branch  of  me- 
dian, thin  oblicjuely  forward  till  it  strikes  this  iiranch,  from  which  it  proceeds  in 
a  straight  line  to  margin  ;  this  outline  may  be  briefly  described  as  composed  of  a 
straight  line,  a  single  curve,  a  square  offset,  and  a  straight  line  to  margin,  and 
is  (juite  unlike  the  scolloped  outline  of  tlie  similar  band  in  the  nearest  allied 
species,  Gifjas  ;  the  outline  of  the  basal  side  is  that  of  a  double  curve,  at  (irst 
convex  towards  base  of  wing,  and  most  advanced  on  sul)-costal  nervure,  tlicii 
returning,  the  extreme  concavity  being  on  median,  opposite  the  beginning  of  tiie 
liiH'  on  costa. 

Body  blackish-brown  above,  black  l)eneatli,  the  abdomen  gray-brown;  legs 
black,  the  tibiae  gray-brown ;  palpi  black  with  gray  hairs  interspersed ;  antemue 
brown,  beneath  gray  ;  clul)  dull  ferruginous,  gray  beneath. 

Female.  —  Expands  2.6  inches. 

Upper  side  paler  than  in  the  male,  fading  beyond  the  disk  into  Iniff";  the 
oblique  band  wanting ;  ba.se  of  cell  on  primaries,  and  that  portion  of  cell  next 
sub-costal  nervure  brown  ;  primaries  have  two  large  ocelli,  the  upper  one  pupil- 
lated,  the  lower  one  sometimes  blind,  and  one  or  both  accompanied  by  a  sniiili 
blind  ocellus  on  the  interspaces  next  preceding ;  secondaries  marked  as  in  the 
male.  Under  side  of  both  wings  paler  than  in  the  male  ;  the  outlines  of  the  baml 
similar. 

The  individuals  represented  on  the  Plate  were  sent  rae  by  Mr.  James  Behrciis. 


rmoNOFJAs  I. 


to  wluwe  zeiil  and  Hkill  lepidoptt'ristM  own  the  dwcovery  of  Hi'vunil  lu-w  spccirs 
of  ('idirornian  hufttTllicM.  mid  a  lictttT  iic(|iiaiMtaiuH!  witli  many  ran-  iincs.  Mr. 
Hi'lirt'iis  wndc,  2()tli  Jinir,  1871):  "1  «?aii^dit  -^'von  of  tlic  largf  (  hiniiftlxiK  in 
Mi'iidixiinu  Comity.  It  Hccnm  to  lit!  a  vi-ry  local  spi'cicH,  and  conlliii'd  to  lii^^li 
lidgL'M  in  the  depth  of  tlie  red-wooil  (Invst.  Tlii'v  ^^ollld  alij^lit  on  a  I'ot,  hhikIv 
^|)ol,  or  on  a  fallt'ii  tree,  or  on  the  frcsli  leaves  of  yoiiii^  ouk  trees,  alwa  s  in  the 
heat  of  thesiin.  Fallen  trees  and  dense  thicket  make  the  chase  for  them  Ji'^ienlt. 
They  arc  very  vigilant  ami  shy,  hut  will  retnrn  to  a  Hpot  they  have  oneo  visited, 
though  for  a  short  hour  of  the  day  only,  either  earlier  or  later,  aciconling  to  the 
-^tate  of  the  atniosphert!  and  wind,  and  when  tired  from  their  usual  hi^di.  rapid 
llijrht.  Water  and  moisture  do  not  setMii  to  attract  them.  They  .should  he 
looked  for  in  the  month  of  May,  as  soon  after  they  heconie  shattered.  It  is 
almost  impossihle  to  obtain  a  perfect  specimen  later." 

Idunn  is  one  of  the  largest  known  speciies  of  C'liionohiix,  rather  surpassing  even 
(iiijdx,  Butler.  The.su  two  form  a  suli-group,  se|iarated  hy  no  wiile  interval  from 
Xftimdensin,  Fehler,  and  CaUfornicn,  Boisdiival.  The  several  species  of  this 
ifeiius  are  mostly  alpine  or  lioreal.  Itlimn  and  ({hjni*  apparently  being  the  excep- 
tions, the  former  living  upon  ridges  of  moderate  elevation,  and  Gujas  being 
taken  at  quite  low  levels.  Three  other  species,  Chri/xiis,  (Jhferi,  and  Semltlca, 
inhabit  tlie  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  of  these  Chri/xiis  is  taken  in  California 
mid  at  Hudson's  Bay  {Cnlais,  Scudder,  proving  to  be  the  female  of  this  species), 
and  Seinidea  abundantly  on  the  summits  of  the  Wliite  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire. Over  the  mo.st  northern  portions  of  the  Continent  still  other  species  of 
CliionohctH  are  found,  and  of  these  all  seem  to  inhabit  corresponding  parts  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 

[liana  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  GUjas.  It  has  less  curvature  of 
costal  margin  of  primaries,  and  much  less  roun<led  hind  margin  ;  the  same  wing  is 
also  more  produced,  or  pointed  apically  ;  the  ocelli  are  dillerently  arranged,  those 
of  Tduna  being  set  in  a  straight  line,  of  Glijits  irregularly,  the  small  ocellus  of 
iiist  median  interspace  lying  outside  a  straight  line  connecting  the  larger.  This 
jieculiarity  is  observable  in  the  two  females  in  my  own  collection,  ami  also  in  the 
unique  male  in  British  Museum  collection,  as  mentioned  by  Mr.  Butler,  who  first 
ilirected  my  attention  to  this  peculiarity  of  the  species.  On  the  under  si<le,  the 
outer  edge  of  the  discal  band  in  Gl(j(tn  is  scolloped  from  margin  to  margin  ;  in 
Idiina  it  is  not  scolloped,  but  irregular.  These  differences  may  be  seen  by  refer- 
ence to  the  Plate,  and  they  are  constant  in  all  the  individuals  of  either  species 
at  present  known  in  collections. 


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CHIONOBAS  II. 


CPIONOBAS  GIGAS,  j  ^.2;    i    I'l.  I.  ;').  6. 

Chionohcu  Oigan,  Biitlur,  Cut.  of  Satyriilfc  in  Brit.  Miis.,  p.  Hll.  |)1.  2.  18()8. 

Prlmaries  in  male  much  produced,  costal  margin  in  both  Hexes  moderately 
arched ;  hind  margins  of  primaries  in  Ixtth  se.\es  much  ronmlcil ;  the  exterior 
outline  of  discal  band  of  under  side  of  secondaries  regularly  scollopeil. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  fulvou.s-ochraceous ;  iiind  margins  edged  by  narrow  fuscous  borders 
which  are  of  uniform  width  throughout  and  quite  to  apex;  costal  border  of  pri- 
maries dark  brown,  as  is  also  the  Ijase  and  that  ])art  of  cell  next  siili-costal 
nervure  ;  the  oblique  discal  baml  blacki.sh-brown,  well  defined  ;  on  upper  discoidal 
interspace  a  small  oval  black  ocellus,  and  another  on  second  meilian  interspace, 
each  with  white  pupil ;  on  upper  median  interspace,  outside  a  lini'  connect- 
ing the  centres  of  the  two  ocelli,  a  black  point.  Secondaries  have  the  costal 
margin  flecked  with  brown,  and  a  small  patch  of  browm  at  outer  angle  ;  nn 
second  median  interspace  an  ocellus;  fringes  of  liorli  wings  alternately  fuscous 
and  white  quite  to  ape.v  of  primaries.  Under  side  of  primaries  souu'what  orange- 
tinted,  tlie  cost4U  nuirgin  and  apical  area  whitish  crossed  by  fine  daiU  brown 
streaks ;  hind  margins  pale  fuscous  ;  base  and  upper  half  of  cell  streaked  with 
fuscous;  tliu  ocelli  repeated.  Secondaries  pretty  uniformly  covered  with  fine, 
abbreviated,  brown  stre.aks  on  a  white  ground  ;  the  ba.se  and  bind  margin  washed 
with  brown  ;  the  discal  band  narrow,  of  a  deeper  shade  of  brown,  the  edttes  dis- 
tinct, the  extxrior  irregularly  scr)lloped.  the  basal  a  double  curve ;  the  ocellus 
repeated.  Body  dark  brown  above,  black-brown  beneatii ;  legs  light ;  palpi 
blackish  ;  anteima!  dull  ferruginous. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Upper  side  lighter  than  in  the  male,  fading  somewhat  beyond  tlu  disks;  the 
oblique  band  wanting;  primaries  have  either  three  or  four  ocelli;  win"  ihreeare 
present  the  two  largest  ar(!  placed  as  in  the  male,  t\u\  third  on  uj)per  nu'dian  inter- 
space, corresponding  to  the  point  seen  in  the  male ;  when  four  are  present,  the 
fourth  is  small,  on  the  sub-median  interspace,  in  line  with  the  two  largo  ones : 


CHIONOBASTI. 


tlio  uiarginal  bonier  broador  than  in  male ;  under  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous 
on  disk,  the  hind  margin  fuscous,  the  apex  and  costal  margin  white,  and  l)i)ili 
margins  streaked  and  specked  with  brown  ;  the  two  principal  ocelli  repeated,  the 
others  often  wanting;  secondaries  densely  streaked  from  base  to  nuirgin,  the 
white  ground  appearing  but  slightly  on  the  disk  and  somewhat  more  at  outer 
angle;  the  discial  band  as  in  male,  scolloped  very  regularly  on  its  outer  edge,  the 
iiuier  sometimes  lost  in  the  dense  markings  of  base. 

Fi'om  V^ancouver's  Island. 

Tlie  figures  of  the  male  on  the  Plate  are  copied  from  drawings  made  from  tiic 
unique  example  in  the  Britisli  Mu.s*.  ;m  Collection,  by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  But- 
ler, who  certifies  to  their  accuracy.  The  figures  of  the  female  on  Plate  1.,  repnt- 
sent  one  of  tliree  females  taken  on  Vancouver's  Island,  15th  July,  1873,  by  the 
late  Mr.  G.  R.  Crotch,  who  wrote  that  "  tliey  were  all  found  on  a  potato  patcli, 
at  the  extreme  end  of  Taanich  Iidet,  ab(nit  fifteen  miles  from  Victxnia,  flying  in 
company  with  Pdrnassius  CloiUm  and  Aryi/nnis  JiremneAi.  No  males  were 
taken." 


CHIONOBAS   II. 


CIIIONOHAS  CALIKOUNICA,  3-6. 

Chionobas  Cali/ornica,  Boisiluval,  Ann.  i\v  la  Soi'.  Knt.  dc  Hclgiiine,  Veil.  XI!.,  p.  (i2,  1868. 
/AW.  Lep.  lie  la  Calif,  p.  fi2.  isti'j. 

Primaries  in  innlc  iniuh  produced,  costal  margin  ncarW  straight  :  hind  .nargins 
1)1'  primaries  in  both  sexes  nearly  straight ;  the  ext-.-rior  tviitline  of  the  di.seal  hand 
on  under  side  of  secondaries  irregularly  scalloped. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  l)ro\vn-orange.  nearly  as  in  primaries  of  Tfhina,  hut  uniform  on 
Ipoth  wings;  hind  margins  edged  hy  narrow  fuscous  l)orili'rs  of  nearly  ecpii'l  widll« 
throughout  and  extemling  (juite  to  the  apex  of  primaries;  costal  l)order  of 
primaries  dark  hrovvn.  as  is  also  the  bfise  and  all  of  the  cell  except  a  stripe  at 
outer  angle,  where  the  ground  color  is  exposed  ;  tlie  oblique  discal  band  scarcely 
ilistinguishablc  in  color  from  tlie  darkiT  p(»rtion  tif  cell  ;  primaries  have  an  oval 
lilack  ocellus  on  upper  discoidal  interspace,  and  a  small  blind  one  on  second 
median  interspace.  Secondaries  hiive  th^*  costal  niargin  flecki'd  with  brown,  and 
a  small  patch  of  brown  scales  at  outer  angle;  on  second  median  interspace  a 
small  pupillated  ocellus — (probably  in  a  series  of  specimens  tlu'  ocelli  will  be 
i'oand  to  vary  as  in  Iduiui) ;  fringes  of  both  wings  alternately  fuscous  and  yellow 
in  e(|ual  degree. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler;  costal  edge  gray,  specked  anil  streaked  trans- 
versely with  dark  brown,  next  before  apex  white  ;  apex  gray-brown,  shading 
into  brown  on  hind  margin  ;  tht"  cell  next  8ul)-oostal  nerviire  slightly  specked 
with  brown.  Secohdaries  whitish,  washed  with  pale  brown  from  ba.se  to  hind 
margin,  but  slightly  alcmg  costal  and  inner  margins,  wluuc  the  white  shade  prc- 
(lomir.ates;  the  basal  area  streaked  transversely  and  densely  with  l»rown ;  the 
inner  margin  ami  costal  edge  s'.ightly  streaked;  the  hind  margin  edgc(l  by  a 
narrow  brown  border;  remainder  of  wing  nearly  free  from  streaks  and  of  a 
pretty  linifonn  shade  of  color ;  the  disk  crossed  by  a  broad  band  the  exterior 
oi'.tline  of  which  is  irregularly  .scolloped;  the  interior  outline  sinuous,  at  first 
convex  toward  base  of  wing,   and  most  advanced  cm  sub-costal   nervure,   then 


CHIONOBAS  II. 


it'turiiiiig,  prosontiiijr  a  deep  square  sinus  on  median  nervure,  after  which  its 
ionise  is  wavy  to  the  sub-median  nervure,  where  it  terniinutedi  t^'"^  ocelhis 
rt'iicated. 

Uddy  hlackish-ljrown  above,  black  beneath,  the  abdomen  brown;  legs  mid 
palpi  black;  antenna)  l>rown,  gray  beneath;  club  dull  ferruginous,  gray  beucafii. 

Fkm.vM'.. —  Kxpands  '2.5  indies. 

IJpiMM-  side  of  a  deeper  color  than  the  male,  alike  on  both  wings,  with  broader 
jiuil  Itlacker  marginal  borders;  costa  of  |)rimaries  brown,  gray  nextape.v;  the 
oldicpie  discal  band  wanting;  the  two  princi|)al  ocelli  larger  and  pupillated,  and 
in  addition  to  the.se,  a  third.  l)lind,  on  sub-median  interspace  ;  the  oc^ellus  on 
scconduries  as  in  male.  Under  side  more  distinctly  nmrked  than  in  male;  apex 
of  piiniarics  ashy-white,  the  marginal  border  gray-brown  ;  the  large  o(!elIi 
repeated,  the  |mpils  eous[)ieiioiis ;  the  third  ocellus  represented  by  a  point. 
Secondaries  whiti.sh  o"er  largei  part  of  disk,  washed  with  brown  beyond  the 
liand.  the  color  deepening  toward  hind  margin;  the  whole  wing  streaked  ami 
si)eck('d  with  brown;  the  outlines  of  the  discal  l)anil  distinct  ;  the  tjcelius  obsok'te, 
except  tiic  white  pupil. 

Kiimi  Ca'ifornia,  and  described  l)y  Dr.  Boi.sduval  as  found,  according  to  Lor- 
qnin.  from  whom  the  four  examples  in  his  collection  were  received,  "  on  liii;ii 
mountains,  next  the  snow  line;"  but  on  what  mountains  or  in  what  .section  of 
the  State  is  not  mentioned.  Dr.  Hoi.sdiival  presented  .Mr.  Scndder  with  one  of 
tile  mules  and  myself  with  the  corresponiling  female,  and  from  the.se  the  driiw- 
ings  on  the  I'late  have  been  made.  Mr.  Scudder  informs  me  that  the  four  were 
inspt'cted  by  hiniscdf  in  Paris,  and  that  they  were  alike  in  color  and  maiking> 
The  species  diflers  noticeably  from  Iihtiia  and  (iiij((s  in  color,  being  darker,  nml 
of  uniform  shade  on  both  wings,  and  nearly  so  in  both  sexes.  In  shape  of  tin' 
wings,  it  most  resemldes  fr!(j(i.s.  On  the  under  side  the  male  is  nearly  des- 
titute of  markings ;  the  female  is  distinctly  marked,  and  shows  much  nu)re  white 
and  less  density  of  brown  streaking  timn  Glyas,  in  thi.s  respect  approaching 
[ihniii.  The  exterior  outline  of  the  discal  band  is  scalloped,  but  not  so  regii- 
liirly  as  in  (il(/(is.  In  that  pecies  the  gem-ral  course  of  the  outlinii  is  pandlcl 
to  the  hind  maigiii;  in  ( '(ill/'ornirti  the  parallelism  is  broken  by  the  prominent 
dentations  on  the  two  upper  meilian  interspaces.  The  course  of  the  interior 
iniijiiu!  of  the  band  diflers  from  that  of  Idun'u  which  presents  a  double  curve, 
in  that  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  single  iirominent  curve,  followed  by  a  deep  sinus 
and  ji  wavy  line  beyond  tti  inner  margin.  From  the  interior  outline  of  the  band 
i>n  (rlfjax  it  diflers  in  nearly  the  same  degree.  I^evadensis,  Felder,  is  only 
known  to  me  from  the  description  in  the  "  Voyage  of  the  Novara,"  and  tlic 
accompanying  figures   of  uj)per  and   under   side  of   the    nmle.     The   .shade  is 


CmoNOHAS  II. 


nliown  to  be  a  uniform  tan  color  ;  the  prinuiricH  are  hroader  tlian  in  diUfornka, 
anil  k'ss  produceil  apically,  tlu-  fiiscouH  marginul  hordur  in  wallopod  on  its  inner 
cilgi'  acroHs  the  entire  winjr;  the  (]eep  hrown  shade  ot'  the  (iMi(|ue  har  on  ilisk 
passes  quite  around  the  (H'II,  and  joins  the  eipially  (h-ep  color  (tf  costal  niarj^in  ; 
on  necondarics  there  is  a  lonj^  fnsoous  stripo  from  outer  angle  to  middle  of  wing. 
The  under  side  agrees  with  ('(illjhrnlm  in  being  nearly  deprived  of  markings, 
but  the  discal  band  of  secondaries  is  quite  dift'erent;  it  is  narrower  by  one  half 
at  its  origin  on  eostal  margin,  and  is  more  regularly  sealloju'tl  on  its  exterior 
side.  It  is  also  scalloped  in  same  way  on  the  basal  side,  and  in  this  respect  it 
resembles  no  one  of  tiie  allied  species.  The  description  expressly  states  that 
both  the  baaal  and  exterior  (tiitlines  of  the  band  are  '•  crenaird." 

Ah  the  four  apeeies  of  this  group  differ  so  decidedly  in  respect  to  this  discal 
band,  I  have  thought  it  well  to  indicate  n»ore  particularly  the  peculiarities  of 
each,  by  the  following  cut^. 


ri?>v 


Id  una. 


fiigas. 


N«rad«nalf. 


Califomir*. 


I  have  retained  the  generic  name  Chionobas,  Boisdnval,  for  the  species  herein 
figured,  in  preference  to  that  of  (Eneis,  Iliibner,  which  of  late  has  been  forced 
into  |)rominence,  for  three  reasons;  first,  that  l?oisduval  is  the  eailiesi  author 
who  defined  and  limited  the  genus  ;  second,  that  in  my  ojiiuion  <Kueis.  as  ap- 
plied to  the  genus  so  <lefined  and  limited,  has  no  authority  whatever,  it  having 
been  not  only  a  mere  catalogue  name,  but  a  name  given  to  an  assemldage  or 
batch  of  butterflies,  embracing  some  that  belong  to  Chionobas  and  some  that 
belong  to  Satyrus  ;  and  thirdly,  whether  it  has  authority  or  not,  it  <'ertainly 
cannot  be  made  to  embrace  one  of  these  species.  1  regard  the  so  called  lliil>- 
nerian  genera  of  butterflies  as  mostly  worthless,  and  would  reject  nearly  every 
one  which  has  not  been  introduced  by  a  subsetpient  author  in  a  proper  way. 
that  is,  under  definition  and  limitation,  and  then,  though  the  mere  name  lie 
Hlibner's,  the  authorship  of  the  genus  should  be  attributed  to  the  systenuitist 
who  so  properly  uses  it;  of  course  to  the  wholesale  overthrow  of  [Tiibner's 
priority  in  the  matter  of  genera.  Dr.  A.  Speyer,  in  a  late  issue  of  the  Ent. 
Zeit.,  Stett.  1875,  v.  36,  p.  1)8,  in  his  paper  on  "  KuropUisch-Amerikanische 
Verwandt*ichaften."  uses  these  words  in  reference  to  this  very  question  of  Chiono- 
bas versus  CEneis  :    "The  limit  of  the  permissible  has  been  overstepped  many 


CHIONOUAS  II. 

tiiiR'fi,  a.s,  for  instance,  iti  this  introduction  of  Klibner's  name  (Emit*  for  tlio  goniis 
Cliionoha.M,  Bois.  IlUhncr  dividuH  tlio  Hjn'cioM  in  tliiH  gunii.s  into  two  srimratf 
groups,  EiinuMiiM  and  fKnuis,  and  in  both  mixes  them  up  with  flpecieM  of  tiio 
guniiH  Satyrus.  Under  I'^iinit'iiis  he;  plact-s  Autonoe,  Aelto,  Semeh;  and  Titrpeju. 
Under  (Knc'is.  Nuriid,  liorv.  (.'elcenn,  JuHa,  and  Arothum.  The  generic  chnrai- 
ters  wliich  he  gives  for  Kiinienis  are;  '  tlie  upper  side  of  the  wings  handed  with 
oehre-yeUow,  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  white  fringed  and  delicately  marbled  ; ' 
for  (Kneis.  '  bolli  wings  on  upper  side  spotty  rust-yellow,  below  marbled  gray 
banded.'  Tims  llid)uer  has  not  even  recognized  the  very  natural  genu.s 
Chionobaa  a.s  .such,  let  alone  characterizing  it  sulliciently."  And  as  Mr.  A.  H 
VValiaee  states,  Anniv.  Address,  1872,  p.  18,  while  discussing  the  subject  of  the 
Hidtnerian  genera.  "Such  a  mode  of  defuiing  genera  {by  fadeK)  is  undoubl- 
e(lly  superficial,  and  it  can  oidy  be  by  the  purest  accident  that  a  group  ho  charac- 
terized can  correspond  in  extent  to  any  real  genus."  It  needs  nothing  farther 
liian  the  definitions  of  these  groups  as  given  to  prove  that  neither  of  tliem  em- 
brace Iduna  an<l  its  allies. 


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23  V»'.:ST  MAIN  STREET 

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7 


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CHIONOBAS  III. 


CHIONOBAS  IVALLDA,  1—6. 


KiMmobas  Tvallda,  Mead,  Can.  Ent.,  X.,  p-  196,  1878. 


Male.  — Expands  from  1.8  to  2.3  inches. 

Upper  side  of  primaries  blackish-brown,  varying  in  individuals  from  dark  to 
pale;  the  costal  margins  finely  and  transversely  streaked  gray  and  brown;  the 
hind  margins  narrowly  edged  with  brown ;  on  the  lower  side  of  cell  and  partly 
within  it  a  black  sexual  band,  sometimes  obsolescent;  between  the  nervules  a 
series  of  elongated  gray-ochraceous  spots,  nearly  or  quite  filling  the  inter- 
spaces, usually  six  in  number ;  but  sometimes  the  uppermost  one  is  wanting ; 
in  one  example  examined  there  is  no  trace  of  these  spots  (Fig.  5) ;  on  the  second 
spot  from  costa  is  a  black  ocellus,  always  small,  sometimes  minute,  with  white 
pupil;  and  in  about  one  fourth  the  examples  there  is  a  minute  spot  on  the 
lower  median  interspace,  rarely  large  enough  to  admit  a  pupil. 

Secondaries  gray-ochraceous,  edged  with  brown;  in  submedian  interspace  is 
usually  a  small  pupilled  ocellus ;  fringes  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  white 
in  the  interspaces. 

Under  side  of  primaries  gray-ochraceous,  the  costa  black  and  white ;  the  upper 
part  of  cell  streaked  transversely  with  brown,  —  sometimes  the  entire  cell ;  about 
three  fifths  the  distance  from  base  to  arc  some  of  these  streaks  become  confluent 
and  form  a  sinuous  bar ;  the  disk  is  cros.sed  by  a  brown  stripe,  which  projects  a 
long  tooth  upon  upper  branch  of  median ;  below  this  the  stripe  is  twice  roundly 
incised,  and  sometimes  projects  a  spur  along  the  sub-median  interspace  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  hind  margin ;  the  apical  area  finely  streaked  with  brown  on  white 
ground ;  the  ocelli  repeated. 

Under  side  of  secondaries  whitish,  with  an  ochraceous  tint  over  the  disk  and 
marginal  area ;  much  covered  with  dark  brown  abbreviated  streaks,  which  at 
base  and  on  middle  of  disk  are  largely  confluent;  the  wing  crossed  by  a  broad 
mesial  band,  the  edges  of  which  are  dark,  the  outer  irregularly  crenated  or 


PRO 


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VJCTQHL^,  ffi" 


CIIIONOBAS    III. 


serrated,  with  a  .spur  along  the  upper  side  of  lower  branch  of  sub-costal ;  the 
inner  edge  angular  from  costa  to  median,  with  a  deep  angular  sinus  at  median  ; 
the  ocellus  repeated. 

Body  above,  dark  brown ;  beneath,  the  thorax  blackish,  abdomen  yellow-brown  ; 
legs  yellowish,  the  long  hairs  of  the  femora  black  ;  palpi  black,  in  front  brown ; 
antenna'  annulated  brown  and  gray,  on  under  side  gray  ;  club  ferruginous  above, 
gray  below,  the  tip  l)lack. 

Fe.male.  —  Expands  from  2.1  to  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  more  yellow  ;  tlie  costal  and  hind  margins  as  in  the  male ;  the 
ocelli  vary  from  two  to  four,  —  there  being  in  the  latter  case  one  in  each  median 
interspace  ;  and  usually  all,  or  at  least  the  three  uppermost,  are  pupilled  ;  second- 
aries and  the  under  side  of  both  wings  as  in  male  ;  sometimes  there  is  a  small 
ocellus  on  either  side  of  the  large  one  on  secondaries. 

Egg.  —  Sub-conic,  broadest  at  base,  nearly  as  broad  as  high  ;  rounded  at  top ; 
ornamented  by  about  eighteen  vertical  ridges,  the  sides  of  which  are  irregularly 
excavated  ;  part  of  these  terminate  at  about  three  quarters  the  distance  from 
base  to  summit,  and  the  remainder  gradually  sink  to  the  surface;  the  spaces  be- 
tween, over  the  top,  irregularly  and  shallowly  pitted  (Fig.  a). 

Young  Larva. — Length  .11  inch;  body  stout  anteriorly,  tapering  from 
fourth  segment  to  last,  which  ends  in  two  blunt  conical  tails,  each  of  which  sends 
out  a  short  terminal  white  bristle;  color  at  first  soiled  white,  soon  after  green- 
ish-white, striped  with  dull  red,  or  red-brown;  a  broad  stripe  on  middle  of 
dorsum  ;  on  the  upper  part  of  the  side  another,  running  to  the  end  of  tail ; 
a  third,  substigmatal,  somewhat  macular ;  between  the  dorsal  and  lateral  band 
a  brown  line,  and  a  second  just  below  the  lateral ;  on  each  segment  from  three 
to  twelve  on  either  side  are  three  rows  of  clubbed  hairs,  each  of  which  springs 
from  a  tubercle  ;  head  large,  rounded,  narrowing  towards  top,  the  surface  thickly 
covered  with  shallow  punctures ;  color  dull  yellow ;  across  the  upper  front  face 
is  a  curved  row  of  four  rounded  brown  tubercles,  and  a  second  row  of  six  across 
middle  ;  and  from  eacli  springs  a  dark  clubbed  hair;  the  ocelli  black  (Fig.  b). 

This  larva  was  sent  by  Mr.  Mead  from  Virginia  City,  Nev.,  and  was  but  just 
out  of  the  egg  when  received.  It  had  emerged  on  the  upper  part  of  one  side, 
and  was  clasped  about  the  shell  when  I  opened  the  box.  This  was  August  18, 
1877.  It  lived  till  September  21,  ana  when  very  near  the  first  moult  was  acci- 
dentally killed.  It  fed  readily  on  grass,  and  in  behavior  was  not  unlike  other 
Satyrids  at  same  stage.  It  is  evident  that  this  species  does  not  hybernate  imme- 
diately from  the  egg,  but  the  length  of  the  first  stage  was  such  that  I  apprehend 
hybernation  would  naturally  occur  when  the  larva  was  about  half  grown.  As 
the  body  enlarged  the  anterior  segments  equaled  the  head  in  diameter,  the 
last  segment  became  red-brown,  and  a  collar  of  same  color  appeared  upon  the 


q 


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CmONOBAS   III. 

second.  Tliis  stage  of  Icallda  closely  resembled  the  corresponding  one  of  C. 
Aello,  as  figured  hy  Mr.  8cn<lder;  hut  the  egg  difl'ers  in  shape  niatt"rially ;  that 
of  Aello  being  rniirked  by  straight  !)eade(l  ridges,  and  being  narrower  at  base 
than  towards  the  sununit.  So  little  is  known  of  tbe  pre])aratory  sta«--es  of 
species  of  Ghionobas,  that  even  the  meager  contribution  I  am  thus  able  to 
make  will  be  an  addition  of  some  importance. 

Mr.  Mead  found  Ivallda  on  Freel's  Peak  and  on  Tallac  Mountain,  near  Lake 
Tahoe,  during  the  latter  part  of  July  and  early  in  August,  at  an  elevation  of  nine 
to  ten  thou.sand  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  grassy  northern  slopes  of  Tallac 
Mountain  it  was  pretty  abundant.  lie  regards  it  as  local  and  extremely  rare  in 
most  parts  of  its  habitat,  finding  no  examples  in  a  very  thorough  exploration  of 
tiie  mountain  crests  about  Summit,  which  is  also  near  Lake  Tahoe,  and  but  few  on 
Freel's  Peak.  Mr.  Morrison,  the  same  season,  took  a  few  examples  about  Sum- 
mit, and  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  had  occasionally  taken  one  or  more  there  in  previous 
years.  The  melanized  male  figured  on  the  plate  (Fig.  5),  was  taken  by  Mr. 
Morrison.  The  egg  obtained  by  Mr.  Mead  was  laid  by  a  female  confined  in  a 
small  portable  cage,  contrived  by  him,  and  described  in  P.syche,  vol.  2,  ]>.  181. 
I  copy  his  description,  that  his  mode  of  obtaining  eggs  may  be  more  exten- 
sively known  to  Lepidopterists.  "  1  have  found  a  little  device,  very  convenient 
on  excursions  where  only  a  limited  amount  of  baggage  can  be  carried,  for 
inducing  butterflies  to  lay  eggs.  I  had  a  ntunbor  of  wire  frames  made,  each 
consisting  of  two  rings  about  five  inches  in  diameter,  connected  by  wire  up- 
rights, about  seven  inches  high,  the  joints  being  all  soldered.  These  frames  will 
fit  in,  side  by  side,  so  as  to  require  only  a  moderate  amount  of  room.  1  had  a 
similar  number  of  round  tin  box  covers  made,  differing  in  size  sufficiently  to 
nest  together.  A  few  cylindrical  flat-bottomed  bags  of  gauze,  of  suitable  size  to 
fit  over  the  rings,  completed  the  apparatus.  If  the  food-plant  is  not  too  large 
it  may  be  transplanted  to  one  of  the  tin  covers  (in  wiiich  the  gauze-covered 
frame  is  set) ;  otherwise  a  branch  may  be  placed  in  a  bottle  of  water  within  the 
cage  and  the  female  introduced.  In  this  simple  way  the  eggs  of  more  than  a 
.score  of  butterflies  were  obtained  during  the  summer." 

Ivallda  is  closely  allied  to  C.  ChryxuH  Doubl.,  the  difTerences  being  mainly  in 
color.  Mr.  Mead  notices  that  Imlkla  is  almost  exactly  like  Hipparchia  Ridlngsii 
Edw.,  "  which,"  he  adds,  "  has  not  only  the  appearance  but  the  habits  of  a 
Chionobaa." 

On  the  Plate  is  also  given  the  egg  of  C.  Iduna,  received  from  Mr.  0.  T.  Baron. 
It  is  subconic,  broadest  at  base,  nearl;-  5s  broad  as  high,  the  top  a  little  depressed, 
the  sides  ornamented  by  about  eighteen  vertical  ridges,  which  are  somewhat  sin- 
uous, elevated,  and  sharp,  their  sides  irregularly  excavated.  The  larger  part  of 
these  extend  from  base  to  summit,  about  which  they  form  a  beaded  rim  (Fig.  c). 


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LIBVTHKA. 


LIRYTIIEA    HArFIMANI,  1-4. 

Lihfllhpa  Tiachmmu  KirtlamI,  Sillimim's  .iDiiiiiiil.  vol.  xiii.  IW-i,  fiir.      Saiinrlurn,  Cansilinn  EntomoloijiKt,  vol.  I 
IHi'iH,  fit;. 

Malk.  —  Expaii'ls  1.8  inch. 

Upper  Hide  of  priiniirics  brownish-black,  of  secondiirles  brown  (•loudod  with 
black  near  hiiHe  ;  primaries  have  a  yellow-fiUvoiis  patch  occupying  -i 'arly  half 
till'  cell  ne.\t  median  ncrviire,  and  a  largo  siib-i-homboidal  patch  of  lmiic  color 
below  cell,  not  extending  beyond  siib-median  ;  on  the  costal  maririn,  a  long,  nar- 
row, white  spot  beyond  cell,  sometimes  dividiul  unequally  in*.,  wo,  the  smaller 
being  on  costa  ;  a  Hinnl'  Hub-marginal,  white  spot,  sometimes  quadrangular,  ,sonu'- 
times  irregularly  roumicd,  on  the  upper  median  interspace,  and  a  sub-apical  white 
spot  abou,  'uilf  the  size  of  the  last;  these  spots  are  usually  pure  in  color,  but 
,sf)metimes  are  partially  tinted  with  fulvous,  and  fulvous  scales  form  to  them  a 
narrow  edging.  Seccmdaries  have  a  broad,  extra-discal,  transverse,  fidvoiis  band, 
extending  from  sub-costal  nervure  to  lower  branch  of  median,  rather  indistinct 
as  it  approaches  this  last  nervure  ;  fringes  luteous,  fuscous  at  ends  of  nervules. 

Under  side  brown,  sometimes  olivaceous,  clouded  with  cretaceous,  occasionally 
lihui-tinted,  or  vinous,  at  apex  an<l  somewhat  along  hind  nun-gin  of  primaries, 
and  over  whole  of  secondaries  ;  on  these  last  these  shades  form  a  large  triangle. 
one  broad  side  of  which  crosses  the  disk,  one  lies  along  the  abdominal  margin, 
and  the  third  a  little  within  ilio  costal  edge,  to  which  it  sends  a  curved  branch  ; 
within  this  triangle  is  a  small  hro.vn  space,  usually  sub-triangular,  but  sometiiues 
a  narrow  stripe  only,  confined  nearly  to  the  median  lusrvure,  with  a  naiiow 
patch  across  the  origin  of  the  median  nervules  ;  primaries  yellow-fulvous  from 
bavse  over  two-thirds  the  cell,  and  below  cell  almost  to  hind  margin  ;  the  two 
extra-discal  white  spots  repeated,  but  the  sub-apical  sometimes  lost  in  the  cic- 
taceous  patch.  Body  and  palpi  dark  brown  above,  gray-brown  beneath;  legs 
gray-brown,  eyes  crim.son  ;  antennic  and  club  dark  brown. 

Female.  —  Expands  2  inches. 

Similar  to  male  except  that  the  under  side  of  secondaries  has  often  no  apjiear- 
ance  of  clouded  surface,  and  is  then  of  a.,  uniform  vinous-brown,  or  in  an  oblique 
light,  lilaceous. 


■'  ; 


I?BYTHEA. 


Ego.  —  Color  pale  green ;  in  shape  an  oblate  spheroid,  somewhat  pointed  at 
base  and  a  little  truncated  and  depressed  at  sinnniit ;  marked  by  many  horizontal 
corrugations,  and  longitudinally  by  eighteen  to  twenty  narrow,  prominent  ribs 
which  proceed  from  base  and  terminate,  some  of  them  irregularly,  at  about  four- 
tiftlis  the  distance  to  summit,  while  eight,  increasing  gradually  in  prominence, 
terminate  abruptly  at  the  rim  of  the  summit,  which  is  flattened  as  in  Grapta  ; 
these  long  ribs  cut  on  either  side,  as  in  Grapta,  by  grooves  perpendicular  to  the 
surface  of  the  egg;  they  are  also  frequently  deflected  somewhat  from  a  direct 
line.     (Fig.  o.) 

Another  egg,  within  one  day  of  the  appearance  of  the  larva,  differed  from  the 
al)Ove  ;  the  length  being  sensibly  increased  by  the  flattening  of  the  corrugations, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  the  transverse  diameter  enlarged  from  the  unfolding  of 
the  ribs,  which  had  become  scarcely  more  than  lines  upon  the  surface.     (Fig.  h.) 

The  LarviB  emerge  from  the  egg  in  four  days ;  in  length  .06  inch  ;  greenish- 
brown,  translucent,  covered  with  fine  hairs.  Of  the  first  moult  I  am  imable  to 
speak,  but  after  passing  the  second,  in  four  to  five  da3's  from  the  egg,  they  are 
.25  inch  in  length,  slender,  cylindrical,  entirely  one  .shade  of  dull  green,  some- 
what pilo-se,  each  segment  transversely  creased  ;  two  days  later  the  third  moult 
takes  place ;  length  .6  inch  ;  head  pale  green ;  body  velvety-green,  with  a  pale 
dorsal  line  and  a  faint,  whitish,  lateral  stripe  from  second  to  last  .segment;  each 
segment  crea.sed  and  marked  by  rows  of  whiti.sh,  tubetovlitod  points;  under  .side 
and  legs  pale  green. 

The  Mature  Larva  is  one  inch  long ;  head  bi-lobed,  pale  green ;  body  dark 
velvety-green ;  the  dorsal  line  distinct,  yellow  ;  the  lateral  stripe  yellow,  as  are 
also  the  tuberculated  points ;  on  the  side  of  third  segment  is  a  black  point ; 
under  side  iind  legs  pale  green. 

Another  larva,  after  third  moidt,  was  marked  a.s  follows:  the  dorsum  dark 
green,  edged  on  either  side  by  a  gray  line,  and  successively  by  a  band  of  yellow, 
another  gray  line,  and  a  black  band  to  the  legs ;  the  third  segment  wholly  black, 
and  fifth  partially  ;  the  entire  upper  surface  finely  tuberculated  with  yellow ; 
pro-legs  bkck  ;  legs  pale  green.     The  markings  were  similar  after  fourth  moult. 

Two  other  larvaa  were  green,  Avith  a  lateral  black  band  above  the  feet,  and  a 
few  black  patches  on  third  and  eleventh  segments. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .5  inch;  sub-triangular,  compressed  laterally;  head  ca.se 
square;  mesonotal  process  rounded,  prominent;  color  blue-green  ;  a  faint  yellow 
dorsal  line  pas.ses  from  last  segment  to  middle  of  body,  where  it  forks,  sending  a 
branch  along  each  wing  cover  to  the  top  of  head  case  and  meeting ;  there  is  also 
a  lateral  yellow  line  from  end  of  lust  segment  to  edge  of  wing  cover  ;  the  ab- 
dominal segments  marked  by  many  whitish  tubercles.  Time  from  laying  of  egg 
to  appeari'uce  of  the  imago  sixteen  to  seventeen  days. 


LIBYTHEA. 


■  Bachmani  appears  to  be  the  sole  n-presentative  of  its  genus  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, unless  possibly  L.  Terena,  Godart  {L.  Motya  of  Hubner,  and  Boia.  and 
Lee),  a  West  Indian  species,  should  be  found  in  the  extreme  South.  The  genus 
itself  is  very  restricted,  there  being,  according  to  Kirby  (Cat.  Di.  Lep.),  but  eight 
known  species:  three  belonging  to  this  Continent,  one  to  Europe  and  Western 
Asia,  one  to  Africa,  one  to  Mauritius,  one  to  India  and  Java,  and  one  to  the  East- 
(!rn  Archipelago,  —  a  remarkable  distribution.  Of  the  third  American  species, 
L.  Carinenta,  found  in  South  America  and  Mexico,  a  few  specimens  have  been 
brought  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  by  the  naturalists  of  the  United  States 
Government  Expeditions.  The  genus  is  peculiar  in  many  respects,  but  in  none 
more  than  in  the  development  of  the  palpi,  which  are  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
body,  instead  of  nearly  at  right  angles  to  it,  and  present  the  appearance  of  an 
immense  rostrum  projecting  from  the  front  of  the  head,  —  as  may  be  seen  by  ref- 
erence to  the  Plate.  The  uses  of  the  palpi  of  Lepidoptera  are  not  understood, 
except  so  far  as  they  serve  for  a  protection  to  the  spiral  tongue,  and  the  cause 
of  their  extraordinary  prominence  in  Llbythea  rather  than  in  other  genera  is 
not  apparent.  If  they  were  not  pacific  little  creatures,  these  butterflies  might 
seem  to  be  furnished  with  an  "  engine,"  as  Spenser  calls  it,  to  inspire  with 
caution  evil-minded  foes,  such  as  wasps,  dragon-H'es,  and  that  "  wicked  wight," 
"  foe  of  faire  things,"  the  "  greisly  tyratit  spider." 

"  Like  as  a  warlike  brigandine  applyde 

To  fight,  layes  forth  her  threatfuH  pikes  afore 
The  engines,,  whi<  h  iu  them  sad  death  doo  hyde  ; 
So  did  this  Flie  outstretcli  his  fearefuU  lioriies." 

And  surely  the  fiercest  enemy  might  hesitate  before  that  portentous  beak  and 
those  red  eyes  blazing  like  carbuncles.  Nevertheless,  I  am  sorry  to  have  to  say 
that  wasps  and  spiders  maintain  the  mastery,  and  cause  havoc,  not  only  among 
these,  but  all  butterflies.  And  dragon-flies  {Libellulce)  pounce  upon  them  as 
do  hawks  on  small  birds,  bearing  away  their  prey  to  be  devoured  at  leisure. 
Even  the  heavy-bodied,  great-winged  Fapillos  cannot  escape  these  pirates  of 

the  air. 

Llbythea  differs  also  from  most  genera  of  butterflies  in  that  the  males  are 
tetrapod  and  the  females  hexapod,  agreeing  in  this  respect  with  the  Eryc'midcp 
only.  In  the  Papilionidm  and  Hesperidce,  all  species  and  '^^th  sexes  are  hexapod. 
In  the  NymphalidcB,  winch  embraces  Argynnis,  Vanesi^u,  riatynis,  etc.,  all  tlie 
species  are  tetrapod,  also  in  both  sexes.  Nevertheless  these  last  are  furnis^hed 
with  two  pseudo-legs,  not  adapted  to  locomotion,  and  which  appear  as  flat,  furry 
lappets  folded  down  upon  the  front  of  the  thorax. 

Although  Bachmani  is  widely  distributed,  it  is  nowhere  recognized  as  a  com- 


LIBYTHEA. 


moil  species.  And  yet  the  late  Mr.  D.  B.  Walsh,  in  a  letter  to  me  dated  April. 
1863,  says,  that  in  the  month  of  June  preceding,  he  had  found  this  species  "  in 
swiirms,"  near  Jonesborougli,  in  Southern  Illinois,  "  along  the  travelled  road." 
Mr.  Scudder  gives  Dr.  Harris  as  aut'iority  for  its  having  been  found  in  Mas.sachu- 
setts,  and  informs  me  that  it  has  also  been  found  so  far  north  as  the  neighborhood 
of  the  White  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire.  Mr.  Saunders  mentions  its  occur- 
rence in  Ontario,  Canada.  In  West  Virginia  I  have  seen  a  few  individuals  every 
season,  but  have  regarded  the  species  fvs  one  of  the  rarest.  On  1st  August,  1872, 
I  noticed  a  female  fluttering  about  a  small  tree  of  CeMs  occidentalis,  in  my  gar- 
den, at  Coalburgh,  alighting  frequently  on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  evi- 
dently ovo-positing.  She  made,  perhaps,  a  dozen  descents  for  this  purpose  before 
she  flew  away.  The  eggs  were  laid  singly  on  the  immature  leaves  at  extreme 
ends  of  the  branches,  and  I  found,  on  examination,  that  nearly  every  branch  had 
its  egg.  On  the  5th,  several  of  these  eggs  had  hatched  in  the  glass  to  which  I 
had  transferred  them.  But  the  larvaj  were  exceedingly  delicate,  and  one  after 
another  dropped  off  the  leaves  till  all  were  dead.  I  have  since  experienced  the 
siune  difficulty  in  starting  these  larva3  in  confinement,  though  those  of  most 
other  butterflies  can  be  reared  from  the  egg  with  great  certainty.  But  I  was 
able  to  replenish  the  stock  from  the  tree  when  the  larvae  had  become  a  few  days 
old,  and  thenceforward  had  no  difliculty  whatever.  It  was  easy  to  discover  the 
feeding  place  of  one  of  them  from  their  habit  of  stripping  the  sides  of  the  leaf 
at  its  extremity,  leaving  the  midrib  untouched.  There  is  something  in  their 
attitude  when  at  rest  that  distinguishes  them  from  other  butterfly  larva3.  For 
hours  they  remain  with  the  head  and  upper  segments  thrown  back  and  arched, 
after  the  manner  of  the  typical  SphingidcB.  Or  the  anterior  segments  are  raised 
from  the  leaf  and  curved  forward,  the  second,  thii-d,  and  posterior  segments  being 
swollen,  and  the  middle  ones  flattened  dorsally,  an  odd  habit  I  have  not  ob- 
served in  any  other  species.  In  1873,  I  again  found  eggs  and  larvse  upon  the 
same  young  tree,  but  earlier  in  the  season,  making  it  certain  that  there  were 
two  or  more  broods  of  the  imago.  The  first  noticed  were  on  28th  June,  and 
fresh  eggs  wsre  found  at  intervals  up  to  1st  September. 

When  about  half  grown,  the  larvte  in  confinement  might  be  seen  slowly  mak- 
ing their  way  up  the  side  of  the  glass,  by  means  of  a  zigzag  ladder  which  they 
spun  as  they  went,  and  the  glass  became  well  coated  with  this  kind  of  web. 
After  the  fourth  moult,  they  began  to  fasten  the  leaves  loosely  together,  and 
stretched  several  threads  across  the  top  of  the  glass.  These  threads  were  quite 
strong  enough  singly  to  bear  the  weight  of  a  caterpillar,  and  I  have  seen  one 
cross  the  diameter  of  the  glass  in  this  way,  walking  feet  upward ;  in  this  case 
the  traveller  proceeded  cautiously,  stopping  several  times  and  throwing  a  thread 


LIBYTHEA. 

to  the  right  or  left  by  a  corresponding  movement  of  its  head,  whereby  to  attach 
its  unsteady  bridge  to  a  neighboring  line  or  leaf. 

When  ready  to  transform,  they  spin  buttons  of  red  silk  upon  the  side  of  a 
leaf,  suspend  themselves  as  do  the  Nymphalidce,  and  in  about  eight  hours  become 
chrysalids.  The  chrysalis  is  a  beautiful  object,  of  a  delicate  green,  ornamented 
with  yellow  lines,  and  helmet-shaped. 

I  have  noticed  another  remarkable  peculiarity  in  these  larvae.  On  30th  Au- 
gust, I  returned  home  after  an  absence  of  but  three  days,  and  found  the  leaves 
that  I  had  placed  in  the  glabs  with  four  larvae,  which  had  just  passed  their  third 
moult  at  my  departure,  dried  up  and  all  the  larva  changed  to  chrysalids,  thus 
crowding  into  less  than  three  days  changes  which  naturally  require  six.  The 
chrysalids  were  not  more  than  half  the  usual  size,  and  the  butterflies  that  came 
from  them  were  small  and  pale  colored.  Twice  also  I  inclosed  larvas  just  after 
their  third  moult,  in  a  tin  box  with  fresh  leaves,  and  forwarded  by  mail  to  Miss 
Peart,  who  was  then  near  Philadelphia,  expressly  to  secure  a  drawing  at  tliat 
stage,  and  before  fourth  moult,  which  should  not  occur  till  the  fourth  or  fifth  day 
after  the  third  moult.  But  though  the  distance  was  only  two  days,  in  one  case 
the  larva  on  its  arrival  had  fixed  for  chrysalis,  and  in  the  other  had  actually 
changed.  Miss  Peart  wrote,  on  1st  August,  that  the  larva  mailed  29th  July  had 
arrived  Slst,  but  was  in  chrysalis,  and  from  no  want  of  food,  as  the  leaves  were 
fresh.  I  should  apprehend,  therefore,  that  in  these  cases  the  larvae  had  not 
passed  the  fourth  moult,  but  had  proceeded  to  chrysalis  directly  from  the  third. 
Apart  from  the  difference  in  size,  there  is  no  mistaking  the  third  moult  for  the 
fourth,  from  the  peculiar  markings  assumed  at  this  last. 

All  the  caterpillars  of  Bachmani  observed  in  1872  were  green,  and  I  should 
not  then  have  credited  a  statement  of  variation  in  color.  But  of  those  fed  in 
1873,  several  were  marked  more  or  less  with  black,  in  spots  or  bands. 

I  am  not  aware  of  any  other  food-plant  for  this  species  than  Celtis  occidentalis. 
This  tree  is  a  favorite  with  many  other  larvae,  especially  of  the  Apaturas,  Celtis, 
and  Clyton,  and  Grapta  interrogntionis.  0.  comma  will  feed  on  the  leaves  in 
confinement,  but  unwillingly. 


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LEMONIAS   I. 


LEMONIAS  NAIS.    1-4. 

Lmonias  Nais,  Edw.  {Chnjtophanus  Nais),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  V.,  2!)1,  1876. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.5  inch. 

Upper  side  fulvous  and  daric  brown,  spotted  with  black,  the  disks  being  fulvous, 
the  bases  and  margins  brown  ;  a  fulvous  dash  on  costal  margin  of  primaries  at 
base  ;  hind  margins  edged  by  a  black  line  ;  the  narrow  brown  border  is  followed 
by  a  series  of  rounded  black  spots,  completely  crossing  both  wings ;  in  some 
examples  the  submarginal  fulvous  area  is  broad,  in  others  it  is  reduced  to  a  series 
of  fulvons  crenations  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  rounded  spots ;  next  preceding 
is  a  common  black  band  made  up  of  narrow  confluent  spots ;  a  similar  band 
crosses  the  disks,  with  a  sharp  bend  round  the  end  of  cell  of  primaries ;  at  the 
extremity  of  each  cell  a  black  transverse  bar,  and  three  others  within,  .lear  the 
middle  ;  also  below  are  three  in  line  with  the  others  ;  primaries  have  a  small  white 
submarginal  spot,  and  an  indistinct  whitish  or  yellowish  spot  near  inner  angle ; 
fringes  alternately,  but  irregularly,  brown  and  white. 

Under  side  of  primaries  orange,  except  for  a  little  spot  of  white  or  buff  quite 
at  the  margin  in  each  interspace,  and  a  dash  of  same  color  in  subcostal  inter- 
space ;  hind  margin  edged  by  a  black  line  ;  the  whole  wing  spotted  black,  rep- 
resenting in  small  the  marks  of  upper  side.  Secondaries  yellow-white  or  buff, 
with  black  marginal  line,  the  spots  repeated  as  on  primaries ;  between  the  two 
outer  rows  an  orange  belt,  and  orange  over  outer  part  of  cell  and  in  the  inter- 
spaces below  cell. 

Body  above,  dark  btown,  below,  either  white  or  buff;  the  abdominal  segments 
at  their  edges,  on  sides,  fulvous ;  legs,  pale  orange,  the  femora  white,  and  the 
first  pair  (which  are  aborted  in  this  sex)  white;  palpi  white;  antennte  annulated 
black  and  white  ;  club  black,  reddish  at  tip.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.3  to  1.4  inches. 

Marked  like  the  male,  but  the  colors  are  lighter,  and  in  many  examples  the 
fulvous  area  is  more  extended.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 


LEMONIAS   I. 


P'oG.  —  Button-shaped,  the   top   depressed ;    covered   with   a  white,   vitreous 
coating,  or  net-work,  in  six  sided  meshes,  each  angle  sentUng  out  a  short  tapering 


fihunentouH  spine  (Fig.  a' 


.jj.  ..  .);  these  spines  are  wantnig  in  the  concentric  rows 
al)out  (lie  inicropyle  (Fig.  «'"'.),  and  tiie  meshes  tliere  are  five-sided,  and  in  the 
contra!  rosette  rhoniboidal ;  the  egg  nnik-r  tliis  net-work  is  sage-green,  and 
through  it,  wliitish-green  (Fig.  a.).     Duration  of  this  stage  about  twelve  days. 

Young  L.\nVA.  —  Length,  .04  inch  ;  cylindrical,  thickest  at  third  segment, 
tapering  posteriorly,  the  dor.--'um  a  little  arched,  each  segment  rounded ;  color 
greenish-yellow,  a  pale  crimson  stripe  along  middle  of  side  ;  from  3  to  VI, 
two  dorsal  rows  of  broad,  oval,  flattened,  tuberculated  processes,  from  each  of 
which  comes  a  pencil  of  five  long,  recurved  black  hairs,  one  being  shorter  than 
the  rest ;  along  lower  part  of  side,  from  2  to  13,  are  three  long,  depressed  white 
liairs  to  each  segment,  and  under  these  some  fine  and  shorter  ones ;  on  2  is  a 
dark  dorsal  oval  process,  considerably  elevated,  the  top  rounded,  and  on  its  an- 
terior part  are  six  long  hairs  on  each  side  the  medio-dorsal  line,  all  turned  for- 
ward ;  in  front  of  these  is  a  fringe  of  long  white  hairs  which  falls  over  the 
head  ;  13  is  brown  at  extremity,  and  the  hairs  extend  back  almost  horizontally, 
a  little  depressed ;  feet  and  pro-legs  yellow-green ;  head  a  little  broader  than 
2,  obovoid,  bilobcd,  slightly  pubescent ;  color  dark  brown  ;  the  head  is  not  I'e- 
tractile,  but  is  partly  covered  by  2  (Fig.  h.).  Duration  of  this  stage  about 
fifteen  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  about  two  days  after  the  moult,  .11  inch  ;  somewhat 
flattened,  broader  than  high,  the  dorsum  highest  at  3,  a  little  arched,  and,  as  well 
as  the  sides,  tapering  to  13  ;  the  head  bent  down  and  under,  and  partly  concealed 
by  2  ;  color  at  first  pale  green  dorsally,  later,  dull  white  with  a  faint  green  tint ;  a 
brown  stripe  .along  upper  part  of  side,  the  lower  part  of  side  and  of  the  body  pale 
yellow-green  ;  on  dorsum  two  rows  of  brown,  conical,  low,  blunt-tipped  tubercles, 
from  3  to  12  ;  on  the  side,  in  line  with  the  stripe,  a  row  of  similar,  but  smaller, 
tubercles,  from  3  to  18  ;  and  lower  down,  another  row,  still  smaller,  from  3  to  12 ; 
from  the  dorsal  tubercles  rise  pencils  of  .short,  straight,  divergent  hairs,  about 
twenty-four  in  number,  black  ;  from  the  upper  lateral  row  similar  pencils,  shorter 
and  fewer,  black  ;  from  the  lower  row  a  few  short,  divergent  black  hairs,  and 
under  them  several  long  white  hairs,  depressed ;  on  2  is  a  yellowish,  vitreous, 
low,  rounded  protuberance,  divided  into  two  at  the  medio-dorsal  line,  the  back 
part  and  middle  of  each  half  beset  with  short,  straight  black  hairs,  but  from  the 
front  proceed  long  white  hairs,  which  come  down  over  the  face  ;  on  the  side  of  2 
ore  two  small  pencils  of  hairs  in  vertical  row,  the  upper  one  lying  between  the 
two  lateral  rows  of  other  segments,  a  few  white  hairs  from  each  ;  at  the  extrem- 
ity of   13  a  black  tuberculation,  with  short  black  and  long  white  hairs  projecting 


LEMONIAS   I. 


horizontally;  the  white  hnira  from  tlie  (lilYoront  soginonts  form  a  complete  friuj^o 
around  tho  lioily,  Incliiding  both  extroiiiities;  hoad  broador  than  liigli,  obovoid, 
the  sides  rounded,  the  top  depressed,  the  vertieos  rounded;  color  black, covered 
with  a  yellow  down  on  lower  two-thirds,  and  with  many  long,  depressed,  white 
hairs  (Fig.  c).     To  next  moult  nineteen  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  three  hours  after  the  moult,  .11)  inch;  sinne  shape 
nnd  appearance  as  at  next  previous  stage;  the  dorsum  dull  white,  with  a  brown 
line  down  the  middle  ;  the  brown  stripe  as  before,  the  re.st  of  side  reddish-yellow  ; 
tho  doi^^al  white  area  is  elevated  above  the  segments  at  either  end,  that  is,  above 
2  and  13,  and  ends  abruptly,  and  13  dorsally  is  of  .same  hue  as  the  sides;  head 
as  before  (Fig.  (h).     To  next  moult  fifteen  days. 

After  third  moult :  length  one  day  after  the  moult,  .20  inch,  greatest  breadth, 
.08  inch ;  .shape  and  appearance  as  before  ;  the  dorsum  didl  white,  the  miMlio-dor- 
sal  stripe  pink-gray,  the  sides  pink-brown  mottled  with  white;  head  as  before 
(Figs,  e,  e^.).     To  next  moidt  eleven  days. 

After  fourth  moult  :  length  eighteen  hours  after  the  moult,  .10  inch;  greatest 
breadth,  .15;  height,  .10  inch. 

Matuiek  Lauva.  —  Length,  .7  inch  ;  the  head  bent  under,  and,  seen  fi-om 
above,  both  ends  are  rounded  ;  tho  general  shape  long  oval,  the  last  segments 
narrowest;  viewed  sidewise,  .']  and  4  are  highest  and  the  slope  is  gradual  to  l;5, 
rapid  to  head  ;  the  dorsum  elevated,  forming  a  flat  ridge  from  3  to  12,  with  rather 
abrupt  ends  and  sides  ;  color  of  dorsum  dull  pinkish-ferruginous,  with  decided 
white  along  the  edge  of  tho  elevated  part;  a  dark  medio-dorsal  line  or  stripe  ; 
tho  sides  of  body  wine-red,  finely  mottled  with  whitish  on  the  upper  part  ;  on 
the  lower,  green  and  reddish  are  blended,  and  beneath  green  prevails;  tho  two 
lower  rows  of  tubercles  yellow ;  in  all  there  are  six  rows  of  tubercles,  —  one 
sub-dorsal  and  two  lateral  on  either  side  ;  the  upper  and  lower  extend  from  3  to 
12,  the  other  from  3  to  13  ;  those  of  tho  dorsal  rows  are  short,  conical,  blunt, 
and  each  sends  out  a  pencil  of  many  very  short,  straight,  divergent  black  hairs  ; 
those  of  second  row  are  small,  with  similar  pencils  of  hairs,  but  fewer  in  num- 
ber; those  of  lower  row  are  still  smaller,  with  a  pencil  of  half  a  dozen  black 
hairs  like  tho  rest  from  tho  upper  part,  but  under  thorn,  long,  depressed  white 
hairs  falling  to  feet ;  on  2  are  two  large  rounded  processes,  white,  vitreous,  with 
several  short,  black  hairs,  but  from  tho  fronts  come  long  white  hairs  which  bend 
down,  screening  the  face ;  on  the  side  of  2  are  two  small  pencils  of  hairs  in  vor- 
tical line,  tho  upper  lying  between  the  lateral  rows  of  the  other  segments,  the 
hairs  black,  the  other  a  little  below  the  line  of  lower  row,  and  giving  both  black 
and  white  hairs ;  over  the  feet  also  on  3  and  4  each  is  a  slight  tubercle  with  two 
or  three  white  hairs  ;  13  is  dark  colored  dorsally,  with  a  tuft  of  black  hairs  on 


LEMON  IAS   I. 


Hide  ill  lino  with  upper  lateral  row,  and  both  hlaek  and  white  hairw  at  the  end, 
the  latter  long,  horizontal  (Fi^f.  ly.) ;  the  white  liuir.s  from  the  Heverul  seguients 
form  a  fringe  completely  around  the  larva;  head  obovoid,  the  Hides  well  rounded, 
the  top  depre.sHed,  the  vertices  rounded  and  covered  by  the  protuberances  of 
wecond  Hcginents  (Figs./'',/S /'\)  ;  color  l)lack,  or  black-brown;  the  lower  two- 
thirds  thickly  covered  by  a  yellow  down,  with  a  few  long,  depressed  white  hairs. 
There  was  no  variation  perceptible  in  the  shape  of  the  head  from  second  moult 
to  maturity  (Figs./,/'''.).  From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  sixteen  day.s.  (The 
whole  body,  in  the  last  two  larval  stages,  was  covered  with  minute  hairs,  which 
cannot  be  represented  on  the  Plate,  and  at  the  base  of  each  hair  was  a  white 
point,  giving  a  mottled  appearance  under  the  gla.ss.) 

CiiuYHALis.  —  Length,  .l.j  inch  ;  greatest  breadth  acro.ss  abdomen,  .15,  across 
mesonotum,  .1-1  inch;  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  long,  ovoid,  pointed  at  the  ex- 
tremity, not  turned  under,  next  thorax  compressed  ;  head-case  square  at  top, 
sloping  llatly  at  the  sides ;  the  mesonotum  rounded,  very  little  elevated  ;  whole 
surface,  except  the  wing-ca.scs,  thickly  and  equally  beset  with  short  whitish  hairs; 
color  of  anterior  parts  and  wing-cases  gray-brown  ;  the  general  color  of  abdomen 
greenish,  rather  dark ;  a  dorsal  line  and  two  sub-dorsal  bands  gray-brown,  and 
one  line  of  same  color  on  side  ;  the  crescent  over  eye  orange.  The  chrysalis  i.s 
held  by  a  girdle  about  the  middle.     (Figs,  li,  Ir.) 

Nais  is  found  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  has  been  taken  at  least  as  far  to 
the  north  in  Colorado  as  Denver  and  Boulder.  Mr.  B.  Neunioegen  observed  it 
in  South  Colorado  in  1880,  especially  at  Oak  Creek  Caiion,  where  it  was  common. 
He  wrote  that  it  first  appeared  there  about  the  middle  of  July,  but  was  most 
abundant  toward  the  end  of  the  month  and  beginning  of  August,  but  had  en- 
tirely disappeared  by  the  middle  of  August.  It  was  always  found  on  open  clear- 
ings, Hying  Iroin  10  a.  ji.  to  2  p.  m..  and  invariably  settled  near  moist  places.  Its 
flight  was  of  a  rapid,  zigzag  character,  much  resembling  MeUhta. 

Mr.  H.  K.  Morrison  found  the  species  abundant  in  Graham  Mountains,  Arizona, 
in  1882,  and  says:  "  I  found  Nais  at  an  elevation  of  from  8,000  to  10,000  feet, 
on  the  flowers  of  '  White  Sage,'  Eurotia  lanata.  It  usually  holds  its  wings  Hat 
while  at  rest,  but  moves  them  more  than  does  L.  Palmer'd." 

On  July  20,  1881,  I  received  from  Mr.  Doll,  the  agent  employed  by  Mr.  Ncu- 
moegen  in  making  collections  of  Lepidoptera  in  Arizona,  several  eggs  of  Nais. 
One  was  still  perfect ;  the  rest  had  each  a  hole  in  the  top,  exactly  at  the  micro- 
pyle,  from  which  the  larva  had  escaped.  In  the  cotton  which  accompanied  the 
eggs,  were  four  young  larvce,  less  than  one  day  old.  The  eggs  had  been  laid  on 
twigs  and  leaves  of  Mesquit,  Prosopis  julillora,  by  females  confined  in  bag.  I 
gathered  various  sorts  of  leaf  to  tempt  the  little  creatures  to  eat,  among  them 


LEMONIAS   I. 

pench  and  wild  ohorry.     On  22(1,  it  wnn  evident  that  the  rhorry  hnd  been  nib- 
bled at,  l)iit  only  one  caterpilliii  waw  livinj;,  and  that  died  two  davH  later. 

On  2Cth  Jidy,  eauio  another  lot>  of  ejjj^s  and  larvm  from  Mr.  Doll.  They  had 
been  twelve  days  on  the  road,  in  the  mail,  in  tin  box,  with  Mesqiiit  leaver.  There 
were  half  a  dozen  eg;^H  unhatehed,  ."Several  catcrpillarH  but  lately  ont,  and  .><oino 
were  in  tho  act  of  emerging  from  round  holen  at  the  middle  of  the  depressed 
tops.  I  put  these  caterpillars  in  a  glass  with  wild  cherry  leaves  only,  as  tho 
former  ones  seemed  to  have  eaten  cherry  a  little,  but  in  course  of  the  next  threo 
or  four  days  one  after  another  died,  not  liking  the  food.  When  itut  two  were 
left,  I  tried  wild  plum,  giving  the  tenderest  terminal  leaves,  and  at  last  had  hit 
upon  the  right  plant.  One  leaf  had  been  dropped  upside  down  into  the  glass, 
and  next  day  its  edges  were  stitched  to  a  leaf  it  had  fallen  upon,  and  they  were 
.somewhat  drawn  together.  Twenty-four  hours  later  tho  upper  leaf  was  quite 
closed  up,  so  that  I  had  to  slit  one  side  of  it  to  get  a  view  of  the  tenant,  which  was 
resting  on  tho  midril),  and  had  ina<le  for  itself  a  thick  bed  of  silk.  It  had  not 
eaten  the  leaf  which  concealed  it,  but  another  at  a  little  distance,  so  that  it  must 
have  come  completely  forth  to  feed.  Two  days  later,  on  again  slitting  the  leaf, 
I  coidd  sec  that  the  neck  of  tho  caterpillar  was  swollen, —  sure  sign  of  an  ap- 
proaching moult.  Tho  moult  was  discovered  to  have  taken  place  after  another 
interval  of  two  days,  and  the  caterpillar  was  moving  about.  For  tho  present  it 
rested  on  the  midrib  of  a  fresh  leaf  in  full  view,  but  on  the  tnud  day  it  stitched 
the  edges  together  slightly,  and  retired.  Just  then  I  was  compelled  to  leave 
home,  returning  on  23d,  and  left  my  subject  in  charge  of  a  member  of  my  family. 
It  was  reported  healthy,  and  the  day  I  returned  closed  up  the  hitherto  open  end 
of  its  leaf,  and  was  seen  no  more,  and  evidently  did  not  come  out  to  feed  till  after 
the  27th,  on  which  day  it  passed  the  second  moult.  On  5th  September,  it  had 
covered  itself  within  a  leaf,  both  edges  of  which  rested  on  the  side  of  the  glass, 
and  had  fastened  thera  to  the  glass,  .so  that  from  the  outside  I  had  a  good  view. 
On  9th,  I  saw  it  at  a  distance  from  its  nest,  and  same  day  caught  it  retreating 
into  it.  On  llth,  it  pas.sed  the  third  moult.  Soon  after,  I  sent  this  caterpillar  to 
Mrs.  Peart,  in  Philadelphia,  by  express,  in  its  glass  jar,  for  a  portrait.  The  dis- 
tance is  about  six  hundred  miles,  and  the  package  was  three  days  in  reaching  its 
destination.  On  21st,  I  received  the  caterpillar  again,  quite  uninjured  by  the 
journey,  and  by  six  days  of  close  confinement.  It  was  concealed  when  it  reached 
me,  and  two  days  later  it  passed  the  fourth  and  last  moult.  Three  days  later,  it 
again  went  to  Philadelphia,  for  another  portrait,  and  there  remained  till  pupation. 
This  occurred  9tli  October,  and  the  imago  came  from  chrysalis  llth  November,  a 
female,  rather  smaller  than  the  average  of  the  free  females,  but  fully  as  large  as 
any  male.  So  that  it  had  not  been  much  aflected  by  change  of  climate  and  food, 
confinement  and  travel. 


LEMONIAS   I. 


This  caterpillar  was  slow  in  all  its  movements,  rested  for  hours  in  one  spot,  did 
not  care  for  much  concealment  inanediately  after  a  moidt  and  in  the  aiddle  of 
the  stage,  but  when  another  moult  approached,  shut  itself  up  cl'^'^iely,  and  was 
only  to  be  seen  one  or  two  days  after  the  moult  had  passed.  It  did  not  eat  of  the 
leaf  which  enclosed  it,  as  so  many  caterpillars  which  conceal  themselves  in  leaves 
do,  but  went  to  an  outside  leaf  to  feed.  And  it  eat  very  little  as  compared  with 
species  of  Lycoana  or  of  Thecla,  which  I  have  had.  As  so  little  is  known  of  the 
early  stages  of  any  of  the  Lemoniina%  these  particulars  are  somewhat  important. 
The  eggs  of  Nais  are  in  shape  very  like  those  of  Lycaana  Pseudargiolus,  and 
similarly,  are  covered  with  a  reticulated  coating.  But  the  meshes  of  this  are 
five-sided,  whereas  in  the  Lycajna  they  are  four-sided,  and  rhomboidal.  In 
Thecla  Henrici  the  meshes  are  three-sided.  Each  angle  of  the  netting,  in  Ifais, 
sends  up  a  filamentous  spine,  but  in  L.  Palmerii  these  are  replaced  by  rounded 
knobs,  and  this  is  more  in  the  style  of  both  the  Lycajna  and  Thecla  mentioned. 
The  caterpillars  have  heads  partly  covered  by  the  second  segment,  but  neither 
head  nor  feet  are  retractile,  as  in  the  Lycsenidai.  The  tubercles  and  their  ap- 
pendages in  the  several  rows  are  alike  in  shape  and  number  from  3  to  12,  and  in 
this  respect  Nais  differs  from  all  spined  butterfly  larvaa  known  to  me.  The 
fringes  of  long  hairs  around  the  entire  base  of  the  body,  and  falling  over  the 
head,  are  also  peculiar.  The  chrysalis  is  girt  with  a  belt,  as  in  the  Lycainida),  but 
it  is  more  in  the  middle  ;  and  the  abdomen  is  remarkably  elongated,  is  not  turned 
under  at  the  extremity,  and  is  thickly  clothed  with  bristling  hairs. 


LEMONIAS  I. 


LEMONIAS  PALMERII.    5-8, 


Lemonias  Palmerii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Anier.  Ent.  Soc,  III.,  189,  1870. 


Male.  —  Expands  about  one  inch. 

Upper  iside  sepia-brown,  witli  patches  of  fulvous  near  base  of  primaries,  and 
along  both  hind  margins ;  the  basal  half  of  costal  margin  and  the  whole  of  cell 
of  secoidaries  also  fulvous ;  spotted  with  black  and  white  ;  a  common  sub-mar- 
ginal row  of  minute  white  spots,  each  with  a  small  rounded  black  spot  in  its  pos- 
terior side  ;  an  extra-discal  row  on  primaries,  and  a  discal  on  secondaries,  the 
former  zigzag,  the  latter  irregular,  a  black  spot  on  the  basal  side  of  each ;  at  the 
end  of  each  cell  a  white  bar  bftween  two  black,  a  similar  set  of  spots  near  base, 
and  others  below  the  cells ;  fringes  white,  cut  with  pale  brown  at  the  tips  of 
the  nervules  except  at  the  apices. 

Under  side  ochraceous,  deep  colored  on  disk  of  primaries ;  the  white  spots 
repeated,  enlarged,  and  the  discal  row  on  secondaries  confluent,  forming  a  con- 
spicuous band  ;  the  black  sub-marginal  points  repeated,  but  mere  dots ;  the  other 
black  marks  represented  by  ferruginous. 

Body  above  same  color  as  wings,  beneath  white,  the  sides  of  abdomen  yellow- 
ish ;  legs  and  palpi  white ;  antennce  annidated  white  and  black,  club  black  tipped 
with  orange. 

Female.  —  Expands  1.2  inch. 

Upper  side  a  shade  paler,  the  fulvous  marginal  patclies  more  conspicuous,  the 
white  spots  larger.  Under  side  of  both  wings  whitish  to  the  discal  bands,  beyond 
to  base  ochraceous. 

Egg.  —  Button-shaped,  higher  than  IZais,  the  top  elevated  to  the  edge  of  a 
pan-shaped  depression  which  has  sloping  sides  and  flat  bottom  (Fig.  P.) ;  surface 
covered  by  a  white  vitreous  net- work,  the  meshes  larger  in  proportion  than  those 
of  NaiH,  and  with  a  rounded  knob  at  each  angle  (Fig.  i^.) ;  color  whitish-green 
(Fig.  i.).     Duration  of  this  stage  about  twelve  days. 


LEMONIAS  I. 


YoryQ  Larva.  —  Length,  .04  inch ;  cyhndrical,  thickest  at  3,  tapering  pos- 
teriorly, the  dorsum  a  little  arched,  each  segment  rounded  ;  color  yellow-green  ; 
from  3  to  lli,  two  dorsal  rows  of  broad,  oval,  flattened  brown  processes,  from 
each  of  which  comes  a  pencil  of  five  long,  recurved,  black  hairs,  one  being 
shorter  than  the  rest ;  along  lower  part  of  side,  from  2  to  13,  are  three  long  and 
depressed  white  hairs  to  each  segment,  and  under  them  some  fine  and  shorter 
ones;  on  2,  is  a  dark  brown,  oval,  tumid  pre  jess,  and  on  the  anterior  half  are 
six  long  black  hairs  on  either  side  the  medio-dorsal  line,  all  turned  forward  ;  in 
front  of  these  is  a  fringe  of  long  white  hairs  which  fall  over  the  head ;  13  is 
brown  at  extremity,  and  the  hairs  extend  back  horizontally,  or  a  little  depressed ; 
feet  and  pro-legs  yellow-green ;  head  a  little  broader  than  2,  obovoid,  bilobed, 
slightly  pubescent ;  color  dark  brown.  (Fig.  k-)  The  head  is  not  retractile  but 
is  partly  covered  by  2. 

The  young  larva  is  almost  precisely  lik*.  Nais  at  same  stage,  but  is  more  green, 
and  the  red  stripe  on  side  is  wanting. 

Pabneril  is  common  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  probably  in  Southern 
Utah.  It  was  described  in  1870,  from  a  single  male  brought  from  Utah  by  Dr. 
Palmer,  and  for  a  long  tune  this  remained  unique  in  collections.  But  Messrs. 
Neumoegen,  Doll,  and  Mori'ison  have  brought  in  large  numbers. 

Mr.  Morrison  writes  :  "  I  found  L.  Palmerii  at  Fort  Thomas,  Arizona,  in  May ; 
elevation  1,800  feet.  It  was  flying  only  on  Meoquit,  both  on  ihe  leaves  and  flow- 
ers, more  often  on  the  latter.  It  flies  very  quickly,  and  when  at  rest  generally 
holds  its  wings  perfectly  flat,  and  sometimes  will  flutter  them  rapidly  )ut  it 
never  holds  them  back  to  back,  like  Thecla.  I  found  Palmerii  also  at  Grant, 
Ariz'.,  in  June,  —  elevation  1,500  feet,  —  always  on  Mesquit,  and  with  the  same 
habits." 

I  received  from  Mr.  Doll,  at  Tucson,  2r)th  May,  1881,  a  box  containing  about 
fifty  eggs  of  Palmerii,  with  twigs  and  leaves  of  Mesquit,  on  which  they  had 
been  laid.  A  few  of  the  eggs  had  hatched,  but  the  larvae  had  apparently  es- 
caped. On  27th,  I  saw  one  come  from  its  egg,  from  the  depressed  top,  a  round 
hole  being  eaten  out,  ju:t  large  enough  to  permit  egress.  None  of  the  shell 
was  consumed.  I  did  not  at  the  time  know  the  plant,  but  supposed  it  to 
be  a  species  of  Cassia,  and  therefore  provided  leaves  of  Cassia  marilandica. 
But  the  larva?,  some  half  dozen  in  number,  all  died,  and  I  was  able  to  learn 
nothing  of  the  subsequent  stages.  After  this  the  larvie  of  L.  Nixis  were  found 
to  like  leaves  of  wild  plum,  and  probably  Palmerii  would  have  eaten  the  same. 

Lcmonias  is  one  of  the  genera  in  the  family  Eryciiiiiloe,  of  which  Mr.  H.  W. 
Bates  says,  in  the  Linntcan  Society  Journal,  vol.  ix.,  1863  :  "  The  Erycinidoe  are 
well  difii.iiguished  from  all  other  butterflies,  with  the  exception  of  the  genus 


LEMONIAS  I. 


Libythea,  forming  a  separate  group  allied  to  the  Erycinidfe/  by  the  anterior  pair 
of  leg«  in  the  males  being  aborted,  without  tarsal  joints  or  traee  of  claws  and 
spines,  the  same  legs  in  the  females  being  of  normal  structure."  Also:  "The 
metamorphoses  are  variable,  some  genera  resembling  the  Nymphalidai,  in  the 
chrysalis  being  suspended  by  the  tail,  and  others  the  Lyca^nidiB,  in  being  recum- 
bent and  girt  with  silken  threads.  Too  little  is  known  of  the  caterpillars  to  en- 
able us  to  say  whether  they  offer  any  pecuiiarity."  Nearly  all  the  species  are 
found  in  America.  Again  quoting  Mr.  Bates  :  "  The  family  appears  to  be  most 
numerous  and  flourishing  in  the  equatorial  zone,  diminishing  in  the  numl:er  of 
its  representatives  as  one  approaches  either  tropic,  and  wiJi  very  few  exceptions 
the  species  are  confined  to  the  shades  of  the  great  forest  which  covers  the  lower 
levels  of  nearly  the  whole  of  this  vast  region.  I  collected  myself  370  species  on 
the  banks  of  the  Amazon."  "  A  large  number  of  genera  have  the  habit  of  bct- 
tling  on  the  under  side  of  leaves  near  the  ground,  extending  their  wings  flat  on 
the  leaf.  In  many  genera,  on  the  contrary,  the  position  of  the  wings  in  repose 
is  vertical,  and  a  few  species  settle  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  with  the  wings 
half  elevated."     "  Very  few  species  frequent  flowers." 

In  my  Catalogue,  1877,  are  enumerated  eight  species  of  Erycinidas,  to  which 
iVois  should  have  been  added.  And  recently  two  other  species.  Ares  Edw. 
and  C/eis  Edw.,  have  been  described  as  of  our  fauna  from  the  Morrison  collections 
of  1882. 

*  By  some  authors,  Libythea  is  regarded  as  an  aberrant  group  of  the  Nymphalidaj. 


f^ 


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Ilnwn  by  M.iry  Pearl.. 


RIIBIDIIS^    1.2.4,3.9, 
CUPREUS.   4,S  4,6.7  ?. 
SIRIU3.    8.9.4,10?. 


Bowenil-'UlK  I'hil* 


Chry*:ifitia.-ia<i  r.i'>i1-v.>,  *^'  ■ 


in  if   • 


OHRYSOPHANUS   I. 


CHRYSOPHANUS    RUBIOUS,   1—3. 


Chrysophanus  rubidus,  Behr,  Proe.  Knf.  Sdc.  Phil.  1866,  p.  208. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.35  inch. 

Upper  side  bright  copper-red,  secondaries  only  having  a  narrow  marginal 
border  of  paler  color  ;  on  arc  of  primaries  a  fuscous  bar  and  in  cell  a  spot ;  on 
arc  of  secondaries  a  streak ;  otherwise  inunaculate  excei)t  as  the  spots  of  under 
side  are  faintly  seen  through  the  delicate  wings ;  hind  margins  edged  by  a  black 
line ;  fringes  gray-white. 

Under  side  buff;  primaries  have  a  sub-marginal  row  of  brown  spots,  wanting 
apically  ;  a  sinuous  row  of  six  rounded  black  spots  across  disk,  the  sixth  duplex ; 
a  bar  on  arc,  two  spots  in  cell  and  one  below  cell ;  secondaries  immaculate. 

Body  fuscous,  beneath  buff;  legs  and  palpi  buff;  antennae  annulated  with  black 
and  white;  club  fuscous,  tip  fulvous. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Upper  side  yellow-fulvous ;  secondaries  much  ob.scured  by  fuscous,  especially 
next  base  and  just  anterior  to  the  red  marginal  border ;  primaries  have  a  similar 
border  preceded  by  a  fuscous  band ;  the  extra-discal  row  of  spots  distinct ;  a 
large  spot  on  arc  and  one  in  cell ;  secondaries  have  a  discal  streak  and  four  spots 
beyond,  part  of  an  incomplete  transverse  row  ;  under  side  as  in  the  male. 

This  species  was  originally  taken  in  Oregon  by  Professor  Gabb,  while  engaged 
in  a  geological  survey,  but  from  what  locality  is  not  known.  It  is  also  among 
the  butterflies  collected  in  Montana,  by  Dr.  Hayden's  expedition  of  1870. 


CHRVSOPHANUS    1 


CHIIYSOI'HANUS   CUPHKUS,   4—7. 

Clirygophantis  cupreUB,  Kdwnnls,  Trims.  Am.  Kii(.  Sor.  IHlo.  p.  M, 

Male.  —  Expaiuls  1.1  inch. 

Upper  side  bright  copper-red,  color  of  i?(<?>(WHS ;  hind  margins  narrowly  bor- 
dered by  fiiHcouR ;  both  vving.s  cro.s.sed  by  a  tortuous,  extra-discnl  row  of /iiscous 
spots  and  points;  a  large  fu.scous  spot  on  are  of  primaries  and  a  point  on  tiiat  of 
secondaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  red-ochraceous ;  spots  as  above,  but  enlarged,  and  in 
addition,  two  in  cell,  all  edged  with  buffj  the  marginal  border  as  above,  grayish, 
having  on  its  inner  edge  a  row  of  small  brown  spots;  secondaries  paler,  much 
irrorated  with  black  at  base ;  upon  hind  margin  a  row  of  separated  orange 
lunules,  against  which,  next  marginal  edge,  are  traces  of  brown  spots  ;  the  extra- 
discal  spots  as  on  upper  side,  but  in  addition,  there  are  eight  others,  three  on 
costal  margin,  two  in  cell,  two  on  arc,  and  one  on  abdominal  margin. 

Body  fuscous,  below  pale  buif ;  legs  and  palpi  buff;  antenrue  annnhited  black 
and  white  ;  club  fuscous,  tip  fulvous. 

Female.  —  Expands  1.2  inch. 

Color  pale  red,  marked  on  both  sides  as  in  the  male ;  the  spots  much  enlarged 
and  conspicuous. 


This  species  is  also  found  in  Oregon,  but  I  .am  unable  to  give  its  exact  locality. 
It  is  as  yet  exceedingly  rare  in  collections. 


7- 


CHRYSOPHANUS    1. 


("IIUYSOIMIANUS    SIRIUS,    H— 10. 

Chryaopliumm  Siiiiis  KdwiinlH,  TranN.  Am.  Knt.  Sof.  1H71,  p.  '.iJO. 

Male.  —  ExpandH  I. .3  inch. 

Upper  Hi<li'  l.rilliiint  coppor-ied,  deepest  on  eo.stiil  margin  of  priniarie.-*  and  on 
both  hind  margins  and  all  the  nervures,  the  inter.-<paces  having  a  brown  siiad." 
when  viewed  directly,  but  liery-red  otherwise;  on  the  hind  margin  of  sceondanes 
the  deep  red  horder"is  broken  into  spots  toward.s  anal  angle,  these  spots  inclosing 
black  Innules  that  are  produced  by  the  expansion  of  the  l»lack  line  that  edges 
both  margins  ;  discal  spot  of  prinuiries  a  straight  fuscous  bar  ;  a  fuscous  p..int  in 
cell  ;  discal  mark  of  secondaries  a  streak,  and  three  or  four  points  beyond  cell  ; 
fringes  gray-white. 

Under  side  of  primaries  bulf  with  a  red  tint,  of  secondaries  buff";  primaries 
have  a  sub-marginal  row  of  rounded  fuscous  spots,  obsolete  apically  ;  a  bent  row 
across  the  disk,  rounded,  nearly  e(iual  ;  a  bar  cm  arc,  a  spot  and  point  in  cell  and 
a  spot  below  cell  on  sub-median  interspace;  secondaries  have  a  tortuous  row  of 
points  or  minute  spots,  and  three  points  nearer  base  forming  a  line  across  the 

wing. 

Body  above  fuscous,  beneath  pale  buff;  legs  buff;  palpi  same;   antenmv  an- 

nulated  Idack  and  white  ;  club  fuscous,  tip  ferruginous. 

i'EMALE.  —  Same  size. 

Upper  side  fuscous,  the  disk  of  primaries  pale  fulvous,  more  or  less  obscured  by 
fuscous,  of  secondaries  still  darker  ;  all  the  spots  of  under  si.le  are  di.scovered 
through  the  wing,  those  of  secondaries  much  enlarged  ;  within  the  fuscous  mar- 
ginal border  of  primaries  a  deep  fulvous  stripe  which  curves  around  inner  angle  ; 
secondaries  have  a  marginal  band  of  fulvous  serrations,  within  each  of  which  is  a 
fuscous  spot. 

The  female  of  this  species  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  female  of  Lycivna 
Heteronea,  as  may  be  seen  by  referring  to  our  I'late  of  the  hitter. 

The  genus  Chrysophanus  (Polyommatus  of  Boisduval)  embraces  many  })eautiful 


CHRYSOPHANUS    I. 


species,  <and  is  well  represented  in  North  America,  eispecially  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  on  the  Pacific  slope.  These  little  buttertiies  frequent  the  open  coun- 
try ratlier  than  woods  and  forests,  and  such  as  are  found  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States  are  very  conunon  in  old  fields  and  pastures.  The  eggs  of  most 
butterliies  are  beautiful  objects  when  seen  under  the  microscope,  differing  infi- 
nitely in  form  and  ornamentation,  and  I  know  of  none  that  surpass  in  beauty 
those  of  our  two  Atlantic  species  of  Chrysophanus,  Hyllus  and  Phleas,  var. 
Americana.  These  eggs  are  round  and  flattened,  and  in  case  of  Hyllus  covered 
with  a  delicate  fronting ;  in  Phkris  the  wliole  surface  is  occupied  by  hexagonal 
depressions,  that  give  the  appearance  of  a  bit  of  honeycomb.  The  caterpillars 
of  this  genus  are  oval,  onisciforni,  with  small  retractile  heads  and  retractile  feet. 
So  far  as  is  known,  the  American  species  feed  on  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  Dock 
(Rumex),  Sorrel  (R.  acetosella),  and  Golden-Rod  (Solidago).  The  European 
species  feed  also  on  Polygonum.  The  chrysalis  is  supported  by  a  girdle,  after 
the  manner  of  the  Papilionida}. 


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Diiiwii  liv  MiiiA-  I'f.iii 


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LYC^NA  I. 


LYC^NA   REGIA,  1-4. 

Lyc(cna  Regia,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Belg.  XII.,  p.  46,  1868. 
Ibid.     Lep.  de  la  Cal.  p.  16,  1869. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.1  inch. 

Upper  side  brilliant  silvery  blue ;  the  hind  margins  edged  by  a  black  line  ; 
primaries  have  a  narrow  black  marginal  border,  rather  broad  at  apex,  macular  in 
the  discoidal  and  two  upper  median  interspaces ;  an  extra  discal  row  of  either 
four  or  five  rounded  black  spots,  three  being  in  a  bent  transverse  line  half-way 
between  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  hind  margin,  the  others  forming  an  oblique 
line  with  the  lowest  of  the  three,  and  placed  upon  the  median  interspaces ;  at 
the  end  of  the  cell  a  transverse  black  streak  ;  near  the  margin,  a  little  above 
inner  angle,  two  small  patches  of  orange,  varying  in  size  and  distinctness  in  indi- 
viduals. Secondaries  have  two  small  black  spots  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  some- 
times there  are  faint  traces  of  a  macular  marginal  band  ;  fringes  long,  idternately 
and  equally  white  and  fuscous  on  primaries,  and  on  secondaries  white,  with  ii 
few  fuscous  hairs  at  the  tip  of  each  nervule. 

Under  side  of  primaries  brownish-gray,  towards  apex  gray-white  ;  of  seconda- 
ries gray,  either  brown  or  white  over  the  basal  area,  brown  on  the  disk  and  gray 
next  hind  margin ;  the  spots  of  upper  side  of  primaries  repeated,  tand,  with  the 
addition  of  a  sixth  spot  on  the  sub-median  interspaces,  they  form  a  row  quite 
across  the  wing;  a  black  streak  at  the  end  ami  a  small  spot  in  the  middle  of  tlu' 
cell ;  near  the  hind  margin  a  transverse  black  line  interrupted  by  the  two  orange 
spots,  which  re-appear  and  are  somewhat  enlarged  and  are  confluent.  Secondaries 
have  an  irregular  series  of  eight  black  spots  across  the  disk,  the  two  on  the  dis- 
coidal interspaces  being  at  some  distance  back  of  the  line ;  at  the  end  of  the  coll 
a  streak  and  three  spots  near  base. 

Body  above  blue,  beneath  brownish-gray  ;  legs  whitish ;  j)alpi  white  with 
black  hairs  at  tip;  antennae  annulated  with  white  and  fuscous;  club  black,  tipped 
with  white. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Upper  side  rather  less  silvery  than  in  the  male  ;  primaries  have  a  broad  and 


LYCiENA,  I. 

continuous  black  border,  preceding  whicli  is  an  indistinct  black  line,  interrupted 
by  the  oranj^e  spots ;  these  are  much  larger  than  in  the  male  and  are  confluent ; 
the  extra-discal  spots  enlarged  and  the  three  upper  ones  confluent.  Secondaries 
have  a  large  orange  spot  near  anal  angle  (which  does  not  re-appear  on  the  under 
side),  a  marginal  row  of  round  ;d  black  spots  and  au  indistinct  sub-marginal  line  ; 
also  two  spots  on  the  discoidal  interspaces,  and  in  some  examples,  two  or  three 
lilack  points  on  the  disk.  Under  side  much  darker  than  in  the  male,  especially 
over  the  basal  area  of  each  wing,  and  the  spots  less  conspicuous,  often  partly 
obsolete. 

This  lovely  species  inhabits  the  coast  region  of  Southern  California,  and  is 
not  uncommon  at  San  Diego,  according  to  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  flying  over  the 
swampy  land  close  to  the  shores  of  the  harbor.  Mr.  Behrens  found  it  at  Gil- 
roy,  Santa  Clara  County,  which  is  its  most  northern  limit,  as  known  at  present. 


LYC^NA   1. 


LYCiENA  HETERONEA,  5-8. 

Lycam  Hmeronea,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  ilc  France,  1S.')2,  p.  298. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.4  incli. 

Upper  side  violet  blue,  with  a  strong  pink  reflection,  silvery  blue  at  the  ex- 
treme edge  of  each  wing ;  immaculate ;  the  hind  margins  narrowly  bordered 
with  black  ;  fringes  white. 

Under  side  grayish-white ;  priuuiries  have  a  sub-marginal  row  of  brown  spots, 
those  next  apex  often  obsolete,  and  a  tortuous  row  across  the  disk  ;  a  bar  at  the 
extremity  of  the  cell,  two  spots  within  the  cell  and  one  below,  on  sub-mediiin 
interspace.  Secondaries  sometimes  immaculate,  but  most  often  with  an  ob.soles- 
cent  sub-marginal  row  of  spots,  and  another  row  across  the  disk  ;  a  streak  at  the 
end  of  the  cell  and  three  points  near  base. 

Body  above  blue,  beneath  gray-white  ;  legs  white  ;  palpi  white  with  fuscous 
hairs  at  tip  ;  antenme  fuscous  annulated  with  white  above,  whitish  beneath ;  club 
fuscous. 

Female.  —  Same  size. 

Upper  side  yellow-brown,  with  pale  lunules  along  the  hind  margin  of  seconda- 
ries, which  are  however  sometimes  obsolete ;  the  spots  of  the  discal  row  on 
under  side  of  each  wing,  and  also  the  basal  spots,  re-appear  on  the  upper  side, 
and  are  distinct  even  when  faint  or  obsolescent  beneath. 

This  insect  marks  the  passage  of  Lycoena  into  Chrysophanus  (Polyommatus)  as 
stated  by  Dr.  Boisduval,  the  female  bearing  a  close  resemblance  to  the  female  of 

C  Sir'ms. 
Heteronea  is  found  in  Colorado  and  California,  and  probably  in  the  intervening 

States. 

Mr.  H.  Edwards  says :  "  It  is  certainly  not  exclusively  a  moimtain  species, 
and  its  range  extends  from  close  to  the  sea-shore  near  San  Francisco  to  the  high 
peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  I  have  found  it  most  commonly  in  open  places  oi- 
meadows  in  the  middle  of  the  pine  forests  of  the  mountains,  and  particularly 
about  Lake  Tahoe.  I  also  met  with  it  in  the  Yosemite  Valley.  It  is  never,  how- 
ever, found  in  large  niunbers,  and  may  be  called  one  of  our  rare  species," 


PSEUIJARGIOIJJS 

Forsn  U   ..'.A  i  o'  '<  9  ;  ViAHGINATA  3  c/  4  v 

„      7IGLACF.A  o  cT  6  9,  melanic  Zd* ,-  FSK'oDAK  GIOl.lJS  8  o"  3  ?  18^/  19. 
,.      NKGl.KOTA   !0  to  .0  '^9  ,  vp.r  C!N  EREA  ]6  ^^  ]  7?  . 


AS'j'S  ?.Ga'  2:<} 


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LYCiENA  IT.,  III. 


LYC.ENA  PSEUDARGIOLUS.     1-27. 

Lycana  P.iewliirgidlu.i,  RoisiUivnl  and  f^pconto. 

UiiitiT  form,  1.     LiciA,  Kiiln,  Vmiw.  lior.-Aincr.,  IV.,  p.  299,  \i\.  3,  lft37. 
"  "       2.      MaIIOINATA,  Kdw.,  rii|]ilin,  MI.,  p.  8fi,  INHll. 

"         "      y.     VloLACEA,  Kdw.,  I'nx;.  Kiit.  Soc.  J'liil.,  VI.,  p.  201,  1300;  id.,  IJut.  N.  A.,  I.,  p.  UD, 
pi.  49. 
NitiiiA,  dliiuirpliif  (J  (not  V).  !•  c.  I'l.  19. 
Viir.  C'iNi;iiKA,  Edw.,  I'apilio,  III,,  p.  H,  1883. 
Spring  form.  rsKUDAiioioi.is,  Iiiii!<.  and  l.cc,  Lep.  dos  Anicr.  (text,  not  ,.Iato),  p.  1I«,  1833;  Edw., 

lint.  N.  A.,  I.,  p.  \r,:\,  p|.  i,i). 
AuGKii.fs,  Alihot  and  Smiili,  Ins.  (Ja.,  pi.  15,  1797. 
Summor  form.        Nkciiixta,  Edw.,  IVoc.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sci.,  riin.,p,  i6,  1HC2;  M.,  lint.  N.  A.,  I.,  ]).  155, 

pi.  50;  Hois,  and  I^t'c,  1.  c,  plate,  (i^'s.  1,3. 
Pacific  form,  wintur  and  s])rinj;  :  — 

PlAsis.  Hois.,  Ann.  Soc.  Knt.  do  Fr.  2"*  ?pr.,'  X.,  p.  299,  1S52. 
Var.  Echo,  Edw.,  IVoc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  II.,  p.  500,  IHfit. 

Ego.  —  Diameter,  .02  inch;  round,  flat  at  haso,  llic  top  flattonod  and  de- 
preH.sed  ;  the  surface  covered  with  a  white  lace-work,  the  ineslies  of  wlii<'h  are 
mo.stly  lozenge-.shaped,  with  a  short  rounded  proce.-^s  at  each  anj^le  ;  color  of  the 
shell  under  this  covering  delicate  green.  (Figs,  a  «V)  Duration  of  this  stage,  in 
April,  G  to  8  days ;  in  May,  June,  and  September,  4  to  5  days. 

Young  Laiiva.  —  Length  .0-i  inch;  the  under  side  Hat,  legs  retractile,  upper 
side  round,  the  dorsum  highest  at  4,  and  both  dorsum  and  sides  .slope  gradually  to 
13  ;  surface  pubescent ;  on  either  side  of  the  medio-dorstil  line  ii  row  of  white 
clubbed  hairs,  one  at  the  posterior  end  of  each  segment;  similar  hairs  about  the 
base,  and  in  front  of  2,  making  a  complete  fringe  around  the  body ;  color  either 
greenish-white  or  brownish-yellow;  head  minute, obovoid,  black,  retractile.  (Fig. 
6.)     Duration  of  this  stage  4  to  5  days  in  spring,  3  in  summer. 

After  first  moult :  length  .07  an<l  .08  inch ;  nearly  same  shape  as  before, 
with  pubescent  surface  and  dorsal  and  basal  hairs;  color  in  spring  and  fall  brown- 
i.sh-yellow  ;  in  summer  the  same,  as  well  as  greeni.sh-white,  and  occasionally  red- 
dish.    (Fig.  c.)     Duration  of  this  stage  from  3  to  5  days. 


2 


LYCJENA  II.,  III. 


After  second  moult:  length  .12  to  .16  inch;  general  shape  as  before,  but 
the  dor.siim  is  now  covered  from  3  to  10  by  a  low,  broad,  continuous,  tubercu- 
lous ridge,  cleft  to  the  body  at  the  junctions  of  the  .segments,  the  anterior  edge 
on  each  pcgment  depressed,-  the  sides  incurved  ;  2  is  n'ore  flattened  than  before, 
and  the  outer  border  is  thickened  into  a  rounded  rim,  leaving  Wichin  the  curve  a 
flat,  depressed  space ;  surface  pubescent ;  about  the  ba.se  a  fnnge,  as  before,  and 
a  few  sliort  hairs  on  summit  of  dorsum ;  color  in  spring,  pale  green,  the  dorsum 
■whitish,  usually  with  a  median  reddish  lino  or  stripe  from  3  to  10,  often  macular; 
in  sununcr,  variable,  l)u(T  or  pale  green,  without  spots,  the  second  segment  brown  ; 
in  soiiio  examples  the  dorsum  and  sides  are  nottled  with  dark  green  and  brown; 
occasionally  cue  is  wine-red  ilu'oughout,  o:  red  with  a  white  basal  stripe,  and 
white  along  the  edges  of  the  dorsal  tuberculations ;  in  fall,  dull  green,  more  or 
less  marked  brown.     (Fig.  (L)     Duration  of  this. stage  3  to  4  days. 

After  third  moult:  length  .18  to  .2  inch;  in  .shape  nearly  as  before,  the  dor- 
sum higher,  segment  2  more  produced  and  flattened ;  the  long  hairs  on  dorsum 
lost,  but  the  basal  fringe  as  before;  color  variable,  as  in  previous  stage.  (Figs,  e 
to  e*.)     Duration  of  this  stage  3  to  i  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  25  to  .3  inch;  maturity  is  reached  in  3  to  4 
days. 

Mature  L.vrva.  —  Length  in  spring  and  fall,  .4  inch,  in  summer,  .5  to  .'jl  inch ; 
shape  long  oval,  the  base  ilat,  dorsum  high  and  sloping  both  ways  from  about 
the  middle,  the  last  segments  flattened  ;  tin  .seccud  segment  is  bent  for'vard  to  tlie 
plane  of  base,  produced,  flattened,  and  wholly  concoals  the  head  when  the  larva  is 
at  rest;  viewec  '"vom  above  the  sides  are  nearly  parallel,  the  two  ends  (segments 
2  and  13)  ai'e  aoout  equally  rounded  ;  from  3  to  10  inclusive  is  a  dorsal  ridge 
made  of  tuberculous  processes  closely  joined  at  the  junctions  of  the  segments,  the 
front  edge  of  each  dei-vc  ;.ser^  the  posterior  edge  raised  and  rounded,  so  that  each 
process  see;ns  to  fi'^  into  the  ne.vt  preceding ;  2  is  depres,sed  in  middle,  and 
the  whole  outer  edge  is  thickened  and  rounded  ;  color  variable,  in  spving,  usually 
as  follows :  the  ridge  whitish,  often  stained  red,  or  it  is  brown,  light  or  dark  ;  the 
upper  part  of  side  olive-green,  with  t,  darker  green,  or  sometimes  a  dull  red, 
patch  along  the  posterior  edge  of  each  segment ;  below  this  area  pale  green,  and 
along  base  more  or  less  brown  ;  11  to  13  are  mottled  in  .shades  of  green,  often 
with  brown,  and  2  is  either  green  or  '".own ;  if  the  latter,  then  with  a  brown 
patch  in  the  depression ;  un.dei  »ide  pale  blue-green ;  color  in  summer,  sometimes 
yellow-white  ov  all  delicate  green,  2  being  brown  ;  or  the  ridge  is  light  green  and 
the  sides  dark,  oiten  with  brown  patches  over  all ;  or  light  green,  with  a  medio- 
dorsal  macular  deep  green  band,  and  a  similar  one  along  base ;  or  the  -whole  sur- 
face may  be  wine-red,  or  even  chocolate-brown ;  color  iu  fall,  green,  with  more  or 


LYC^NA  II.,   III. 


less  brown  in  irregular  patches  (Figs. /to/");  head  small,  obovoid,  dark  brown, 
glossy,  placed  on  the  end  of  a  long,  conical  neck,  which  can  be  thrust  out  to  a 
length  equal  at  least  to  the  breadth  of  two  of  the  body  segments  (Figs.  V-i'},  and 
when  withdrawn  is,  together  with  the  liead,  completely  within  segment  2 ;  color 
of  neck  blue-green.  (Figs,  i,  iK)  The  surface  of  the  body  is  velvety,  and  this  ap- 
pearance is  owing  to  minute  stellate  glassy  processes,  scarcely  raised  above  the 
surface,  and  only  visible  under  a  powerful  magnifier,  mostly  six-rayed,  and  each 
sending  up  from  the  centre  a  filament  which  is  a  little  longer  than  one  of  tlie 
rayn;  tliese  stars  are  arranged  in  pretty  regular  rows,  and  are  light  except  when 
on  brown  ground,  in  that  case  brown ;  but  in  the  fall  larviB  the  stars  on  brown 
ground  are  observed  to  be  sometimes  pink.  (Fig.  n.)  On  11  near  the  posterior 
edge,  on  middle  of  dorsum,  is  a  transverse  wavy  slit,  in  an  oval  raised  rim,  out  of 
which,  at  the  will  of  the  larva,  is  protruded  slightly  an  ovoid  green  meml)rane 
(Fig.  k);  and  on  12,  back  of  and  outside  the  stigmata,  is  a  mark  like  a  stigma 
on  either  side,  but  a  little  larger ;  from  this,  also  at  will,  may  proceed  a  mem- 
branous cylinder,  the  top  rounded,  truncated,  and  turned  in,  but  which,  when 
fully  expanded,  displays  a  crown  of  tentacles.     (Figs,  m-iu'.) 

Before  pupation,  the  larva  .sometimes  changes  color  to  pink,  and  from  pink  to 
b  -own,  or  becomes  brown  without  the  pink  stage ;  others  retain  their  natural 
hues,  but  these  fade.     From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  5  or  G  days. 

CiiKYSALi.s  — 5  from  eggs  of  Violacca:  average  length,  .2(53  inch;  breadth 

across  mesouotum,  .0910  inch;  across  abdomen,  .128  inch. 
27  from  eggs  of  Pseiidwgiolus :  average  length,  .318  inch  ;  breadth  across  meso- 

notum,  .119  inch ;  across  abdomen,  .159  inch. 
25  Irom  eggs  of  Nccjlecta  of  July:  average  length,  .298  inch  ;  breadth  across  meso- 

notum,  .1  inch;  across  abdomen,  .14  inch. 
3  fron-«  eggs  of  Nerjiecta  of  September  :  average  length,  .293  inch  ;  breadth  across 

mesouotum,  .1  inch  ;  across  abdomen,  .130  incli. 
The  ventral  side  straight,  the  dor.sal  round  -1,  and  evenly,  except  for  a  slight 
depression  below  mesonotum,  the  abdomen  broad  and  high ;  head  ease  narrow, 
rounded  at  top ;  mesonotum  somewhat  prominent,  rounded  ;  color  dark  brown  or 
yellow-brown,  varying ;  the  wing  cases  dark,  and  sometimes  green-tinted  ;  on  nh- 
domen  two  sub-dorsal  rows  of  blackish  dots,  and  someiimes  )  medio-dor.sal  dark 
line  from  end  to  end  (Figs,  g,  Pseiidarrjiolm,  h,  Violacen,  nat.  size);  surface 
covered  with  short  fine  hairs.  (Fig.  rf.)  Duration  of  t'  is  stage,  in  the  lirood 
from  Viokicea,  in  the  only  instance  in  which  a  butterfly  has  emerged,  24  days, 
most  of  the  chrysalids  hibernating;  in  the  brood  from  Nerjhcta  of  July,  10  and 
11  days,  with  irregular  disclosure  for  some  weeks  after,  most  chrysalids  hiber- 


nating. 


LYC.ENA   II.,   III. 


Since  tlio  publication  of  Vol.  I.,  in  which  Pacialanj'iolufi,  Ncrjlecta,  and  Viola- 
ecu  were  given  as  three  distinct  .«ipocics,  their  history  has  come  to  be  thoroughly 
known,  and  it  i.s  found  that  they,  together  with  Lucia  and  other  forms,  constitute 
one  polymorphic  species,  which  has  possession  of  the  broad  continent,  from  the 
boreal  regions  to  Mexico.  The  history  is  so  peculiar  that  I  have  concluded  to 
devote  two  Plates  to  the  phases  of  the  butterfly  and  its  biology.  It  was  not  pos- 
sible, while  Vol.  I.  Wfis  in  hand,  and  before  the  preparatory  stages  of  any  of 
these  forms  had  been  discovered,  to  know  that  they  comprised  but  a  single  spe- 
cies, and  till  such  time  they  were  rightly  regarded  as  distinct.  On  the  first  Plate 
are  represented  typical  examples  of  each  of  the  principal  forms  of  the  butterfly, 
with  such  striking  varieties  as  I  have  been  able  to  obtain ;  and  these  figures,  in 
connection  with  the  two  Plates  in  Volume  I.,  illustrate  the  species  fully. 

The  general  history  is  as  follows :  — 

1.  In  the  high  boreal  regions,  the  species  is  one-brooded,  and  at  the  same  time 
dimorphic,  the  two  forms  nnder  which  it  manifests  itself  being  Lucia  and  Viola- 
ccn.  Liicin  (Figs.  1,  2)  has  been  received  from  Youoon  River,  from  Lake  Win- 
nipeg, and  Anticosti.  Kirby's  type  specimen  was  taken  in  lat.  54',  though  the 
exact  locality  is  not  given.  Violacea  (Figs.  5,  6)  flies  at  St.  Michael's,  Alaska, 
and  on  Anticosti. 

2.  At  aljout  lat.  45',  the  more  moderate  climate  allows  a  second  generation  to 
mature  during  the  .same  .season,  and  this  is  made  np  of  the  iorm  Nerjleda.  (Figs. 
10  to  12.)  The  first,  or  winter,  generation  now  becomes  tri-morphic,  by  the 
development  of  a  form  intermediate  between  Lucia  and  Violacea,  viz.,  Margi- 
nata  (Figs.  3,  4),  and  these  three,  together  with  iVe^^ec/a,  inhabit  the  country  at 
least  as  far  .south  as  Long  Island. 

3.  At  about  lat.  39\  on  the  Atlantic,  two  of  the  forms  of  the  first  generation  are 
fonnd  to  have  been  suppressed,  viz.,  Lucia  and  Marr/inata,  and  the  third  alone, 
Violacea,  remains  to  represent  that  generation.  But  it  is  somewhat  altered, 
the  blue  color  having  become  darker,  and  the  nnder  surface  purer  white ;  and  it 
has  developed  au  entirely  new  form  of  its  own,  restricted  to  one  sex,  viz.,  the 
black  male.  (Fig.  7.)  This  was  figured  in  Vol.  I.  as  female.  On  its  discovery,  in 
18(57,  I  took  it  to  be  female  without  question,  as  melanism  in  butterflies,  when 
confined  to  one  sex,  is  alino-t  invarial)ly  found  in  the  female.  Especially  is  this 
the  case  in  Lycoena,  and  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler  that  there  is  no  other 
species  of  Lyca^ua  known  in  wiiich  the  molanic  dimorphic  form  is  male.  In 
1878,  I  was  led  to  make  an  examination  of  the  genital  organs  of  one  of  the.se 
black  examples,  and  found  it  to  be  male.  Since  then  I  have  made  very  many 
examinations,  in  successive  years,  and  have  not  seen  a  melanic  female. 

4.  But  in  lat.  40",  at  the  Avest,  in  Colorado,  the  original  forms  Lucia  and 


LYC^ENA   ir.,   III.  6 

Violacea  are  found,  and  notwithstanding  the  higli  elevation  the  latter  discovers 
the  inelanic  male  ;  and  the  second  generation  is  Ncfjhclu.     (Figs.  13,  14.) 

0.  In  Arizona,  at  or  about  lat,  33°,  Violacea  alone  appears,  but  in  a  modified 
form,  Clnerea  (Figs.  10,  17),  no  black  male  and  no  Lucia  so  far  having  l)een 
taken  ;  and  the  second  generation  apparently  is  l^scudrmjiohis.     (Figs.  18,  19.) 

C.  In  tlie  Atlantic  district,  from  ,it.  40'  or  39'  southward,  the  summer  genera- 
tion is  Neqlecta,  but  there  is  an  intermediate  or  interpolated  generation,  tlying  in 
May,  viz.,  Pseudargiolns.     (Figs.  8,  9.) 

7.  In  California  and  Arizona,  the  species  is  represented  in  part  by  Avhat  is  very 
near  to  Nerjlccta,  or  else  a  small  Pseicdargiohts,  viz.,  Echo  (Fig.  219 ),  but  mainly 
by  a  modified  form,  PIkshs,  which  has  two  generations  not  differing  from  each 
other.     (Figs.  20c?,  209,279.) 

Tlic  three  forms  of  the  winter  generation  are  found  in  Ontario,  Quebec,  New 
England,  and  New  York ;  to  the  west,  at  least  as  far  south  as  Racine,  Wis.  In 
their  territory,  they  appear  at  the  same  time,  neither  preceding  another,  as  is 
shown  by  observations  of  Rev.  Geo.  D.  Ilulst,  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  Dr.  E.  G. 
Howe,  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y. ;  and  Rev.  Thos.  W.  Fyles,  at  Cowansville,  P.  Q.  (In  Pa- 
pilio.  Vol.  III.,  1883,  is  a  full  statement  by  myself  of  the  facts  on  tliis  point,  as 
also  on  others  concerning  the  present  species,  which  I  can  but  briefly  allude  to  in 
this  paper.)  Violacea,  Jlarginata,  and  Ncfjiccta  have  been  taken  on  Pike's  Peak, 
Colorado.  Violacea-nigm  is  not  known  to  have  been  taken  to  the  north  of  Coal- 
burgh,  W.  Ya.,  nor  in  Oliio  or  Illinois,  so  far  as  I  can  learn  ;  but  it  flics  in  Ten- 
nessee, N.  Carolinn,  and  Georgia,  and,  as  before  said,  in  southern  Coloimlo. 
Occasional  examples  of  Pseudanjiolus  have  lieen  taken  i  Piusburgh,  Pa.,  and 
at  Racine,  Wis.,  but  to  the  north  of  middle  West  Virgin.,,  fin'  form  seems  to  be 
exceptional. 

I  shall  give  the  history  of  the  species  as  it  has  been  worked  out  u\  Coalhnrgh. 
The  first  butterllies  of  early  spring  are  Violacea,  ww\  tliey  are  gener;i''v  nhun- 
dant  when  the  peach  and  wild  plum  trees  are  in  blossom,  or  from  about  lOih  of 
March  to  the  middle  or  end  of  April,  according  as  the  season  is  early  or  late. 
This  form  is  vastly  more  numerous  in  individuals  than  any  of  the  later  ones,  anl 
sometimes  they  may  be  seen  by  thousands  in  a  morning's  walk.  A  few  wann 
day*  in  February  bring  out  many  examples,  but  these  are  sure  to  be  cut  off  by 
frosts  and  snow  a  little  later.  The  earliest  appearance  recorded  in  twenty  years 
is  17th  February,  and  the  latest  date  of  first  appearance  is  7th  April.  Tlie  Dog- 
wood, Cornus  (Fig.  1,  Lye.  III.),  on  the  flowers  of  which  tlie  female  deposits  her 
eggs,  does  not  usually  mature  its  flower  buds  till  about  the  middle  of  April,— 
sometimes  late  in  the  month,  and  the  earliest  eggs  liave  been  found  on  13th 
April.     This  food  plant  of  the  caterpillar  of   the  winter  form  was  unknown 


6 


LYCiENA  II.,   III. 


till  1878,  when  many  eg^H  were  obtainetl  by  confining  a  female  butterfly  over  a 
brancli  in  flower.  After  that,  there  was  no  diificiilty  in  finding  both  egg.s  and 
caterpillars.  The  former  are  laid  singly,  low  down  on  the  side  of  a  floweret,  and 
usually  well  within  the  (lower  head.  As  soon  as  hatclied,  the  young  larva  cuts  a 
minute  hole,  the  diameter  of  its  bead,  into  the  lower  part  of  the  imopened  bud, 
just  above  the  calyx,  and  feeds  upon  the  filaments  of  the  stamens.  After  its  first 
moult,  it  bores  into  the  side  of  the  calyx  to  get  at  the  ovules;  but  as  the  flowei's 
mature  and  the  ovary  hardens,  the  boring  is  from  the  top,  inside  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  and  follows  the  stalk  of  the  pistil  to  the  ovule.  Finally,  belated  larva) 
are  compelled  to  gnaw  the  seed  vessel  after  it  has  become  woody,  and  in  several 
instances  have  been  found  eating  the  stem  below  the  flower.  It  is  not  unusual 
for  the  larva)  in  confinement  to  eat  of  the  white  involucre  of  the  flower,  but  I 
have  never  observed  them  to  eat  of  the  leaves,  even  when  no  other  food  has  been 
given  them.  As  the  eggs  laid  when  the  flowers  of  Cornus  are  in  bud  produce 
larva)  which  mature  at  about  the  time  the  flowers  fall,  it  follows  that  many  be- 
lated larvtc  must  starve. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  other  food  plant  for  the  winter  brood  than  Cornus, 
though  in  conlincnient  the  larvce  have  eaten  the  flowers  of  Begonia,  Nasturtium, 
and  Asclepias ;  also  Clover  blos.soms,  but  not  readily,  and  females  confined  over 
Clover  have  refused  to  lay  eggs  on  it.  The  larva)  on  Cornus,  in  their  later  stages, 
vary  greatly  in  color  and  markings,  having  more  or  loss  green,  either  ligiit  or 
dull,  with  white,  brown,  and  crimson.  But  in  the  younger  stages  they  are  much 
the  color  of  the  flowers  they  feed  on,  and  are  thus  in  .some  degree  protected  from 
their  numerous  enemies,  spiders,  hemiptera,  etc.  In  confinement,  when  food  is 
scanty,  they  will  prey  on  each  other,  burrowing  into  the  body  in  the  same  way 
they  do  into  a  flower. 

Following  Violacea,  and  flying  at  the  same  time  with  the  latter  half  of  that 
generation,  comes  Pscudargiolm,  the  largest  form  of  the  .serie.;,  and  difl'ering 
considerably  from  Violacea  in  general  appearance. 

In  1877,  I  observed  a  female  of  this  form  hovering  al)Out  a  stalk  of  Rattle- 
weed,  Cimicifuga  racemosa,  which  was  in  bud,  and  this  suggested  the  confining 
one  of  them  in  a  bag  over  tiie  plant.  The  immediate  result  was  Muit  many  eggs 
wore  laid,  and  thenceforth,  in  successive  years,  eggs  imd  larva)  have  been  foj.md 
in  abundance.  The  Rattle-weed  (Fig.  2,  hyc.  III.)  sends  up  a  stalk  to  the  height 
of  live  or  six  feet,  branching  more  or  less,  and  each  branch  terminates  in  a  spike 
from  eight  to  twelve  inches  long,  bearing  round,  greenish-white  buds,  arranged 
in  rows.  The  lower  buds  mature  first,  and  tiie  flo'vering  proceeds  slowly  from 
base  to  top,  the  whole  period  lasting  at  least  six  weeks.  The  eggs  are  usually 
laid  on  the  buds,  and  the  yoiuig  larva  bores  into  the  side,  and  gradu.ally  eats  the 
contents,  till  a  mere  shell  is  left ;  then  moves  to  a  fresh  bud,  and  so  on. 


LYCyENA  II.,   III.  7 

If  there  happen  to  ho  throe  or  four  larvro  on  one  stalk,  by  the  time  thoy  are 
mature  the  buils  are  nearly  all  drilled.  Tlie  small  larval  head  is  set  on  the  end 
of  a  long,  extensile  nock.  (Fig.  P.)  The  hole  eaten  i.s  just  large  enough  to  ad- 
mit the  head,  and  as  the  larva  feeds  the  second  segment  is  pressed  hard  against 
the  bud,  so  as  to  permit  the  utmost  elongation  of  the  neck,  liy  this  means  the 
interior  of  the  bud  is  wholly  excavated.  The  second  larval  .segment  has  its  top 
elevated,  compressed,  and  bent  forward,  and  at  all  stages,  when  the  larva  is  at 
rest,  the  head  is  withdrawn  into  this  segment  and  quite  corjcealed.    (Figs,  /,  i*.) 

Immediately  following  Psemluvgiolus  comes  Neyhcta,  flying  in  June,  from 
about  the  first  of  the  month,  and  is  on  the  wing  four  or  five  weeks.  This  form 
is  smaller  than  Pseudar(jlolus,  but  in  general  appearance  is  not  essentially  differ- 
ent from  it,  and  is  therefore  unlike  Violacea.  But  though  so  similar,  these  two 
forms  are  distinct  in  origin,  Necjlecta  certainly  in  some  degree,  and  probably 
altogether,  being  in  direct  descent  from  Violacea  of  April.  Both  these  forms 
are  represented  by  a  comparatively  small  number  of  individuals. 

After  these  June  Ncylcclu  have  passed  away,  at  intervals  through  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  to  October,  a  few  individuals  which  might  be  either  Pscudargiolus 
or  Neglecta,  for  aught  that  appears,  differing  in  size,  though  none  are  so  large 
as  the  average  Pseudargiohis  of  May,  here  and  there  are  seen.  But  there  is  no 
general  brood.  These  late  butterflies  lay  eggs  on  Actinomeris  squarrosa  (Fig. 
3,  Lye.  HI.),  and  probably  somewhat  on  A.  helianthoides,  one  or  the  other  of 
which  is  in  flower  for  many  week.s.  I  have  also  found  a  mature  caterpillar  on 
the  imported  shrub  Dimorphantus  Mantchuricus,  eating  the  flower  buds. 

The  first  clew  to  the  history  of  any  of  these  forms  was  througli  the  fall  butter- 
flies, Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  here  at  Coalburgh,  in  1873,  having  noticed  a  female  Neg- 
lecta  ovipositing  on  A.  squarrosa.  On  being  shut  in  a  bag  over  the  plant  it  laid 
many  eggs.  But  the  chrysalids  proceeding  from  these  eggs  died  during  the  win- 
ter. From  others,  obtained  from  larva?  from  same  phint  the  next  year,  there 
emerged  three  Violacea  in  February,  1875.  Again,  in  March,  1882,  two  Viola- 
cea came  from  similar  chrysalids. 

On  all  the  plants,  when  the  larva!  are  ready  to  pupate,  thoy  fall  to  the 
ground,  and  doubtless  conceal  themselves  under  sticks  and  stones.  The  mature 
larva3  will  drop  at  the  slightest  jar,  though  Avhen  younger  they  cling  firmly. 

Such,  then,  are  the  generations  of  this  species  at  Coalburgh.  In  other  locali- 
ties not  much  has  been  observed,  or  at  least  made  known.  In  June,  1878,  Prof. 
J.  II.  Comstock,  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  sent  me  several  larvaj  on  flowers  of  Viburnum 
acorifolium,  which  probably  came  from  eggs  of  Neglecta.  At  London,  Ontario, 
Mr.  Wm.  Saunders  found  larvos  on  Dogwood,  12th  July,  and  five  of  them  gave 
Neglecta  butterflies.     Mr.  Saunders  relates  that,  on  food  failing,  he  gave  the 


8 


LYCiENA  II.,  III. 


larva;  willow  leaves,  which  they  ate.  At  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  Howe  saw  females 
of  Lucid  ovipositing  on  Dogwood  in  April  and  May,  1878.  So  far  as  I  am  aware, 
this  comprises  all  that  has  been  pnblished  respecting  the  preparatory  stages  of 
any  of  these  forms  outside  of  my  own  observations. 

The  inter-relationship  of  the  forms  is  complicated,  but  will  be  found  nearly  as 
follows :  — 

1.  The  chrysalids  from  the  late  larv£B,  which  feed  on  Actinomeris,  hi])ernate 
and  produce  Violacca  in  spring. 

2.  Tiie  chrysalids  from  Vluhtcea,  in  spring,  in  part  disclose  Nefjleda,  in  June 
following,  and  are  the  parents  of  that  brood,  but  most  of  them  hibernate,  and 
pro<liico  Vlolucea  the  next  year.  So  far,  I  have  not  succeeded  in  carrying  Vlo- 
lacea  chrysalids  through  the  winter.  They  have  died  late  in  the  fall  or  early  in 
the  winter,  cither  from  being  kept  too  dry  in  the  house,  or  from  mould  when  I 
have  endeavored  to  keep  them  damp.  But  two  which  were  found  dead  27th 
November,  on  having  the  wing  cases  removed,  showed  the  full  colors  of  Neylecta, 
1<?  1?.  I  have  at  the  date  of  this  writing,  14th  January,  1884,  one  chrysalis  of 
last  spring  which  is  alive.  These  facts  show  sufficiently  llie  tendency  of  part  ff 
the  chrysalids  to  hibernate.  In  no  other  way  than  by  hibernation  can  the  mul- 
titudes of  the  butterflies  of  this  form  in  spring  be  accounted  for,  as  the  few 
larva)  and  fewer  chrysalids  of  the  fall  can  produce  but  the  merest  fraction  of  that 
flight. 

3.  The  chrysalids  from  the  May  generation,  or  Pseudary'iolus,  probably  pro- 
duce butterflies  in  small  numbers  in  July  and  later,  after  the  June  Ne(jlecta  have 
passed  away,  but  most  of  them  liibernate,  and  give  Pseudargiohis  the  following 
May,  or  earlier.  I  do  not  know  that  I  have  had  a  butterfly  emerge  the  same 
season  from  a  chrysalis  of  this  form,  .as  I  found  in  1S83  that  previous  observa- 
tions were  imperfect,  because  till  this  year  I  had  confounded  the  larvte  of  Nvfj- 
lecta  feeding  on  Cimicifiiga  with  those  of  Pscudarfjiolus  on  same  plant;  that 
is,  the  late  larvte  with  tlie  early  ones.  Bat  on  27th  November,  1883,  out  of 
twenty-seven  chrysalids  of  P^eudarrjiohis,  which  formed  between  20th  June  and 
8th  July,  six  were  dead,  and  the  wings  of  \i  29  .showed  full  color  of  Nerjlecta ; 
two  wore  partially  colored,  one  not  at  all.  Five  then  died  when  about  to  issue 
from  chrysalis,  and  this  is  proof  that  part  of  the  chr3'salids  of  tliis  form  give  but- 
terflies the  same  season.   The  remaining  twenty  are  alive  on  14th  January,  1884. 

Out  of  twenty-five  chrysalids  from  Neghcla,  formed  between  1st  and  22d  July, 
1833,  ^ive  gave  butterflies  [Negkcta)  on  14th,  loth,  16th  July,  at  ten  and  eleven 
days'  pupatiofi.  On  27t'.i  November,  four  were  dead,  but  showed  full  color, 
1<?  39.  The  remaining  sixteen  are  alive  14th  January,  1884.  In  former  year.s, 
chrysalids  from  Cimicifiiga  have  given  butterflies  on  13th,  15th,  17th  July ;  the 


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LYCvKNA   ir.,   III.  9 

4th,  10th,  19th  Aurrust;  1st  and  14th  St'pti'inbcr.  Those  mny  havo  boon  all 
from  JVvf/h'ctd,  I)iit  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  some  niiglit  not  h.-ivo  boon 
from  Psi'udiirylolm. 

In  the  spring,  there  certainly  is  no  ronneetion  between  Vlolaccn  and  Pxrndar- 
(j'lohts.  Every  year,  wiion  tiio  (irst  eggs  of  Violucm  are  being  lai(l,sonio  Ijuttor- 
flios  of  the  other  form  are  on  the  wing,  and  before  the  larviO  of  Vlolnred  are 
mature  the  bulk  of  the  Px(itdiir(jii>ti(s  generation  has  appeared.  Almiit  Ist.hnie, 
this  form  is  passing  away,  and  is  often  entirely  gone;  and  just  tiicn  come  tlio 
fresh  examples  of  Ni'(jl<irta,  which  are  in  direct  dosccul  from  Vittlnccd.  The 
period  from  laying  of  the  egg  to  disolosuro  of  butterlly  from  Violavcn,  in  the  only 
instance  in  which  a  butterlly  has  come  from  egg  of  that  form  the  same  year,  was 
fifty-three  days,  on  Cth  June.  And  many  years'  observations  show  that  Neijlccta 
begins  to  appear  in  the  early  days  of  ,Juuo,  becoiii.ing  aI)iMidant  about  (Ik;  middle 
of  that  month.  It  is  only  by  a  connection  between  Pi^ciiddryUihis  ami  the  other 
forms  in  the  fall  that  any  inter-relationship  can  be  found  ;  that  is,  some  chrysalids  of 
Pseudnrijlolas  give  butterllies  which  unite  with  butterllies  from  chrysalids  of  the 
June  Ncijlecta  to  produce  the  fall  larvie,  from  which  come  Viohtcrn  in  April. 
Otherwise  Pscmhwijlohis  would  l)e  set  in  the  middle  of  the  series,  witli  no  link  in 
either  direction.  The  true  second  generation  of  the  year,  in  Virginia.,  is  Nvij- 
lecta,  appearing  in  June.  Pseitdartjiohi.^  is  an  interpolated  spring  gcneratioii.  the 
first  in  the  year  of  its  series.  Its  .second  comprises  a  part  of  the  few  butterllies 
which  fly  between  July  and  Octol)er.  If  the.se  late  butterllies  woi'e  suppressed, 
Pseud((rffiohi8  wou\d  .stand  as  a  distinct  species,  with  no  trace  of  its  relation  to  the 
other  forms.  \So  if  anywhere  to  the  northward  the  winter  form  was  supprcss(Ml, 
NecjJecta  alone  would  represent  the  species,  and  Mr.  8aunder.s  is  confident  that 
about  London,  Ont.,  this  's  the  condition.  Prof  Lintner  describes  Nefjlectd  as 
appearing  in  swarms  at  Centre,  N.  Y.,  —  as  Violacfa  .sometimes  docs  in  Virginia, 
but  Nv(jhcla  never, — "  the  air  has  seemed  blue  from  the  myriact-^,"  and  as  living 
there,  and  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  from  niiddlc  of  May  to  middle  of  June  ; 
while  the  winter  forms  have  been  wholly  imknown  to  collectors  till  recently,  a 
single  example  having  been  taken  here  and  there.  These  myriads  of  course  are 
from  hibernating  chrysalids.  May  at  Albany  is  early  spring,  ami  Ntijlevbi  comes 
with  the  first  blcssoms,  just  as  Vlo!acea  in  Virginia  comes  in  April,  with  the  Idos- 
soms.  Ncfjlecla  at  Albany  is  the  winter  form.  But  two  degrees  farther  south, 
or  about  New  York  city,  the  three  primary  winter  forms  abound  in  early  spring. 

On  the  Pacific  coast,  the  species  is  represented  in  part  by  individuals  not  dis- 
tinguishable from  Neglcctn,  viz..  Echo  (Fig.  21),  but  more  by  Plums,  of  which 
Echo  is  a  variety.  In  southern  California  there  are  two  generations  of  the  but- 
terfly ;  the  first  appearing  in  February  and  early  March,  the  second  last  of  April 


10 


LYCJ^.NA   ir..   III. 


nrnl  early  May.  Mr.  W.  G.  Wriglit  carofiilly  watched  tlio  nppcarnnco  of  tlicso 
hroudH,  tlio  pasf  year,  imd  sent  luo  xcorcs  of  extiinples  of  oacli.  ¥i<r.  2()  repro- 
sents  9  I'iiisim  of  the  early  hrood,  li7  of  (he  later.  1  ij:ive  the  femnles,  hocaiisc  in 
thi.s  sex  the  dilfe-reiieeH  hutween  the  forms  i-i  mo-it,  dc('i(k':l.  I  do  not  di^^eover  any 
tanj^ihlc  dilTereiico  hetween  theso  two  bi-ood>  in  eithiT  ,sex,  except  tlint  noino  few 
of  each  are  var.  I'Jcho,  which,  as  I  have  .said,  is  close  to  Neyhcti.  The  usual 
I'htuHH  9,  as  is  .seen  hy  these  Figures  lid,  li7,  most  resemhles  VioUicca,  liaving  the 
black  horder.s  as  in  that  form.  Plaxiix  i  (Fig.  20)  is  of  a  deep  violct-lilue ;  and 
the  under  sido  of  all  examples  of  both  sexes  i.s  like  Ncr/hcln.  I  look  upon  this 
Avestern  form  as  an  olTshoot  of  one  of  tiie  eastern  sununer  or  secondary  forms,  the 
characters  of  the  primary  form  of  the  species  having  been  in  some  degree 
recovered,  especially  in  the  females. 

Vlohtvea-cinereu  appears  to  be  the  Arizfina  winter  form,  the  under  side  ash- 
gra}',  nil  the  lUiirkings  obscure.  (Figs.  Ki.  17.)  Mr.  .Morrison  brought  many  ex- 
amples in  1SS2  from  Mt.  Graham  at  considerable  elevation.  With  them  were 
others,  nearly  full-sized  Pxmdnrf/ioliis  (Figs.  18,  19),  but  of  a  deeper  blue  than 
is  usual  at  the  oast ;  the  under  side  not  pure  white,  but  slightly  graj'. 

On  Plate  II.  are  given  some  curious  aberrations,  as  Fig.  215,  a  bi-formod  Neg- 
Iccfd,  taken  at  C'i)all)urgh  ;  Fig.  24,  a  female  .sent  me  by  Mr.  Ilulst;  a  suifused 
Lucia,  Fig.  25,  also  from  Mr.  Ilulst.  Fig.  22  represents  a  9  from  egg  laid  by 
Psciiddnjloltts,  the  chr^-sidis  having  been  laid  on  ice  for  seven  days,  the  butterfly 
emerging  in  thirty-one  day.s  after  removal.  In  the  pattern  of  under  .side  it 
approaches  Mnrrjindln. 

In  1877,  I  noticed  that  the  .spikes  of  Rattle-weed  were  nuich  frequented  by 
ants,  and  presently  that  where  the  ants  were  liu-vno  Avere  sure  to  be  found  also. 
There  soon  appeared  indications  that  the  ants  were  attracted  by  the  larviC ;  they 
caressed  them  with  their  antennic,  running  up  and  down  their  backs,  and  the 
larvie  in  no  way  resented  this  familiarity,  not  even  Avithdrawing  their  heads  from 
the  buds  they  Avere  excavating.  Especially  did  the  ants  seem  to  linger  about  the 
last  .segment.s,  and  the  eleventh  piU'ticularly,  and  it  occurred  to  me  that  there 
might  bo  some  exudation  from  the  surface  of  11,  or  elsoAvhere,  or  from  the  stel- 
late processes,  as  I  saAv  no  special  organs  for  excreting  any  fluid.  Not  having  a 
suitable  glass  at  hand,  I  sent  some  of  the  larvnc  to  Prof.  Lintner,  at  Albany,  and 
by  return  of  mail  li^nrd  that  ho  had  observed  two  processes  on  12,  cylindrical, 
Avith  barbed  hairs.  Nothing  more  Avas  discovered  that  summer,  as  the  season  for 
theso  larva)  Avas  over  Avhen  the  observations  A\'ere  made.  But  in  October,  the 
same  year,  I  chanced  to  find  some  of  the  larvae  of  the  fall  brood,  and  sent  tliom 
to  Dr.  Ilagcn  for  examination,  in  due  time  receiving  this  reply :  "  Dr.  Mack 
found  directly  three  secretory  organs."     The  next  day,  farther :  "  I  have  exam- 


LYCi1<:NA    II.,   III. 


11 


inod  riurfiilly  your  larvno,  nnd  somn  in  iiIpoIkI  f  Lyo.Tr>na  Arr/itft  nnd  C'uri/dnn. 
All  liavo  liie  or^rnns  alike.  On  tin-  ix-niilliniatc  wj,'nu'nt  yon  liiul  i)iit>i(le  aiiil 
behind  the  .itij^niata  two  largo  white  spotn,  uacli  one  of  which  fvaginatcs  a  white 
triLMnl)ran()iis  tuho,  just  like  the  lin<.'<'r  of  a  glove,  tli  foj)  of  which  i,s  not  entirely 
drawn  out.  I  have  neen  the  tube  fr<'(|nently,  and  if  I  Mow  a  iillle  tin?  tiiho  is  in- 
vaginated  iuHtantly.  On  the  antepLunltiniate  segment  is  a  larger  and  traiiversal 
opening  h<diinil  and  between  the  Htiginata  near  the  apical  border.  It  looks  like  a 
closed  mouth  with  its  lips,  but  I  have  not  seen  anything  i)rotrMding  from  it. 
lint  in  an  alcoholic  larva  of  v1/y///v  I  saw  an  ovoid  evagination."  iJr.  Ilagen  also 
referred  me  to  a  paper  by  M.  Guenee,  Ann.  Soc.  Mnt.  de  France,  .ser.  4,  Vol.  \'II., 
If'd;,  pp.  G9G-7,  and  I'liite  13,  In  which  are  described  nnd  (igureil  similar  organs 
in  LycaMia  Bielirn.  Tiiis  author  relates  that  while  observing  tlu'  larva  of  linl'ica 
he  noticed  two  openings  altogether  like  those  of  the  stigmata,  ami  as  he  turned 
the  caterpillar  nboiit  it  suddenly  made  spring  out  of  these  holes  a  peculiar  boily, 
which  he  cannot  compare  I,  anything  better  than  to  the  tentacles  which  certain 
polypi  put  forth  at  will.  And  descrii>ing  these,  he  goes  on  to  say;  '-At  the 
sunuhit  of  the  lOth  .segment "  (the  11th,  counting  the  head  as  one),  "  is  f(juud 
another  opening  placed  transversely  nnd  Hurrounded  by  n  raised  i)ad.  From  the 
middle  of  this  opening  comes  forth,  nt  the  will  of  the  caterpillar,  a  sort  of  trans- 
)>arent.  hemispherical  vesicle,  wliich  gives  escape  to  a  lliiid  siiiliciently  abiuidant 
tj  l.rm  a  good-sized  drop,  which  reproduces  itself  when  it  is  altsiu'bed.  Tiie  cat- 
erpillar only  secretes  this  flnid  when  'i  is  disturbed.  .  .  .  As  to  the  end  which 
nature  proposes  by  this  exceptional  structure,  it  is  not  easy  to  divine;  it." 

In  187S,  1  was  able  to  make  more  satisfactory  observations,  beginning  with  the 
larvie  of  Pseuddnjlohin,  on  Kattle-weed,  nnd  e.\periinenle('  in  various  ways  on 
both  larvoo  and  ants.  In  each  «ub,seciuent  year  I  have  continued  the  observa- 
tions, and  in  188.']  especially  I  lost  no  opportunity.  The  ants,  when  discovered 
on  a  stem,  are  almost  invariably  on  or  near  the  larvic.  They  rini  over  the  iiody, 
caressing  incessantly  with  the  antennnp,  and  undouljtediy  with  the  object  of  ])ersuad- 
ing  the  larva  to  emit  the  (luid  from  11.  Much  of  the  caressing  is  done  about  the 
anterior  segments,  and  while  the  ants  are  so  employed,  or  rather  while  they  are 
absent  from  the  last  .segments,  the  tubes  of  12  are  almost  constantly  ex|)osed  to 
full  extent,  and  so  remain,  without  retracting,  until  the  ants  come  tumbling  along 
in  great  excitement,  and  put  cither  foot  or  antenna  directly  upon  or  close  by  the 
tubes,  when  those  are  instantly  withdrawn.  The  ants  pay  no  heed  to  the  tubes, 
so  far  as  touching  them  with  intention,  but  at  once  turn  to  11,  caress  the  back  of 
that  segment,  put  their  mouths  to  the  orifice  there,  and  show  every  sign  of  eager 
expectancy.  By  holding  a  hand-glass  on  11,  a  movement  will  speedily  be  appar- 
ent, and  there  will  protrude  a  dark  green  manuuilloid  membrane,  from  the  top 


12 


LYC.EXA   ir.,   III. 


of  which  cxudos  n  tiny  drop  of  cloar  grcL'ii  fhiid.  Tliis  the  ants  drink  greedily, 
two  or  three  of  them  perhaps  standing  over  it.  The  demonstrations  of  the  ants 
are  of  the  most  gentle  natnre,  caressing,  entreating,  and  as  the  little  creatures 
drink  in  the  liiiid.  lifting  their  heads  as  if  to  prolong  the  swallowing,  there  is  a 
manifest  satisfaction  and  delectation  that  is  anubing  to  see.  They  lick  away  the 
last  trace,  and  stroke  the  l)ack  of  the  segment,  and  wait  to  see  if  their  coaxing 
avails  anything.  If  not,  they  run  ahout,  some  seeking  other  larva)  on  same 
stem,  some  with  no  apparent  ot)ject,  hut  presently  11  return,  and  the  caressings 
go  on  as  Ijefore.  The  intervals  between  the  app'.-arance  of  the  globule  vary 
with  the  condition  of  tlic  larvii.  If  exhausted  by  yielding  to  the  frequent  .solici- 
tations, some  minutes  may  elapse,  and  the  tubes  meanwhile  will  remain  con- 
cealed ;  but  a  fresh  larva  requires  little  lu'ging,  and  the  mere  intimation  of  the 
presence  of  an  ant  in  the  vicinity  is  enough  to  cause  the  tubes  to  jilay  rapidly, 
and  one  glob\de  to  follow  another,  sometimes  without  a  retracting  of  the  mem- 
brane and  before  tlie  neiir  app'-oach  of  the  ants.  I  have  counted  six  emissions  in 
seventy-live  .seconds.  The  tubes  are  usually  expanded  when  the  ants  are  away 
from  the  last  segments,  and  are  retracted  when  they  come  near.  I  counted  the 
length  of  these  periods  of  complete  and  quiet  expansion,  ten,  twenty,  fifty,  and 
to  eighty-two  seconds,  the  period  always  ending  with  the  approach  of  the  ants. 
I  experimented  largely,  introducing  ants  to  larvic  in  glass  tubes,  and  placing 
larvaa  from  my  tubes  upon  stems  of  the  growing  plant  whore  the  ants  had 
access  to  them.  When  a  fresh  larva  was  brought  to  the  stem,  as  soon  as  the  anto 
discov^n'cd  it,  there  was  iiu  immense  excitement  and  a  rush  for  the  last  larval 
augments.  The  larva  forthwith  relieved  itself  by  the  excretion  of  the  iluid,  and 
the  tubes  stood  on,  with  tops  expanded  between  the  periods.  If  I  placed  afresh 
larva  on  a  stem  on  which  were  no  ants,  there  was  no  excitement  in  the  larva,  no 
appearance  of  ti.e  tubes,  and  no  movement  on  11.  If  ants  were  now  transferred 
to  this  stem  at  once  the  larva  changed  its  behavior. 

The  tubes  in  the  present  species  are  white,  cylindrical,  of  nearly  even  size, 
rounded  at  the  top,  and  studded  there  with  minute  processes  from  wliich  come 
the  tentacles.  (Kig.  nr.)  These  are  long,  si  nder,  tapering,  armed  \\\i\i  fine  fila- 
mentous spurs  disposed  in  whorls,  and  they  stand  out  straight,  nuiking  a  white 
hemispherical  dome  over  the  cylinder,  and  none  of  them  dip  below  the  plane  o£ 
the  base  of  tl;e  dome.  When  the  tube  comes  up.  the  rays  arc  !^v  n  to  rise  in  a 
close  pencil,  and  as  the  dome  expands  they  take  position.  On  tiie  contrary, 
■when  the  tube  is  withdrawn,  the  top  of  the  dome  sinks  first,  and  the  rays  come 
together.     (Fig.  ?»'.) 

The  position  of  these  organs  is  apparent  in  the  younger  larval  stages,  but  till 
after  the  .second  moult  I  believe  the  larva  has  no  power  to  project  the  tubes,  and 


LYC^ENA  ir..  III. 


18 


not  till  the  latter  part  of  the  same  stage  to  omit  the  secretion.  The  aiit'^,  when 
confined  with  larvoe  in  the  first  stage,  treat  tiioni  witii  indiU'orence.  I  introduced 
ants  to  larva)  in  separate  glass  tnbes,  some  larva)  being  at  the  middle  and  some 
near  the  end  of  the  second  stage ;  that  is,  before  the  second  moult.  One  of  the 
larvfo  was  caressed  several  times,  but  no  tube  appeared.  One  larva  oltjocted  to 
the  ant,  thrashed  its  anterior  segments  about,  and  tlie  ant  left  it.  Inf roduced  ant 
at  one  day  after  third  moult;  ant,  greatly  excited  at  finding  itself  imprisoned,  ran 
about  the  tube,  often  coming  close  to  tlie  larva,  even  touching  it,  and  then  ran 
across  it,  apparently  taking  no  heed  of  it.  But  after  the  ant  had  quieted,  it  came 
to  larva,  soliciting  as  usual.  Then  the  tubes  were  seen,  and  a  drop  of  iluid  came 
from  11,  which  the  ant  drank  eagerly.  It  returned  to  11  several  times,  but  ob- 
tained no  more.  On  same  day,  introduced  an  ant  to  two  larva)  in  last  part  of 
third  stage  ;  that  is,  just  before  the  third  moult.  There  was  a  slight  movement  of 
the  tubes  in  one  larva,  a  mere  point  protruding,  but  no  more,  and  no  fluid.  The 
other  larva  did  not  respond  at  all,  and  the  ant  left  Ik.'  . 

But  on  another  day,  experimenting  with  a  larva  also  in  third  stage,  the  tubes 
were  seen  to  play  actively.  I  could  not  make  out  a  drop  on  11,  but  the  ant  held 
its  mouth  at  the  orifice  for  some  seconds.  It  is  after  the  fourth  moult,  in  the  last 
larval  stage,  that  the  fluid  flows  freely  at  the  solicitations  of  the  ants.  This  occurs, 
however,  only  with  tiie  summer  larvic,  on  Rattle-weed,  the  flower  of  wliich  is  of 
exceeding  sweetness.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  an  ant  on  a  Dogwood 
flower  but  in  a  single  instance,  and  when  ants  are  placed  with  Dogwood  larvaj 
they  soon  become  indifferent  to  them.  Just  so,  in  the  fall,  when  the  larva)  are 
feeding  on  Actinomeris,  which  has  a  dry  flower,  bitter  to  the  taste.  I  have 
seen  an  ant  approach  a  mature  larva  on  this  plant,  and  after  a  moment's  investi- 
gation turn  away.  My  observations  in  1878  led  me  to  think  that  the  tubes 
served  as  signals  to  the  ants  to  approach  regment  11,  and  subsequent  observa- 
tions afford  no  better  explanation.  I  have  observed  in  larvit)  of  last  stage,  where 
no  ants  were  present,  that  the  tubes  were  occasionally  l)ut  irregularly  protruded, 
one  appearing  without  the  other,  or  both  at  same  time,  a  very  little  or  almost 
fully  out,  but  without  the  tentacles  spreading  ;  and  at  such  times  I  never  could  see 
any  movement  at  1  I.  The  presence  of  the  ants  seems  necessary  to  that;  that 
is,  the  larva  emitted  the  fluid  when  aware  tliat  its  friend  was  near.  Any  teasing 
on  my  part  failed  to  provoke  a  discovery  of  the  tubes,  as  seems  natural,  for  they 
certainly  are  not  for  defense.  At  least  four  ;-.pecies  of  ants  accompany  these  lar- 
va), the  .smallest  of  which  is  scarcely  one  eighth  inch  long.  The  gentle  demon- 
strations of  these  little  creatures  were  most  interesting,  as  if  asking  favors  but 
claim  ng  no  right,  and  grateful  for  what  they  got. 

Ill  1870,  Dr.  J.  Gibbons  Hunt  kindly  made  observations  on  these  larval  organs. 


14 


LYC^NA   II.,  III. 


with  dissections.  I  had  asked  Dr.  Hunt  wlictlier  there  were  special  glnnd.<(  bo- 
noatli  the  membrane  of  11,  and  an  opening  at  the  top  of  tlie  vesicle.  Neitlier 
gland  nor  orifice  was  discovered.  The  fluid  appeared  to  exude  through  minute 
pores  all  over  the  membrane.  Nor  was  there  any  connection  between  the  tubes 
of  12  and  this  organ  of  11.* 

Br.  Aug.  Weismann  wrote :  "  You  should  try  and  observe  what  enemies  the 
larva)  have.  It  is  conceivable  that  there  are  such  enemies  as  are  afraid  of  ants." 
I  have  found  three  species  of  jiarasites  about  the.se  larvir.  One  is  dipterous,  a  Ta- 
china  fly.  Thi;-!  deposits  eggs  on  the  skin  of  the  larva  in  second  larval  stage,  and 
on  tlie  second  or  third  seguient.  As  the  grubs  hatch,  they  eat  their  way  through 
the  skin,  and  emerge  when  full  grown  in  the  last  larval  stage,  and  make  for  them- 
selves a  hard  pupa  case,  out  of  which  in  a  few  days  comes  u  lly.  Two  others 
ai'e  hymenoptcrous  and  minute.  One  is  identified  by  Pro."  Riley  as  Apanteles 
congrefjatus  Say.  Tiie  eggs  of  these  species  are  deposited  singly  within  the  very 
young  larva?,  and  the  grub  eats  its  way  out  when  the  larva  is  but  half  grown,  and 
proceeds  to  spin  for  itself  a  cylindrical  cocoon  of  yellow  silk,  from  which  in  a  few 
days  the  perfect  insect  will  break  forth.  The  fourth  parasite  is  also  hymenopte- 
rous,  an  Ichneumon  fly,  a  species  of  Anomalon,  as  Mr.  E.  T.  Oresson  tells  me. 
This  appears  to  sting  the  larva  only  in  the  last  or  perhaps  the  last  two  stages. 
Tlie  destruction  of  larva;  by  these  and  other  parasites  is  inmiense.  If  any  of 
thein  attack  the  mature  larva,  as  the  Anomalon  does,  the  grub  will  pa.is  into 
the  chrysalis  and  destroy  that,  and  multitudes  of  chrysalids  of  different  species  of 
butterfly  do  so  perish.  But  our  Lyca^ia  appears  to  I)e  singularly  free  from  para- 
sites in  tile  pupa  stage,  and  indeed  I  have  never  lost  one  from  such  cause.  Why 
it  is  so  favored  will  perhaps  appear  from  the  inciil  it  I  relate.  On  20th  June, 
1878,  in  the  woods,  I  saw  a  mature  larva  on  Rattle-weed,  and  on  its  back,  facing 
to  the  tail,  stood  a  large  ant.  At  less  tiian  two  inches  behind,  on  the  stem,  was 
one  of  these  Anomalon  flies,  watching  its  chance  to  thrust  its  ovipositor  into  the 
larva.  I  bent  the  stem  and  held  it  horizontally  before  mo  without  alarming 
either  of  the  parties.  The  fly  crawled  a  little  nearer  and  rested,  and  again 
nearer,  the  ant  standing  motionless,  but  plainly  alert  and  knowing  o."  the  dan- 
ger. After  .several  advances,  the  lly  turned  its  abdomen 
under  and  forward,  thrust  out  the  ovipositor,  and  strained 

•  Till'  ll'jriiro  k-  nn  Plalo  is  too  small  tn  slinw  ilislini'lly  tlie  pnsilion  of  the 
ori;nii»  on  11  .niid  12,  an,!  Mrs.  Tciirl  1ms  tlii'ri'forc  iimile  ii  RiTally  ciiliirvrcd 
fi'.'uro  of  tlio  last  scgiiifiits  of  I'wuiliiniiiilm  liirva  to  a('c<)ni|>any  lliis  note  : 
n  inilieairs  tlie  o|MMiiii'j  on  11  willi  its  rai^-i'd  lips;  b,  llic  position  of  llir  tiilios 
on  12,  wholly  wiilidrawn  ;  c,  tin"  top  of  the  tnhc  as  it  appears  when  sli^ditly 
protruded  ;  </,  still  farther  projeeted,  the  tentaeles  in  pencil.  Vlio  hltlo  rings, 
without  letter,  indicate  the  apiraclcs,  or  breathing  holes.  •    ,     _^ 


LYCiENA   II.,  III. 


15 


itcelf  to  the  utmost  to  reach  it.s  proj.  The  sting  was  just  about  to  strike  the 
extreme  end  of  the  Lirvii,  when  the  ant  made  a  (hish  at  the  Hy,  which  flew 
away,  and  so  long  as  I  stood  there,  at  least  live  niinntes,  did  not  rotnrn. 
The  larva  had  been  quiet  all  this  time,  its  head  buried  in  a  flower  bud,  but 
the  moment  the  ant  rushed  and  the  Ily  fled  it  seemed  to  become  aware  of  the 
danger,  and  thrashed  about  the  end  of  its  body  in  great  alarm.  The  ant 
saved  the  larva,  and  it  is  certain  that  Ichneumons  would  in  no  case  get  an 
opportunity  to  sting  so  long  as  such  a  vigilant  guard  was  ul  out.  It  seems  to 
me  that  the  advantage  is  nuitual  between  the  larvits  and  ants,  and  that  the 
fornier  know  tlu  ir  protectors,  and  take  satisfaction  in  rewarding  them.  This 
was  the  only  occasion  which  has  fallen  under  my  observation  in  which  the  actual 
attempt  to  sting  was  defeated  ;  but  on  IGth  Juno,  1881,  I  saw  several  larva;  and 
several  ants  on  a  stem  of  Rattle-weed,  about  which  onn  of  these  flies  was  hover- 
ing. It  came  very  near  to  one  larva,  but  an  a. it,  not  standing  upon  the  latter, 
ran  at  the  fly,  which  then  departed.  On  20th  June,  1879,  I  saw  another  fly 
creeping  along  a  stem  on  which  was  a  half-grou:i  larva,  but  no  ant.  The  fly 
moved  up,  put  one  leg  on  the  larva,  rested  an  instant,  turned  round,  and  when 
I  thought  it  was  about  to  give  the  fatal  thrust  it  hesitated,  and  after  standing 
quiet  more  than  two  minutes  flew  aw.av.  I  concluded  that  eitlier  the  larva  was 
too  young  for  the  pin-pose  of  the  ily,  or  that  the  latter  discovered  that  it  had 
already  been  parasitized.  I  have  introduced  house  flies  to  larvai  in  tubes,  and 
there  was  no  alarm,  nor  was  any  notice  taken,  though  the  flies  buzzed  about  and 
even  stood  on  the  larvaa. 

Whether  all  other  species  of  Lyca^na  are  supplied  with  the  special  organs  above 
described  I  cannot  say.  Very  little  observation  seems  to  have  been  made  on  this 
point.  The  books  have  rarely  spoken  of  either  the  organs,  or  of  ants  attending 
the  larviT),  and  in  most  cases  the  ol)servations  seem  to  have  I)een  isolated,  and  the 
object  for  v.hich  the  ants  attended  the  larva^  undiscovered  ;  or  if  the  organs  were 
observed,  the  connection  with  the  ants  was  not.  In  Newman's  British  IJutter- 
flies,  Loud.  1871,  p.  12-5,  I  find  this  sentence  quoted  from  Prof.  Zellor :  '•  I  could 
not  perceive  liat  those  caterpillars  (L.  .IfaJon)  had  a  cone  capable  of  boing  pro- 
truilod,  I'ko  tiiat  which  we  find  in  L.  Cori/don,  and  which  the  ants  are  .*o  fond  of 
licking."  Guon6e,  as  has  been  seen,  discovered  the  tubes  and  the  organ  on  11, 
and  saw  the  fluid  e.xude  therefrom,  but  could  not  conjecture  its  object. 

Dr.  IIa<.:'>:i  ealled  my  attention  to  the  following  mention  in  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit., 
XXVI.  p  115.  184-j:  "Mr.  C.  I'lotz  says  that  Ik;  found  caterpillars  of  L.  Aiyus 
on  Calluna  vulgaris.  Was  puzzled  at  seeing  that  every  caterpillar  had  an  ant 
standing  on  its  back,  and  saw  about  forty  larvae  near  ant  hills,  the  ants  always  on 
the  larvaj,  standing  or  walking,  and  apparently  the  caterpillars  were  in  no  way 


16 


LYC^NA  II.,   III. 


molested  by  them ;  indeed,  the  nuts  seemed  to  try  and  defend  the  larva)  from 
him.  Of  all  these  larvaj  none  were  infested  by  Ichneumons,  and  all  produced 
butterllies."     This  last  observation  is  very  interesting. 

Rev.  H.  C.  Mi:Cook  informed  me  that  in  the  spring  of  1877  he  saw  a  small 
green  larva  on  Ciiiiicifuga  racemosa,  and  '"  a  black  ant  attending  it,  stroking  the 
tail  incessantly,  moving  away,  and  returning  to  go  through  the  same  process. 
He  watched  this  for  two  hours,  and  saw  that  the  pur[)0se  of  the  ant  was  at  least 
friendly,  but  was  at  a  loss  to  explain  these  strange  manipulations."  Mr.  Saun- 
ders (Can.  Ent.  X.  14)  relates  that  he  had  ol)served  ants  running  over  larvie  of 
L.  Scudderii,  and  that  the  discovery  of  the  larvae  Avas  made  easy  by  the  presence 
of  the  ants. 

I  have  observed  similar  organs  in  larvae  of  L.  CoirDjufdH  and  L.  Melism,  both 
of  which  species  I  have  bred  from  the  egg.  The  organs  of  Cimj/ntas  are  of  same 
shape  as  in  Ptsetidanjiohi'^.  botli  the  cone  and  the  tube  and  its  tentacles;  and  on 
introducing  ants,  the  behavior  of  the  larva  was  as  in  the  other  species.  As  to 
Mclisxa.  I  am  not  ai)le  to  say  whether  the  tentacles  precisely  agreed  in  shape 
with  those  figured  on  our  Plate,  but  they  stood  erect  upon  the  dome  in  same 
manner,  and  the  fluid  appeared  on  11.  Guenee  figures  the  tentacles  of  Bwdca 
ns  spindle-shaped,  and  instead  of  standing  erect  they  droop  about  the  dome  and 
are  r|uite  feathery. 

In  the  allied  sub-families,  Thecla  and  Chrysophanus,  no  such  organs  have  been 
discovered,  and  I  apprehend  a  sulficient  generic  distinction,  if  one  were  needed 
between  two  groups  whose  preparatory  stages  iire  so  diiTerent,  will  here  be 
found,  especially  between  Lycix^na  and  Chrysoplianus,  which  some  collectors  still 
persist  in  uniting  in  one  genus. 


LYC.'ENA  III. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 

a—a^.  EuG  ;  magnififil. 
h.  VoUNO  Lahva  ;  magnified, 
c  Larva  after  first  moult  ;  magnified. 
<l.  Larva  after  second  nioult  ;  magnified. 
e.  Larva  after  lliinl  moult ;  magnified. 

t' — ';*•  Larva  after  third  nioult ;  magnified,  showing  various  coloring. 
/.  Maturk  Larva  of  Violacea  ;  natural  size. 
/',/'.  Jfature  L.arva  of  rsEUDAROloi-US  ;  magnified. 
./".  Mature  Larva  of  fall  brood  ;  magnified. 

/■2_y».  Mature  Larvae  of  all  broods  ;  magnified,  showing  various  coloring. 
(J.  Chrysalis  from  egg  of  Pskudahoiolus  ;  natural  size. 
(/'.  The  same  ;  magnified. 

h.  Chrysalis  from  egg  of  Vioi.acka  ;  n.itural  size. 
)'.  Anterior  segments  mature  Larva  ;  showing  position  of  head,  at  rest. 
t*.  Under  side  of  segment  2  ;  showing  same. 
t' — i".  Head  and  neck. 

I:  Last  segments ;  showing  the  orifice  on  11,  and  the  position  of  the  organs  on  12. 
711.  Organ  of  12  partly  e.\panded. 
to'.  The  tentacles  in  pencil, 
m".  The  tentacles  fully  e.xpamled. 
m*.  Tentacle. 
11.  Section  of  dorsum  ;  largely  magnified,  showing  the  stellate  processes. 

1.  I)og>7ood  (Cornus)  in  blossom  |   the  spring  food-plant. 

2.  Kattle-veed  (Cimieifugn)  ;  the  summer  food-iilant. 

3.  Actinomei'is  scjuarrosa  ;  the  fall  fooil-plant. 


0 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


rs 


Papilio  Zolicaon. — In  1883,  I  raised  many  larvae  from  eggs  sent  me  by 
Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  of  San  Bernardino,  California,  and  obtained  descriptions,  as 
well  as  a  series  of  drawings,  of  all  the  larval  stages.  It  was  my  intention 
to  give  an  additional  Plate  illustrating  these  stages  and  the  corresponding 
ones  of  Asterias  and  Machaon  ;  but  circumstances  have  compelled  me  to  post- 
pone the  Plate.  If  I  go  on  with  a  third  Volume  this  species  will  receive  early 
attention. 

In  the  text  to  Zolicaon  I  said :  "  ZoUcaon  belongs  to  the  Machaon  group." 
Further  examination  of  the  imago  shows  that  the  two  species  are  not  member.' 
of  the  same  group,  and  this  is  sustained  by  the  comparison  of  the  larval  stages. 
ZoUcaon  is  nearer  Asterias.  So  far  as  concerns  the  butterflies  I  have  treated 
of  these  species  and  their  relationship  at  length  in  "  Papilio,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  45,  ef.  sea 
1883. 

Papilio  Oregoxia.  —  In  the  descriptive  text  I  said :  "  The  anal  spot  small, 
.  .  .  with  a  rounded  black  spot  in  the  middle,  and  which  is  connected  with  the 
narrow  black  edge  of  the  margin."  It  should  properly  have  read,  "  with  a  stripe 
or  cluh-shajied  spot  in  the  middle,"  etc.  In  the  paper  above  referred  to,  in  "  Pa- 
pilio," vol.  iii.,  the  peculiarities  of  the  anal  spot-,  in  Oregoniu,  Muvhuon,  Zolicaon, 
and  Asterias  are  illustrated  by  figures,  and  in  the  text  the  relationship  of  all 
these  and  other  allied  species  is  considered.  As  regards  Orcrjonia,  I  come  to 
this  conclusion :  "  Orcgonia  belongs  to  the  Machaon  group,  and  (periiaps  with 
some  other  species)  forms  a  sub-group  of  equal  rank  at  least  with  the  sub-group 
to  which  the  species  Machaon  belongs.  It  certainly  cannot  have  been  derived 
from  the  species  Machaon"  I  have  a  colored  drawing  of  the  mature  larva  of 
Orerjonia,  made  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Stretch,  and  there  is  very  little  resemblance  be- 
tween it  and  the  mature  larva  of  Machaon. 

Papilio  Daunus.  —  Mr.  B.  Neumoegen  received,  in  1881,  two  blown  skins  of 
the  mature  larva  of  this  species  and  tliree  living  ciirysalids.  One  of  the  latter 
was  given  me,  and  after  u  drawing  was  made  of  it  I  put  it  in  alcohol.     The 


i 


"i 
1  j 


SUrrLEMENTAIlY   NOTES. 


other  two  Mr.  Ncuiiioogori  retained.  One  of  them,  on  7th  September,  1882, 
giive  imago,  the  otiier  passed  the  second  winter  and  then  gave  imago.  So  pro- 
tracted a  ohry.saUs  period  is  remarkable  and  extremely  unusual  in  buttcrflie.s. 
The  caterpillar  is  very  like  that  of  Rutulus,  green,  with  a  pair  of  club-shaped 
spots  on  fourth  segment,  after  the  pattern  of  Riitulm,  and  therefore  unlike 
Turnus.  Mr.  E.  M.  Dodge  observed  Dmums  ovipositing  at  Boulder,  Colorado, 
1882.  By  confining  a  female  in  bag  over  a  branch  of  wild  plum-tree  he  ob- 
tained many  eggs,  and  forwarded  them  to  me.  Unfortunately  they  were  lost  in 
the  mail. 

CuLiAS  Piiii.ODiCE.  —  The  larval  measurements  in  the  te.\t  are  given  in  the 
last  part  of  the  stages  3  to  5.  Taken  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  several 
moults,  the  length  would  be  — 


Young  liirvii 
First  uiouh 
Second  moult 
Tliird  moult 
Fourth  moult 
Mature    . 


.06  inch. 
.12  inch. 
.18  inch. 
.3  inch. 

.52  to  .56  inch. 
1  to  1.1  iuch. 


In  general,  the  larval  measurements  in  this  Volume  have  been  taken  at  from 
twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  after  the  moult. 

AuGYNNis  Meadii.  —  The  extensive  collections  made  in  Nevada  by  Mr.  Mor- 
rison render  it  highly  probable  that  Meadii  is  an  extreme  variety  of  A.  Neva- 
densis.  On  the  Plate  of  Nemdensis,  in  vol.  i.,  two  species  are  figured,  the  male 
being  Nemdensis,  the  female  Coronis,  Behr,  a  species  widely  dispensed,  flying 
from  southern  California  to  Montana  and  British  America,  and  subject  to  a  good 
deal  of  variation. 

Melit^ea  Piiaetox.  —  In  addition  to  the  plants  named  in  the  text,  the  larva 
of  this  species  is  now  known  to  feed  on  Mimulus  ringens  and  Gerardia  pedicu- 

lata. 

Apatuk.v  Leilia.  —  The  male  only  is  figured,  and  at  the  time  the  Plate  issued 
the  other  sex  was  unknown.  Subsequent  collecting  by  Messrs.  Doll  and  Morri- 
son, in  Arizona,  have  made  us  familiar  with  the  specie^  in  both  sexes. 

Apatuua  Floiu.  —  Under  Cl//ton  1  described  Flora  as  a  possible  variety  of 
that  species.  In  1880,  I  received  young  larvae  of  Flora  from  Dr.  Wittfeld,  In- 
dian River,  Fla.,  who  obtained  eggs  by  confining  females  over  branches  of  Celtis. 
These  I  reared  to  imago.  Since  then  I  have  several  times  had  the  species.  It 
is  undoubtedly  distinct  from  Clyton.  The  preparatory  stages  are  described  by 
me  in  the  "  Canadian  Entomologist,"  vol.  xiii.,  p.  82,  1881. 

Apatura  Alicia.  —  Figured  and  described  in  vol.  i.     This  species  also  I  have 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES. 


repeatedly  bred  from  the  egg,  and  the  preparatory  stages  were  described  by  me 
in  "  Psyche,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  123,  1880. 

Satyuus  Peqala,  Fab.  —  Under  S.  Alope  I  had  occasion  to  speak  of  Petjala, 
a  species  mostly  confined  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf  States.  "  Peyula  is 
restricted  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  a  strip  along  the  Atlantic 
coast,  at  least  as  far  to  the  north  as  Charleston,  S.  C.  I  cannot  learn  tluit  Pigala 
and  Alo2}e  Uy  in  the  same  localities  or  even  in  the  same  districts."  Within  the 
last  two  years,  Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron  has  discovered  a  few  examples  of  Peynht  in 
southern  New  Jersey,  and  I  have  seen  some  of  them  which  were  taken  by  him. 
They  are  like  examples  from  Georgia,  except  that  they  are  smaller.  Mr.  Aaron 
writes  me  that  at  the  same  time  he  took  many  Alope,  but  saw  no  evidence 
of  any  intergrading  between  the  two  species.  Each  was  persistent  to  its  own 
type.  There  is  no  reason  as  yet  to  doubt  that  Pegala  and  Alo])e  are  distinct 
species. 

CiiioxoBAs  Californica. —  The  figures  were  made  from  a  pair,  two  of  four 
collected  by  Mr.  Lorquin,  and  in  Dr.  Boisduval's  collection.  Since  the  Plt.te  was 
published  Mr.  Morrison  has  found  the  species  abundant  on  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon 
(1880).  A  series  shows  it  to  be  constantly  distinct  from  Iduna,  Avhich  has 
also  of  recent  years  been  taken  in  considerable  numbers  by  Messrs.  Baron  and 
Behrens,  in  northern  California. 

LiBYTiiEA  Baciimani.  —  The  complete  larval  history  was  not  known  when 
the  Plate  i.ssued,  in  1874.     I  give  it  as  follows  :  — 

Young  Lakva.  —  Length  just  from  egg,  .04  inch  ;  cylindrical ;  the  segments 
a  little  rounded,  and  four  times  creased  transversely  ;  covered  with  a  fine  short 
down ;  color  green,  semi-translucent ;  head  twice  as  broad  as  2 ;  obovoid,  a  little 
depressed  at  suture,  the  vertices  rounded ;  sparsely  pilose  ;  color  yellow-brown. 
To  finst  moult  about  2  days,  in  July. 

After  first  moult :  Length  at  12  hours,  .08  and  .09  inch  ;  color  brownish-green, 
the  segments  curved  ;  head  a  little  broader  than  2,  shape  as  before ;  color  yel- 
low-green.    To  next  moult  2  days. 

After  second  moult :  Length  at  12  hours,  .12  inch  ;  same  shape ;  upper  side 
dark  green  ;  a  faint  shade  of  yellow  over  and  along  basal  ridge,  rather  macular ; 
under  side,  legs,  and  feet  lighter  green ;  the  segments  much  specked  with  faint 
white  on  the  ridges  caused  by  the  creafies ;  on  3,  high  up,  a  black  dot  on  either 
side  ;  head  as  before  ;  color  light  green.     To  next  moult  2  days. 

After  third  moult :  Length  at  12  hours,  .26  to  .28  inch ;  color  dull  green,  yel- 
lowish along  and  over  basal  ridge ;  specked  with  pale  white,  or  yellow-white,  as 
before  ;  the  black  dots  as  before  ;  head  green.     To  next  moult  about  2  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  Length  at  12  hours,  .4  inch.  Four  days  later  the  larva 
reached  maturity. 


iN 


I 


I 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES. 

Matl-ue  Larva.  —  .7  to  .fl  incli ;  cylimlrical ;  tliickoiied  at  3  and  4,  the  dorsum 
of  last  segment  abruptly  curved  down  to  the  end  ;  color  dark  green,  the  lower 
Hide,  and  also  feet  and  legs,  pale  green  ;  each  segnient  lour  times  creased  trans- 
versely, and  on  the  Hat  ridges  so  caused  arc  rows,  one  to  each,  of  small  tubercular 
flattened  points,  pale  or  whitish  yellow  ;  from  2  to  13  a  white  stripe  along  base 
just  over  the  spiracles,  and  al)ove  this  the  ground  is  yellowish  lor  a  little  way  ; 
a  me.lio-dorsal  yellow  line  and  sometimes  a  fine  line  on  middle  of  side  ;  yellow 
tul)erculated  points  over  the  legs,  in  arcs  of  from  3  to  G  ;  on  foremost  ridge  of 
3d  segment,  high  on  the  side,  a  dead-black  tubercle,  a  little  raised  and  rounded, 
in  yellow  ring  Tspiracles  in  brown  ovals  ;  surface  covered  with  a  (ine  .short  down  ; 
head  olwvoid,  green,  smooth,  sparsely  pilose  ;  the  ocelli  brown. 

Occasionally  the  larviu  in  later  stages  are  differently  colored.  Some  have  the 
dorsum  dark  green,  edged  on  either  side  by  a  gray  line,  and  successively  by  u 
band  of  yellow,  a  gray  line,  and  n  black  band  ;  3  wholly,  and  5  partly,  black. 
Others  are  green,  with  a  black  band  along  ba.se  of  body,  and  black  pa'  hes  on  3 
and  11;  and  there  is  much  variation  in  this  way. 

TiiECLA  L^TA.  —  Figured  in  vol.  i.  Until  1882  this  beautiful  species  was 
one  of  the  rarest  of  its  genus.  Single  examples  oidy  were  recorded  as  taken  in 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Maine,  New  York,  West  Virginia.  I  doubt  if  in  all  a  dozen 
examples  could  have  been  fountl  in  the  collections  of  butterflies  in  the  United 
States.  Therefore  I  was  much  surprised  at  learning  that  Mr.  Morrison  found  it 
in  some  abimdance  at  Mt.  Graham,  Arizona.  Its  metropolis  is  in  the  Southwest, 
and  hence  its  scarcity  elsewhere. 


ERRATA. 


CoLlAS  P^URYTIIEME.     (Colins  IV.)    3(1  page  of,  for  breadth  of   chryHuIm,  "  .09 

and  .11  inch,"  road  .18  ant]  .'-'2  hich. 
LiMENiTis  AuTiiEMis.     (Limen.  I.)     5th  pafrc  of,  7th  line  from  bottom,  for  5th 

read   4th.     In  exphmations  of  same  Plate:   for  ''younfr  larva  (not  on 

Plate),"  read  not  lettered  on  Plate, 
Grapta  III.,  in  Note,  4th  line  of,  for  "  nettle"  road  (jooiieherri/. 
Papu-io  Indha  (Pap"  IX.),  Ist  page,  bottom   line,  for  "abdomen  Mj/it75,"  read 

abdomen  wholly,  etc. 


I 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


1 

.S'f 

m 


llradiiif;  of  Plates. 

Pnpilio  I.  . 

P:ipiIio  II.      . 

Papilio  III. 

Papilio  IV.     . 

Pnpilio  V. 

Pai)ili()  VI.     . 

Papilio  VII. 

Papilio  VIII. . 

Papilio  VIII.  B. 

Pnpilio  IX.     . 

Papilio  X. 

Papilio  XI.     . 

Papilio  XII.       . 
Papilio  XIII. 
Pit'fi.i  I. 
Antliocliaris  I. 
AnthochariH  II.  . 
Colia.s  I. 
Colias  II.  . 
Colin.s  III.      . 
Colias  IV. 
Heliconia  I.    . 
Argynilis  I. 
Argynnia  II.  . 
Argynni«  III.     . 
ArgynniH  IV. 


Note.  —  This  Inch 


Numerical 

Oriler  of 

PlaUa. 

.         1 

Argynnis  V. 

2 

ArgynniH  VI. 

8 

Argynnis  VII. 

4 

Mt'litaea  I.     . 

.      5 

Phyciodes  I. 

6 

Pliyciodt's  II. 

7 

Grapta  I.  . 

8 

Grnpta  II. 

.      9 

Grapta  III. 

10 

Limeniti.s  I.    . 

.     11 

LinienitiH  II. 

12 

Apatiira  I.     . 

.     13 

Apatiira  II. 

14 

Sntyriis  I. 

.     15 

SatyruH  11. 

16 

SatyruH  III.    . 

.    17 

Chionobns  I. 

18 

Chionobns  II. 

.     19 

Chionohn.s  III. 

20 

Libythoa  I.    . 

.     21 

Leinonias  I. 

22 

ClirysoplinnuH  I 

.     23 

Lyciona  1.  . 

24 

Lycrena  II.     . 

.     25 

Lyciuna  III. 

26 
X  will  ennble  t 

lie  Binder  tA^  nm 

Numerical 

Order  of 

I'lates. 

.     27 

28 
.     29 

30 
,     31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 


fl 


m 


■  I 


iil 

i 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


Anthocliaris  Ausoiiidos     . 

"  (jemitiii     .     . 

«  Julia      .     .     . 

"  Olytnpia     .     . 

A).  «tura  Celiirt '^^ 

"        Clytoii       ... 


:"itB. 
16 
17 
17 
16 


3i) 


« 
« 


"        Loilia 38 

Argynni.H  Ilisdiollii       .     .  '■^■i 

"  Hiomnei-ii  ...  20 
"  Diana,  Inrvii,  etc.  .  29 
"  Kiiiyiioine  .  .  .  2.'5 
"  liioniata ....  27 
Meadii     ....     24 

Opis 25 

Uliodopo.     ...     28 

•'        Kupestris      .     .      .     21) 

Chionobas  Californica  ...     44 

"         Gi',M,s      .     .     .43,  44 

««         Muna     ....     43 

«         Iviillda    ....     4.") 

Clu'y.suphamn  Cuprous  .     48 

"  Uul)iduH     .     .     48 

"  Sirius    ...     48 

Cidias  Eurytheme   ....     21 

Nastes 18 

"      Polidtie 18 

-       Philodicu.     .     .     .    1!),  20 

Grapu  Hylas 34 

Marsyns       ....     34 

'•        Sec  var.  .     .     35 

RusticuM      ....     35 

SilenuM 33 

Zcphyrun,  larva,  etc.     35 
Iliiiconia  Charitonia    ...     22 


7'J 
83 
85 
77 
231 
245 
241 
133 
137 
148 
129 
139 
131 
135 
141 
143 
281 
279 
275 
2S5 
307 
305 
309 
103 
87 
89 
93 
189 
191 

193 
183 
199 
117 


Ijcmonias  Naia 

I'alnierii  ....  47 
Libythea  Bachmani  ...  40 
Liuienitis  Aithcnu<      .     .  30 

"        KroH 37 

Lycajiui  Heteronea .     .     .     .     49 
"■        I'.seudarjjfioUis      .    50,  51 

"       lic},'ia 49 

M"  '    ,ca  IMiactoii     ....     30 

Viipilit)  Asterias,  l)i-foriiicd  .     12 

var.  Calverlcyii    .     .     12 

'•       IJairdii H 

"  Brcvio-aida  ...  8 
"  '•  larva,  etc.      9 

"       Daunus 2 

"       Euryinedon      ...        1 

'■       ludra 10 

"  Oregonia  ....  7 
"  Rutulua  ....  13 
"  "       larva,  etc.     .     14 

"  "       VI.  r.  Arizonen- 

xirt  .     .     .     14 

Turnus       .     .     .   3,  4,  5 

'•       Zolicaon      ....       0 

Pieris  Be<'kcrii 15 

Nol.'<oiii 15 

"      Sisyinbri 15 

Phyciode.x  Pliaon     ....     32 

Tliaro.s      ....     31 

"  '•      form  Marcia     32 

Vesta 32 

iSatyrus  Alope 41 

<'  ••       form  Nepbelo     42 

Wii'jeleri    ....     40 


Plato.    Poga. 

47     295 


301 
289 
201 
221 
313 
315 
311 
151 

51 
47 
33 
39 
5 
1 
43 
29 
53 


54 

7 

25 

73 

71 

07 

179 

101 

181 
201 

259 


NoTK.  —  The  Plates  iind  Pa-^es  of  <lie  bound  Volume  may  be  nmnbered  in 
penf'il  according  to  this  Alphabetical  Inde.x. 


DATES  OF  ISSUE  OF  PARTS   1-13. 


Paut  1.  —  July,  1874.  —  Containing  Papilio  Euri/medon,  AnthocharU  Ohjmpia, 

A.    Ausonoideti,  Argynnis   JJremnerii,    Lihi/lhea    liachmani,    (,'hionobas 

Iduna,  C.  Giyas  ?. 
Paut  2. — March,   1875.  —  Containing  PnpUio  DnnmiH,  CoUnn  Nastes,  C.  Pe- 

lidne,  Aryi/imin  Rhudope,  GrapUi  Sileiim,  ChrysajdianuH  liuhidua,  C.  (hi- 

preu»,  C.  JSirius. 
Paut  3.  —  June,  1875.  —  Containing  Papilio  Zolivaon,  Aryynnix  Meadii,  Ajn- 

tura  CeltiM,  A.  Lei/in,  ChionobuH  Giynn  i,  C.  Califormn,  Lyvmia  liecjia, 

L.  I/eteronen. 
Paht  4.  —  Decemlit-r,  1876.  —  Containing  Papilio  Brevicaudu,  Aryynnis  Eury- 

nome,    A.   liitithoffii,    A.    Opis,    GrapUi   Hylus,    G.   Marnyan,   Mditmi 

PlmtUtn. 
Paut  5.  —  September,  1870.  —  Containing  Culinx  I'/illddirc,  Argynuin  luonmta, 

A.  litijiestriii,  A.  l>iann  (propaiatory  stages  of),  Apahira  Clyton. 
Paut  G.  —  December,  1877.  --  Containing  Sntyrun  Wkecleri,  Papilio  Asterias, 

var.  Caloerlcyi,  AstcrinM  bi-fornied,  /'    Ttirnits. 
Paut  7.  —  December,  1878.  —  Containing  Papilio  Indra,  Anthocharix  Gcmilia, 

A.  Julia,  Culia.i  Kurytheine,  Phyviodes  T/iaros,  P.  J'/uion,  P.   Vesta. 
Part  8.  —  December,  1879.  —  Containing  Limenilix  Arthemis,  Chionolmx  Imllda, 

Grapta  linsfiou.^*,  G.  Marsyax,  G.  Zepfiyrus  (preparatory  stages  of). 
Paut  i).  —  Octol)er,   1880.  —  Cont^iining  Papdio  Orrgonia,  P.  Jireviravda  (pre- 

paratory  atagc.<«  of),  P.  Bairdi. 
Part  10. — June,  1882.  —  Containing  S(dyntH  Alope.  I/eliconia  Charitoma. 
Paut  11.  —  April,  188;i  -  Containing  Pierin  Si-^yinhri,  P.  Beckwrl  (jirermratory 

stages  of),  /*.  jYelsoiii,  Linunitis  Em»,  Lvmonian  y'lis.  /.,  Pfdnuri. 
Paut  12.  —  June,  1884.  —  Containing  Lyarna  Psciidargitdns,  Papilin  JhdnluH. 
Part  13.  —  November.   1884. — Contiiining   PapUio  Rnhdm.  var    Arizonensis, 

Rutulus  (preparatory  Ktages  of),  P.  Turnm  (preparatory  stages  of). 


I 


LIST  OF  SPECIES 


OF  THS 


DIURNAL  LEPIDOPTERA  OF  AMERICA 


NORTH  OF  MEXICO 


WILLIAM   H.  EDWARDS 


i 


BOSTON 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND   COMPANY 

New  York:  11  East  Seventeenth  Street 
QTlit  Bttttraitt  Press,  Cambhtsr 

1884 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  Synopsis  of  North  American  Butterflies  which  accompanied  Volume  I. 
was  issued  in  1872,  and  'for  various  reasons,  among  them  the  imperfect  knowl- 
edge of  many  of  the  species  described  and  of  their  distribution,  which  I  shared 
with  the  other  lepidopterists  of  the  country,  it  was  much  at  fault.  In  1876,  I 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society  a  Catalogue 
of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  America,  north  of  Mexico,  which  was  unquestion- 
ably an  advance  upon  the  Synopsis.  In  the  iutervening  years  many  supposed 
species  had  been  found  to  be  synonymous,  and  many  others  to  have  been  erro- 
neously credited  to  our  fauna.  Corrections  were  made  accordingly.  The  ge- 
neric names  were  somewhat  changed,  and  most  of  those  in  the  Hesperidiu  dropped. 
A  revi.sed  edition  of  the  Catalogue  has  recently  been  printed  in  Volume  XI.  of 
the  Tran.sactions  spoken  of,  1884,  with  extended  references,  and  in  all  respects 
af  complete  as  I  am  able  to  make  it.  The  present  List  follows  the  revised  Cata- 
logue, and  the  numbers  of  the  species  in  the  two  correspond.  The  List  gives  no 
synonyms,  but  simply  the  names  of  species  and  varieties.  For  information 
beyond  that  I  refer  to  the  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had  separately  on  applica- 
tion to  Mi{.  K.  T.  Ckesson,  Post-office  Box  1577,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

WM.   II.   EDWARDS. 

CoALBUROu,  W.  Va.,  November  1,  1884. 


LIST  OF  SPECIES 


OK  TllK 


DIURNAL  LEPIDOPTERA  OF  AMERICA  NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 


15 

PAPILIONID^. 

10 

PAPILIONIN^E. 

17 

• 
Papilio.  Linn. 

18 
19. 

1. 

Aja.v,  Liiui. 

20 

l'(1.)  Winter  form  Walshii.  Edw. 

21 

Var.  Al)l)otii,  Edw. 

22 

(2.)  Winter   form    Telamonidca, 

Fold. 

2.  Snmmi-r  form,  MareoUa-i,  Bd. 

23 

2. 

Pliilinor,  Linn. 

3. 

Maoliaon,  var.  Aliaska,  Sc. 

21 

4. 

Oro<.(onia,  Edw. 

5. 

/olioaon.  Hd. 

6. 

Americus,  Koll. 

25 

7. 

Nitra,  P^dw. 

20 

8. 

Indra,  Reai<. 

9. 

Purga.nnn,  H.  Va\\v. 

10. 

Brovican(]a,  Saund. 

11. 

Bainlii,  Fidw. 

• 

12. 

Astoria.'',  Fab. 
Var.  Astoroidos,  Reak. 

13. 

Troilns,  Linn, 

27 

14. 

Palamodos,  Dru. 

Tnrnns,  Linn. 

Dim.  form  9  Glaucns,  Linn. 
Eurymodon,  Bd. 
Rutulns,  Bd. 

Var.  Ari/ononsi.s,  Edw. 
DaunuH.  Bd. 
PilummiH,  Bd. 
Crespliontos,  Cram. 
Tlioas,  Linn. 
Polydaiua.'*,  Linn. 

Paknassil'S,  Latr. 

Clodius,  M<'n. 

Var.  Menolriosii,  II.  Edw. 
Sniintlii'u.s,  Doiil)l.-How. 

Var.  Bohrii,  Edw. 

Var.  Hormoilnr.  II.  Edw. 
Nomion,  Fiscli. 
Ever«manni,  Mdn. 

9  WosiR'son.-^ki,  Men. 

Vur.  9  Thor,  II.  Edw. 

PIERlNvE. 

Neopimsia,  Behr. 

Monapia,  Fold. 
Vur.  SuHusa,  Stretch. 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


PiEius,  Schr. 

28.  AinarylliH,  Fab. 

29.  Iliiire,  Godt. 

30.  MoiuLste,  Linn. 
.31.  Beckerii,  Etlw. 

32.  SLsymbri,  IM. 

33.  Nelsonii,  Edw. 

34.  Occidental  is,  Roak. 

Winter  form  Calyce,  Edw. 

35.  Protodice,  Bd.-Ijec. 

Winter  form  Vernalis,  Edw. 

36.  Napi,  Esp. 

Arctic  form  Bryonia),  Ochs. 
Var.  Hulda,  Edw. 

1.  Winter  form  Venosa,  Sc. 

2.  Winter    form  Oleracea-hiema- 

lis,  Ilarr. 
Var.  Borealis,  Gro. 
Var.  Frigida,  Sc. 
Aberr.  Virginiensis,  Edw. 

3.  (1.)  Summer     form      Acadica, 

Edw. 
(2.)  Siuniner  form,  «.  Pallida, 

Sc. 
b.  Castoria,  Roak. 
(3.)   Summer    form    Oleracea- 

iiistiva,  Ilarr. 

37.  Virginiensis,  Edw. 

38.  llapa%  Linn. 

Var.  Marginalis,  Sc. 
Var.  Yreka,  Heak. 
Var.  Mainiii,  Mityer. 
Var.  Nov-Anglia'.  Sc. 

Natiialis,  Bd. 

39.  lole,  Bd. 

Var.  Irene,  Fitch. 


40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 

40. 
47. 
48. 
4'J. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 


Anthociiaris,  Bd. 

Lanceolata,  Bd. 
Creusa,  Doubl.-IIew. 
Hyantia,  Edw. 
Olympia,  Edw. 
Rosa,  Edw. 
Au.sonidcH,  Bd. 

Var.  Coloradensis,  H.  Edw. 
Cethura,  Feld. 
Morrisoni,  Edw. 
Tlioo.sa,  Sc. 
Sara,  Bd. 
Reakirtii,  Edw. 
Stella,  Edw. 
Julia,  Edw. 
Genutia,  Fab.    • 


Cai.lidryas,  Bd. 

54.  Eubule,  Linn. 

55.  Sennoe,  Linn. 

56.  Philea,  Linn. 

57.  Agnrithe,  Bd. 

Kricooonia,  Reak. 

58.  Lyside,  Godt. 

Summer  form  Te'ltMsa,  Luc. 

59.  Fantasia,  Bull. 

60.  Lauicc,  Lintn. 


C0LIA8,  Fab. 

61.  Eurydice,  Bd. 

Dimorphic    form    Amorphffi,    IL 
Edw. 

62.  Cicsonia,  Stoll. 

63.  Meadii,  Edw. 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


64.  Heclft,  JmL 

Var.  GlucialiH,  McLach. 
Viir.  Ilcla,  8tr. 

65.  Boothii,  Curt. 

Var.  Cliioiie,  Curt. 

66.  Eurytlieme,  Bd. 

1.  Winter  form  Ariadne,  Edw. 

2.  Winter  form  Keewaydin,  Edw. 

3.  Summer  fu-rm  Eurytlieme,  Bd. 

67.  Ilagenii,  Edw. 

68.  Pliilodice,  Godt 

Var.  An  thy  ale,  HUb. 

69.  Eriphylo,  Edw. 

70.  Harfordii,  H.  Edw. 

71.  Occidontalis,  Sc. 

72.  CInistina,  Edw. 

Southern  form  Astruca,  Edw. 

73.  Ale.vandra,  Kdw. 

74.  Edward.sii,  Behr. 

75.  Piinilia,  Edw. 

76.  Interior,  Sc. 

77.  Scuddcrii,  Edw. 

78.  Pelidne,  Bd. 

79.  Palicno,  Linn. 

80.  Chippewa,  Edw. 

81.  Nastcs,  Bd. 

82.  Moina,  Str. 

83.  Behrii,  Edw. 

Tekias,  Swain. 

84.  Gundlachia,  Poey. 

85.  Proterpia,  Fab. 

86.  Nicippe,  Cram. 

87.  Mexicana,  Bd. 

88.  Diimari.s  Feld. 

89.  Westwoodii,  Bd. 

90.  Lisa,  Bd.-U'c. 

91.  Delia,  Cnim. 

92.  Jucunda,  Bd.-Lec. 


NYMPHALID^. 

IIKLICONINiE. 
IIkuconia,  Latr. 

93.  Charitonia,  Linn. 

DANAIN^.. 
Dan.\I8,  Latr. 

94.  An^hippus,  Fab. 

95.  BiTonice,  Cram. 
90.  Strigo.><a,  Bate.s. 

DiKCENNA,  DoubL 

97.  Klugii,  Fab. 

NYMlMIALlNiE. 
Coi-.«Nis,  Doubl. 

98.  .Julia,  Fab. 


99. 

Delila,  Fab. 

A(JiiAtius,  Bd.-ljoc 

100. 

Vanillii',  Linn. 

AiiiiYNNis,  Fab. 

101. 

Idalia,  Dru. 

102. 

Diana,  Cram. 

103. 

Nokomi.'^,  Edw. 

104. 

Nilocri.s,  Edw. 

105. 

lieto,  Behr. 

100. 

(■arponterii,  Edw. 

107. 

Cylu'l.',  Fah. 

108. 

Aphroilito.  Fab. 

109. 

Alcesti.s,  Edw. 

no. 

NaiLsicaa,  Edw. 

111. 

Lais,  Edw. 

112. 

Atlantis,  Edw. 

LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


113.  Elcctn,  Edw. 

114.  Columbia,  II.  Edw. 

115.  IlL'speri.H,  Edw. 
lie.  Ilippolytu,  Edw. 
117.  Bromnurii,  Edw. 
IIH.  Zorono,  Hd. 
III).  Monticolii,  Bohr. 

Viir.  l*iir|)uni.sconn,  II.  Eilw. 

120.  Rhodopi'.  Edw. 

121.  Bclireii.sii,  Edw. 

122.  IIidcyoiR",  Edw. 

123.  Chitone,  Edw. 

124.  C'oronis,  Ikdir. 

125.  Callippe,  Bd. 
12(1,  NL'ViideuHi.s,  Edw. 
127.  Elward.><ii,  Uoak. 
12H.  Liliaiia,  II.  Edw. 
121).  RupL'stiiw,  Buhr. 

Viir.  Irene,  Bd. 

130.  Laura,  Edw. 

131.  Macaria,  Edw. 

132.  Inornata,  Edw. 

133.  Adiante,  Bd. 

134.  Artonis,  Edw. 

135.  Clio,  Edw. 
130.  Opi.x,  Edw. 

137.  Bischoirii.  Edw. 

138.  Eurynomc,  Eilw. 
131).  Montivaj^'u,  Boiir.    ' 

Var.  Erinua,  Edw. 

140.  Efrleis,  Bd. 

141.  Myriiia,  Cram. 

142.  Triolari.s  Hiib. 

143.  Helena,  Edw. 

144.  Montinus,  So. 

145.  Cliaridea,  Schneid. 

Var.  Obscurata,  McLach. 

146.  Butlerii,  Edw. 

147.  Boisduvallii,  Somm. 


148.  Freya,  Tliunb. 

Var.  TarquiniuH,  Curt. 

149.  Polari.x,  Btl. 

150.  Frig},'a,  Tliunb. 

151.  Improba,  Butl. 

152.  Bellona,  Fab. 

153.  Epithore,  Bd. 

V'lir.  Kreindiild,  Str. 

EiTpTOiKT.v,  Doubl. 

154.  Claudia,  Cram. 

155.  Ilegesia,  Cram. 

Memt/KA,  Fab. 

15C.  Phaeton,  Drury. 

157.  Cooperi,  Belir. 

158.  Cbaleedon.  Doubl.-IIew. 

Var.  Uwinellei,  II.  Edw. 
151).  Colon,  Edw. 

100.  Auieia,  Doubl.-IIew. 

101.  Nubijri'ua,  Bebr. 

102.  Quino,  Behr. 

103.  Banmi,  H.  Edw. 
164.  Rubicunda,  II.  Edw. 
105.  Editba,  Bd. 

100.   Ilelvia,  Sc. 
167.  Sterope,  Edw. 
1((8.  Aca.stus,  Edw. 
100.   I'alla,  Bd. 

170.  Wbitneyii,  Bebr. 

171.  IIolTnianni,  Behr. 

172.  (Jabbii,  Bebr. 

173.  Ilarri.sii,  Sc. 

174.  Ulrica,  E<lw. 

175.  Dymas,  Edw. 
170.   I\'r.He,  Edw. 

177.  Chara,  Edw. 

178.  Leaiiini,  Bd. 

Var.  Obsoleta,  H.  Edw. 


LIST   OF  SrECIES. 


17!J.  Alma,  8tr. 

IKO.  Fill  via,  Kdw. 

181.  Tlu-kla,  Ivlw. 

182.  Bollii,  Edw. 

183.  Minuta,  Edw. 

184.  Araclino,  Edw. 

185.  Nyinplia,  Edw. 


PllYrionEH 

1,  Doubl. 

18G. 

Nyctcis,  DouIjI. 

-How. 

209, 

Var.  DnisiiiH, 

Edw. 

187. 

Carlota.  Keak. 

188. 

Vesta,  Edw. 

210 

18!). 

Pliaoii.  Edw. 

211 

I'M). 

Tliaios,  Diu. 

212 

191. 

IJatcsii,  Keak. 

213, 

lt)2. 

Prateiisis,  Hchr 

214, 

11);]. 

Orsi'is,  Edw. 

215 

194. 

Caiiii!liis,  Edw. 

21G. 

Winter  form  1 

^Imissa,  I'/lw. 

Var.  Pallida,  Edw. 

Var.  Mata,  Keak. 

217. 

195. 

Mylitta,  Edw. 

218. 

190.  Montana,  Bohr. 

197.  Picta,  Edw. 

ErKsiA,  Donbl. 

198.  Fri.sia,  Pocy. 

199.  Ttixana,  Edw. 

200.  Punctata,  PaIw. 

SvxrnLOE,  Bois. 

201.  .fanais,  Dru. 

202.  Mediatrix,  Fold 

203.  Adjutrix,  Sc. 

204.  Eri)dyl(',  Bates. 

205.  Crocale,  Edw. 


Cy.stinf.uiia,  Doubl. 
200.  Ainymone,  Men. 

(JiaiTA,  Kirby. 

207.  Inlerrugationi.s,  Fab. 

1.  Dim.  form  Fabrieii,  Edw. 

2.  Dim.  form  Un>bro.xn,  Lintn. 

208.  Comma,  Ilarr. 

1.  Winter  form  Ilarri.-'ii,  Edw. 

2.  Summer  form  Dryat*,  Kdw. 
Satyru.s,  Edw. 

1.  Dim.  form  SatyruH,  Edw. 

2.  Dim.  form  MarsyaM,  Edw. 
HybLs,  Edw. 
l{u.Htieu.><,  Edw. 
FaunuH,  Edw. 
Silvius,  Edw. 
ZephyruH,  Edw. 
Gracili.s,  Gr.-Uob. 
Silcnu.M,  Edw. 

1.  Dim.  form  Silenns,  Edw. 
*  2.  Dim.  form  Oreas,  Edw. 
Profile,  Cram. 
J.  Album,  Bd.-Lec. 

Vankssa,  Fab. 

219.  Antiopa,  Linn. 

220.  California,  Bd. 

221.  Milbortii,  Godt. 

Pi'UAMKis,  Doubl. 

222.  Atalanta,  Linn. 

223.  Iluntora,  Fab. 

224.  Cardui,  Linn. 

225.  Carve,  lliib. 

.TiNOKiA,  DoubL 

226.  C(enia,  Iliib. 

227.  Genovevu,  Crauj. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


Y 


// 


y. 


Ma 


1.0 


I.I 


\&m&  12.5 


lU 


1^ 

'-  IIIIIM 

ill  1.8 


11.25  ill  1.4    i  1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/a 


7: 


^># 


>> 


V 


>^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


'i3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

VVEBSTER.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


Anartia,  Doubl. 

228.  JatrophoD,  Linn. 

EuREMA,  Bois. 

229.  Lethe,  Fab. 

EuNicA,  Felder. 

230.  Moniina,  Cram. 

TiMETES,  Bois. 

23L  Coresia,  Goclt. 

232  Petreus,  Cram. 

233.  Eleucha,  Doubl.-Hew. 

234.  Chiron,  Fab. 

DiADEMA,  Bois. 

235.  Misippus,  Linn. 

LiMENiTis,  Fab. 

236.  Ursula,  Fab. 

Var.  Arizonensis,  Edw. 

237.  Arthemis,  Dru. 

1.  Dim.  forr"  Lamina,  Fab. 

2.  Dim.  form  Proserpina,  Edw. 
23S.  Weidemeyerii,  Edw. 

239.  Disippus,  Godt. 

Var.  Floridensis,  Str. 

240.  Eros,  Edw. 

Var.  Obsoleta,  Edw. 

241.  Hulstii,  Edw. 

242.  Lorquini,  Bd. 

Heterociiroa,  Bois. 
Californica,  Butl. 


243. 


244. 
245. 


Apatura,  Fab. 

Celtis,  Bd.-Lec. 
Antonia,  Edw. 
Var.  Montis,  Edw. 


246.  Leilia,  Edw. 

247.  Alicia,  Edw. 

248.  Clyton,  Bd.-Lec. 

1.  Dim.  form  Proserpina,  Sc. 

2.  Dim.  form  Ocellata,  Edw. 

249.  Flora,  Edw. 

250.  Codes,  Lintn.,  Mss. 

Papiiia,  Westwood. 

25L  Troglodyta,  Fab. 
252.  Morrisonii,  Edw. 


SATYRINiE. 

Debis,  West. 

253.  Portlandia,  Fab. 

Neonympiia,  West. 

254.  Canthus,  Bd.-Lec. 

255.  Gemma,  Hub. 

256.  Henshawi,  Edw. 

257.  Areolatus,  Sm.-Abb. 

258.  Eurytris,  Fab. 

259.  Soaybius,  Fab. 

260.  Rubricata,  Edw. 

CcENONYMPHA,  West. 

261.  Californica,  Doubl.-Hew. 

Var.  Ceres,  Butl. 
Var.  Galactinus,  Bd. 
Var.  Eryngii,  H.  Edw. 
Var.  Palla,  H.  Edw. 

262.  Elko,  Edw. 

263.  Tnornata,  Edw. 

264.  Ochracea,  Edw. 

265.  Ampelos,  Edw. 

266.  Kodiak,  Edw. 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


267.  Brenda,  Edw. 

268.  Pamphiloidfis,  Reak. 

Erebia,  Dalm. 

269.  Fasciata,  But!. 

270.  Discoidalis,  Kirby. 

271.  Vesagus,  Doubl.-Hew. 

272.  Rossii,  Curt. 

273.  Disa,  var,  Mancinus,  Doubl.-Hew. 

274.  Haydenii,  Edw. 

275.  Tyndarus,  var.  Callias,  Edw. 

276.  Epipsodea,  Butl. 

277.  Sofir,,  Str. 

278.  Magdaiena,  Str. 

Geirociieilus,  Butl. 

279.  Tritonia,  Edw. 

HiPPARClliA,  Fab. 

280.  RidingHii,  Edw. 

281.  Dionysius,  Sc. 

Satyrus,  West. 

282.  Pegiila,  Fab. 

283.  Alope,  Fab. 

1.  Dim.  form  Alope,  Fab. 

Var.  Texana,  Edw. 
Var.  Maritima,  Edw. 

2.  Dim.  form  Nephele,  Kirby. 

Var.  Olympus,  Edw. 
Var.  Boopis,  Behr. 
Sub.-var.  Incana,  Edw. 

284.  Ariane,  Bd. 

285.  Baroni,  Edw. 

286.  Paulus,  Edw. 

287.  Gabbii,  Edw. 

288.  Wheelerii,  Edw. 

289.  Meadii,  Edw. 

290.  Silvestris,  Edw. 


291.  Oetus,  Bd. 

292.  Charon,  Edw. 

293.  Sthenele,  Bd. 

CiiiONOBAS,  Bois. 

294.  Gigas,  Butl. 

295.  Iduna,  Edw. 

296.  Californica,  Bd. 

297.  Nevadensis,  Teld. 

298.  Chryxus,  Djubl-Hew. 

299.  Calais,  Sc 

300.  Ivallda,  iTead. 

301.  Varuna,  Edw. 

302.  Uhleri,  Reak. 

303.  Tarpeia,  Esp. 

304.  Taygete,  Hub. 

305.  Jutta,  Hub. 

306.  Semidea,  Say. 

307.  Crambis,  Frey. 

308.  Subhyalina,  Curt. 

LlBTTHEINiE. 

309.  Bachmani,  Kirtl. 

310.  Carinenta,  Cram. 

ERYCINID^. 

ERYCININJi:. 

Lemonias,  West, 

.^11.  Mormo,  Feld. 

312.  Duryi,  Edw. 

313.  Cythera,  Edw. 

314.  Virgiilti,  Behr. 

315.  Nais,  Edw. 

316.  Palmerii,  Edw. 

317.  Ares,  Edw. 

Dim.  form  Cleis,  Edw. 


r 


LIST  OF   SPECIES. 


EURTGONA,  Bois. 

318.  Abreas,  Edw. 

Calepuelxs,  Gr.-Rob. 

319.  Co3nius,  Linn. 

320.  Boi-ealis,  Gr.-Rob. 

321.  AustralLs,  Edw. 

322.  Nemesis,  Edw. 

EuMKNiA,  Latr. 

323.  Atala,  Poey. 

LYO-fflNID^. 

LYCiENINiE. 

Thecla,  Fabr. 

324.  Grunus,  Bd. 

325.  Crysalus,  Edw. 

326.  Halesus,  Cram. 

327.  M  Album,  Bd.-Lec. 

328.  Favonins,  Sm.-Abb. 

329.  Autolycus,  Edw. 

330.  Alcestis,  Edw. 

331.  Humuli,  Harr. 

332.  Melinus,  Hiib. 

333.  Acadica,  Edw. 

334.  Californica,  Edw. 

Var.  Cygnus,  Edw. 

335.  Ity8,Edw. 

336.  Auretorum,  Bd. 

337.  Dryope,  Edw. 

338.  Sylvinus,  Bd. 

339.  Edwardsii,  Saund. 

340.  Wittfeldii,  Edw. 

341.  Calanus,  Hiib. 

Var.  Lorata,  Gr.-Rob. 

342.  Ontario,  Edw. 


Strigosa,  Harr. 
Putnaiai,  H.  Edw. 
Spadix,  H.  Edw. 
Tetra,  Behr. 
Chalcis,  Behr. 
Soepium,  Bd. 

Var.  Fulvescens,  H.  Edw. 
Nelsoni,  Bd. 
Var.  Exoleta,  H.  Edw. 
Var.  Muirii,  H.  Edw. 
Adenostomatis,  H.  Edw. 
Tacitis,  II.  Edw. 
Spinetorum,  Bd. 
Siva,  Edw. 
Castalis,  Edw. 
Smilacis,  Bd.-Lec. 
Acis,  Dm. 
Poeas,  Hub. 
Columella,  Fab. 
Clytie,  Edw. 
Leda,  Edw. 
Ines,  Edw. 
Behrii,  Edw. 
Augustus,  Kirby. 
Iroides,  Bd. 
Fotis,  Str. 
Irus,  Godt. 
Var.  Arsace,  Bd.-Lec. 
Var.  Moasii,  H.  Edw. 

367.  Henrici,  Gr.-Rob. 

368.  Eryphon,  Bd. 

369.  Niphon,  Hiib. 

370.  Affinis,  Edw. 

371.  Dumetorum,  Bd. 

372.  Apuma,  Edw. 

373.  Sheridanii,  Edw. 

374.  Lopta,  Edw. 

375.  Fuliginosa,  Edw. 

376.  Titus,  Fab. 


343. 
344. 
345. 
346. 
347. 
348. 

349. 


350. 

351. 

352. 

353. 

354. 

355. 

356. 

357. 

358. 

359. 

360. 

361. 

362. 

303. 

364. 

365. 

366. 


t 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


^^      Feniseca,  Grote. 

409. 

377.  Tarquinius,  Fab. 

410. 
411. 

Chrysopiianus,  Doiibl. 

378.  Arota,  Bd. 

379.  Virginiensis,  Edw. 

380.  Hermes,  Edw. 

412. 

381.  Xanthoides,  Bd. 

413. 

382.  Dione,  Sc. 

414. 

383.  Editha,  Mead. 

384.  Gorgon,  Bd. 

415. 

385.  Thoc,  Bd.-Lec. 

416. 

386.  Mariposa,  Reak. 

417. 

387.  Zeroe,  Bd. 

418. 

388.  Helloides,  Bd. 

419. 

389.  Floras,  Edw. 

420. 

390.  Dorcas,  Kirby. 

421. 

391.  Ep:  :anthe,  Bd.-Lec. 

422. 

392.  Hypophleas,  Bd. 

423. 

Var.  Feildenii,  McLach. 

424. 

393.  Cupreiis,  Edw. 

425. 

394.  Snowi,  Edw. 

426. 

395.  Rubidiis,  Behr. 

427. 

396.  Sirius,  Edw. 

428. 

429. 

Lyc^na,  Fab. 

430. 

397.  Heteronea,  Bd. 

431. 

398.  Clara,  H.  Edw. 

4.S2. 

399.  Lycea,  Edw. 

400.  Fulla,  Edw. 

401.  Daedalus,  Behr. 

402.  Soepiolus,  Bd. 

403.  Icaroides,  Bd. 

Var.  Maricopa,  Reak. 

404.  Arnica,  Edw. 

405.  Pembina,  Edw. 

406.  Pheres,  Bd. 

407.  Philero.s,  Bd. 

408.  Ardoa,  Edw. 

Kodiak,  Edw. 
Xerxes,  Bd. 
Antiacis,  Bd. 

Var.  Behrii,  Edw. 

Var.  Mertila,  Edw. 

Aberr.  Orcus,  Edw. 
Couperii,  Gro. 
Afra,  Edw. 
Lygdamas,  Doubl. 

Western  form  Oro,  Sc. 
Sagittigera,  Feld. 
Speciosa,  H.  Edw. 
Sonorensis,  Feld. 
Podarce,  Feld. 
Aquilo,  Bd. 
Rustica,  Edw. 
Enoptes,  Bd. 
Glaucon,  Edw. 
Battoidcs,  Behr. 
Shasta,  Edw. 
Melissa,  Edw. 
Scudderii,  Edw. 
Lotis,  Lintn. 
Acmon,  Doubl. -Hew. 
Aster,  Edw. 
A.metta,  Mead. 
Anna,  Edw. 
Pseudargiolus,  Bd.-Lec. 

1.  Winter  form  Lucia,  Kirby. 

2.  Winter  form  Marginata,  Edw. 

3.  Winter  form  Violacea,  Edw. 

Var.  (J  Nigra,  Edw. 
Var.  Cinerea,  Edw. 
Spring  form  Pseudargiolus,  Bd.- 
Lec. 
Var.  Arizonensis,  Edw. 
Summer  form  Neglecta,  Edw. 
Pacific  form  Piasus,  Bd. 
Var.  Echo,  Edw. 


LIST  OF   SPECIES. 


433.  Amyntula,  BJ. 

Dim.  9  Pocahonta.s,  Sc. 

434.  CotnyntiiH,  Godt. 

Var.  9  Quadraquina,  Sc 

435.  Monica,  lieak. 

458.  Taxiles,  Edw. 

436.  Alee,  Edw. 

459.  Ruricola,  Bd. 

437.  Gyas,  Edw. 

460.  Oregonia,  Edw. 

438.  Cyna,  Edw. 

461.  Columbia,  Sc. 

439.  Filenus,  Poey. 

462.  Colorado,  Sc. 

440.  Isophthalma,  Ilerr.-Schaelf. 

Var.  Idaho,  Edw. 

441.  ExilLs,  Bd. 

463.  Nevada,  Sc. 

442.  Ammon,  Luc. 

464.  Manitoba,  Sc. 

443.  Marina,  Reak. 

465.  Juba,  Sc. 

444.  Theonus,  Luc. 

Var.  Viridis,  Edw. 

445.  Striata,  Edw. 

466.  Sas.sacus,  Harr. 

467.  Harpalus,  Edw. 

468.  Pawnee,  Dodge. 

HESPERID^. 

469.  Ottoe,  Edw. 

470.  Lasus,  Edw. 

Carterocepiialus,  Led. 

471.  Cabelus,  Edw.  ^ 

446.  Mandan,  Edw. 

472.  Napa,  Edw. 

447.  Omaha,  Edw. 

473.  Metea,  Sc. 

474.  Rhesus,  Edw. 

Anctloxypha,  Feld. 

475.  Cams,  Edw. 

448.  Numitor,  Fab. 

476.  Uncas,  Edw. 

477.  Licinus,  Edw. 

Cop^oDES,  Speyer. 

478.  Seminole,  Sc. 

449.  Procri.s,  Edw. 

479.  Attains,  Edw. 

450.  Arene,  Edw. 

480.  Yuma,  Edw. 

451.  Wrightii,  Edw. 

481.  Snowi,  Edw. 

452.  Myrtis,  Edw. 

482.  Leonardus,  Harr. 

453.  Eunus,  Edw. 

483.  Meskei,  Edw. 

484.  Nemorum,  Bd. 

TiiYMELicus,  Speyer. 

485.  Sylvanoides,  Bd, 

454.  Garita,  Reak. 

486.  Agricola,  Bd. 

465.  Powescheik,  Park. 

487.  Milo,  Edw. 

488.  Pratincola,  Bd. 

Pamphila,  Fab. 

489.  Verus,  Edw. 

456.  Massassoit,  Sc. 

490.  Campestris,  Bd. 

457.  Zabulon,  Bd.-Lec. 

491.  Huron,  Edw. 

Var.  Hoboniok,  Harr. 

492.  Morris.sonii,  Edw. 

LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


403.  Phyloeus,  Dru. 

494.  Brettoides,  Edw. 

495.  Brettiis,  Bd.-Lec. 

496.  Chusca,  Edw. 

497.  Draco,  Edw. 

498.  Si'.buleti,  Bd. 

499.  Otho,  Sm.-Abb. 

Var.  Egereniet,  Sc. 

500.  Peckius,  Kirby. 

501.  Mystic,  Sc. 

502.  Siris,  Edw. 

503.  Mardon,  Edw. 

504.  Cernes,  Bd.-Ijec. 

505.  Manataaqua,  Sc. 
500.  Verna,  Edw. 

507.  Vestris,  Bd. 

508.  Metacoinet,  Ilarr. 

509.  Bellas,  Edw.  , 

510.  Accius,  Sm.-Abb. 

511.  Loainmi,  Whit. 

512.  Horns,  Edw. 

513.  Deva,  Edw. 

514.  Lunus,  Edw. 

515.  Maculata,  Edw. 

516.  Panoqiiin,  Sc. 

517.  Ocola,  Edw. 

518.  Ethlius,  Cram. 

519.  Pittacus,  Edw. 

520.  Pythori,  Edw. 

521.  Cestus,  Edw. 

522.  Rhena,  Edw. 

523.  Bimacula,  Gr.-Rob. 

524.  Pontiac,  Edw. 

525.  Dion,  Edw. 

526.  Arpa,  Bd.-Lec. 

527.  Palatka,  Edw. 

528.  Melane,  Edw. 

529.  Vitellius,  Sm.-Abb. 

530.  Delaware,  Edw, 


531.  Lagus,  Edw. 

532.  Byssus,  Edw, 

533.  Phylace,  Edw. 

534.  Osyka,  Edw. 

535.  Comus,  Edw, 

536.  Eufala,  Edw. 

537.  Arabus,  Edw. 

538.  Fusca,  Gr.-Rob. 

539.  Nereus,  Edw. 

540.  Hianna,  Sc. 

541.  Viator,  Edw. 

Amblyscirtes,  Speyer. 

542.  Vialis,  Edw. 

543.  Nysa.  Edw. 

544.  Eos,  Edw. 

545.  Samoset,  Sc. 

546.  ^nus,  Edw. 

547.  Simius,  Edw. 

548.  Cassus,  Edw. 

549.  Nanno,  Edw. 
650,  Te?wtor,  Hiib. 

Pyhgus,  "West. 

551.  Ericetorum,  Bd. 

552.  Oceanus,  Edw. 

553.  Domicella,  Erichs. 

Var.  Nearchus,  Edw. 

554.  Tossellata,  Sc. 

Var.  Montivagus,  Reak. 

555.  CentaureJE,  Ramb. 

550.  Philetas,  Edw. 

557.  Coespitalis,  Bd, 

558.  Xanthus,  Edw. 

559.  Scriptura,  Bd. 

560.  Nessus,  Edw. 

NisoNiADES,  Speyer. 

561.  Brizo,  Bd.-Lec. 


LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


562.  Icelus,  Lintn. 
56'5.  Somniis,  Linln. 
564.  LuciliuH,  Lintn. 
505.  Persius,  Sc. 

566.  AlpheuH,  Edw. 

567.  AusoniuH,  Lintn. 

568.  Afranius,  Lintn. 

569.  Martialis,  Sc. 

570.  Jiivenalis,  Fab. 

571.  Petronius,  Lintn. 

572.  Propertius,  Lintn. 

573.  Noevius,  Lintn. 

574.  Pacuvius,  Lintn. 

575.  Tatius,  Edw. 
57G.  Clitus,  Edw. 

577.  Funeralis,  Lintn. 

578.  Tristis,  Bd. 

Systasea,  Butler. 

579.  Zampa,  Edw. 

PiioLisoRA,  Speyer. 

580.  Catullus,  Fab. 

581.  Pirus,  Edw. 

582.  Ceos,  Edw. 

583.  Hayhurstii,  Edw. 

584.  Libyti,  Sc. 

585.  Lena,  Edw. 

AcHLYODES,  West. 

586.  Thraso,  Hub. 


EuDAMUS,  Swains. 

587.  Electra,  Lintn. 

588.  Pylades,  Sc. 
689.  Nevada,  Sc. 

590.  Bathyllus,  Sm.-Abb. 

591.  Moschus,  Edw. 

592.  Hippalus,  Edw. 

593.  Drusius,  Edw. 

594.  Epigina,  Butl. 
695.  Lycidaa,  Sm.-Abb. 
596.  Cellus,  Bd.-Lec. 
697.  Hesus,  West.-Hew. 
598.  Zestos,  Hub. 
699.  Tityrus,  Fab. 

600.  Proteus,  Linn. 

601.  Simplicius,  StoU. 

602.  Albo-fasciatua,  Hew. 

603.  Dorus,  Edw.     > 

Erycides,  West. 

604.  Urania,  West.-Hew. 

605.  Texana,  Sc. 

606.  Sanguinea,  Sc. 

607.  Batabano,  Lef. 

608.  Amyntas,  Fab. 

Pyrrhopyga,  West. 

609.  Araxe.<»,  Hew. 

Megathymus,  Riley. 

610.  Yuccae,  Bd.-Lec. 

Var.  Coloradensis,  Riley. 

611.  Cofaqui,  Str. 

612.  Neumoegenii,  Edw. 


